[Cite as State v. Pressley, 2012-Ohio-4083.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR MONTGOMERY COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO :
Plaintiff-Appellee : C.A. CASE NO. 24852
v. : T.C. NO. 10CR3727/2
JACK R. PRESSLEY : (Criminal appeal from Common Pleas Court) Defendant-Appellant :
:
..........
OPINION
Rendered on the 7th day of September , 2012.
MICHELE D. PHIPPS, Atty. Reg. No. 0069829, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, 301 W. Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio 45422 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
PETER R. CERTO, Atty. Reg. No. 0018880, One S. Main Street, Suite 1590, Dayton, Ohio 45402 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
DONOVAN, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant Jack R. Pressley appeals his conviction and sentence for
burglary (occupied structure), in violation of R.C. 2911.12(A)(1), a felony of the second 2
degree, and one count of possession of criminal tools, in violation of R.C. 2923.24(A), a
felony of the fifth degree. Pressley filed a timely notice of appeal with this Court on
October 14, 2011.
{¶ 2} The basis for the instant appeal occurred on November 22, 2010, at
approximately 2:00 p.m. when the victim, Erin Dues, was alone at home in the upstairs
bathroom of her residence located at 4433 Jonathan Drive in Kettering, Ohio. Upon
hearing her dogs begin barking, Dues stepped out of the bathroom and looked down at the
front door where she observed a man she did not know knocking on her door. Dues
testified that she could clearly see the man at her front door. Further, a large picture
window to the left of the door afforded her a full view of the individual.
{¶ 3} The man continued to knock on the door and ring the doorbell while Dues
studied his appearance. Dues, beginning to fear for her safety, called her neighbor, Jay
Morgan, who lives across the street. Morgan’s residence provides him a good view of
Dues’ residence and driveway. Dues informed Morgan that she did not know the man who
was knocking on her door. Dues testified that she asked Morgan to come over.
{¶ 4} After approximately twenty to thirty seconds of knocking on the door, the
man, later identified as Pressley’s co-defendant, Drexil L. Adkins, left the front porch and
walked around towards the back of the house as Dues continued to observe him. Dues
testified that Adkins had dark hair and facial hair. Dues further testified that Adkins was
wearing a white t-shirt and was walking with a cane. After she observed Adkins walk around
the side of her house, Dues ended her conversation with Morgan and went to her bedroom
with a portable telephone. From her bedroom window, Dues observed Adkins approach a 3
red four-door sedan with faded paint on the rear of the vehicle. Another man with red hair
and a goatee exited the red sedan and spoke briefly with Adkins. Dues testified that the
man with red hair, later identified as Pressley, had a tattoo on his face and was wearing a
hooded gray sweatshirt. At this point, Dues called 911 at approximately 2:14 p.m.
{¶ 5} While she was speaking with the 911 operator, Dues observed Adkins and
Pressley walk towards the back door of her residence which consists of a sliding glass door
that leads into a sunroom which is connected to the next room by two additional glass doors.
Dues testified that she was able to observe both men very closely as they approached the
back door. Eventually, Dues lost sight of the two men, and the 911 operator told her to go
into the bedroom and lock the door. While she was in the bedroom, Dues testified that she
heard the sound of breaking glass followed by the sounds of muffled footsteps as if someone
was shuffling through glass. After a few minutes passed, Dues testified that she heard
someone in her house calling her name. Dues realized it was her neighbor and she called
out to him. Morgan went upstairs and told Dues that he had just seen the red sedan drive
away with four white males inside the vehicle. Dues relayed all of the information to the
911 operator and waited for the police to arrive.
{¶ 6} Officer John Soto of the Kettering Police Department responded to the
dispatch regarding the burglary almost immediately. When Officer Soto received the call,
he was just leaving the parking lot of the Kettering Police Department located on Shroyer
Road which was close to Dues’ residence. After consulting a map of the area, Officer Soto
determined that the perpetrators would be leaving the area by one of only a few possible
routes. Officer Soto positioned his cruiser at the intersection of Maricarr Drive and East 4
Stroop Road in Kettering. From this vantage point, Officer Soto testified that he was able
to observe all vehicles traveling on Stroop Road in both directions. While he waited,
Officer Soto observed a red sedan with “sunspots” on the trunk which he understood to be
the same as faded paint. Officer Soto testified that he also noticed that there were four
individuals in the vehicle and they were all sitting rigidly in their seats looking straight
ahead. Officer Soto testified that he thought it was suspicious that no one in the vehicle
looked in his direction or made eye contact with him. Officer Soto testified that he
observed the vehicle at a distance of approximately two and one-half miles from Dues’
residence.
{¶ 7} Officer Soto pulled onto Stroop Road and began following the red sedan.
Officer Soto checked the license plates and discovered that the vehicle was registered to
Tiffany MacIntosh. Officer Soto testified that the driver of the vehicle was not speeding,
nor did she commit any traffic violations. Based on the matching description of the vehicle
as well as the “suspicious” behavior of its occupants, Officer Soto stopped the vehicle at the
corner of Shroyer Road and Schuyler Drive in Kettering at approximately 2:20 p.m. After
other officers arrived, Officer Soto approached the vehicle and removed the driver, Tiffany
MacIntosh, placing her in the back of his cruiser. The three remaining occupants of the
vehicle were also removed from the vehicle, handcuffed, and ordered to stand against a
fence next to the roadway. The men were flanked by plain clothes detectives and uniformed
police officers on either side.
{¶ 8} While the men stood against the fence, Officer Steven Driscoll of the
Kettering Police Department was dispatched to Dues’ residence. Once he arrived, Officer 5
Driscoll spoke with Dues and Morgan regarding the details of the burglary. While at Dues’
residence, Officer Driscoll received a report that Kettering Police had stopped a vehicle
nearby which matched the description of the vehicle used in the burglary. At that point, it
was decided that Officer Driscoll would conduct a drive-by with Dues in an effort to identify
the possible suspects. Officer Driscoll placed Dues into an unmarked police vehicle and
then drove to the area where the suspects were located.
{¶ 9} Dues subsequently identified both Pressley and Adkins as the two men who
broke into her residence. Dues also identified the red sedan as the vehicle that the suspects
used during the burglary. Upon being searched, several pieces of broken glass were found
in Pressley’s pockets. The police also discovered broken glass in the vehicle, as well as a
glass punch. Pressley was arrested and charged with burglary of an occupied structure and
possession of criminal tools.
{¶ 10} On December 28, 2010, Pressley was indicted for burglary and possession of
criminal tools. At his arraignment on December 30, 2010, Pressley stood mute, and the trial
court entered a plea of not guilty on his behalf. Pressley filed a motion to suppress on
January 19, 2011, wherein he challenged the initial stop and subsequent search of the
vehicle, as well as any incriminating statements that may have been made. After a hearing
held on May 25, 2011, and June 16, 2011, the trial court overruled Pressley’s motion to
suppress orally during a pre-trial hearing on August 16, 2011. The trial court’s ruling was
journalized in an entry filed on August 17, 2011.
{¶ 11} A jury trial was held on August 29, 30, and 31, 2011, and Pressley was
found guilty of both burglary and possession of criminal tools. On September 27, 2011, the 6
trial court sentenced Pressley to an aggregate term of seven years imprisonment.
{¶ 12} It is from this judgment that Pressley now appeals.
{¶ 13} Because they are interrelated, Pressley’s first and second assignments of
error will be discussed as follows:
{¶ 14} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FOUND THAT THE
ARRESTING OFFICER HAD [A] REASONABLE ARTICULABLE SUSPICION TO
MAKE AN INVESTIGATORY STOP OF THE DEFENDANT/APPELLANT’S MOTOR
VEHICLE.”
{¶ 15} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THERE WAS PROBABLE
CAUSE FOR THE ARREST OF THE DEFENDANT.”
{¶ 16} In his first assignment, Pressley contends that the trial court erred when it
overruled his motion to suppress because the police lacked a reasonable, articulable
suspicion to stop the vehicle in which he was a passenger. In his second assignment,
Pressley argues that because Officer Soto lacked a reasonable suspicion to stop the red
sedan, he was unlawfully placed under arrest at the time of the initial traffic stop.
{¶ 17} In regards to a motion to suppress, “the trial court assumes the role of trier of
facts and is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and evaluate the credibility of
witnesses.” State v. Hopfer, 112 Ohio App.3d 521, 679 N.E.2d 321 (2d Dist.1996), quoting
State v. Venham, 96 Ohio App.3d 649, 653, 645 N.E.2d 831 (4th Dist.1994). The court of
appeals must accept the trial court’s findings of fact if they are supported by competent,
credible evidence in the record. State v. Isaac, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20662,
2005-Ohio-3733, citing State v. Retherford, 93 Ohio App.3d 586, 639 N.E.2d 498 (2d 7
Dist.1994). Accepting those facts as true, the appellate court must then determine, as a
matter of law and without deference to the trial court’s legal conclusion, whether the
applicable legal standard is satisfied. Id.
{¶ 18} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section 14,
Article I of the Ohio Constitution protect individuals from unreasonable searches and
seizures. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). A traffic stop
by a law-enforcement officer must comply with the Fourth Amendment’s reasonableness
requirement. Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 135 L.Ed.2d 89
(1996).
{¶ 19} A police officer may stop and detain a motorist when he has a reasonable
and articulable suspicion that a motorist has committed, is committing, or is about to commit
any criminal offense, including a traffic offense, and no independent reasonable and
articulable suspicion of other criminal activity is required under Terry. State v. Stewart, 2d
Dist. Montgomery No. 19961, 2004-Ohio-1319, at ¶13; Dayton v. Erickson, 76 Ohio St.3d 3,
665 N.E.2d 1091 (1996). We determine the existence of reasonable suspicion by evaluating
the totality of the circumstances, considering those circumstances “through the eyes of the
reasonable and prudent police officer on the scene who must react to events as they unfold.”
State v. Heard, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19323, 2003-Ohio-1047.
{¶ 20} “[C]ourts still retain their traditional responsibility to guard against police
conduct which is overbearing or harassing, or which trenches upon personal security without
the objective evidentiary justification which the Constitution requires. When such conduct
is identified, it must be condemned by the judiciary and its fruits must be excluded from 8
evidence in criminal trials.” State v. Studley, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2010 CA 81,
2011-Ohio-5563, quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 15.
{¶ 21} Initially, we note that after Officer Soto decided to follow the red sedan, he
testified that he did not observe the driver of the vehicle commit any traffic violations, nor
did he observe the four occupants of the vehicle make any furtive movements or gestures.
In fact, Officer Soto testified that all of the occupants of the red sedan were sitting up and
looking straight ahead. Officer Soto testified that none of the occupants looked in his
direction, and he found their failure to acknowledge him to be suspicious behavior. A
driver’s failure to acknowledge or make eye contact with a police officer, in the absence of a
traffic violation or suspicion of another criminal act, is not a valid reason to initiate a stop of
a vehicle. See State v. Lindsey, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24943, 2012-Ohio-3105, ¶16.
{¶ 22} Nevertheless, on this record, we conclude that under the totality of the
circumstances, Officer Soto possessed a reasonable, articulable suspicion to initiate a stop of
the red sedan. Significantly, Officer Soto testified that he had just received a call that a
burglary had been committed in the immediate area, and four individuals had left the crime
scene in a red four-door sedan with faded paint on the rear of the vehicle. After he received
the dispatch regarding the burglary, Officer Soto determined a probable route the suspects
would take to leave the area. After positioning himself accordingly, Officer Soto observed
a red four-door sedan with “sunspots” on the rear section drive by him. Officer Soto further
testified that the vehicle had faded paint on the trunk. He further noted that there were four
individuals in the vehicle. Accordingly, the description and location of the red sedan,
coupled with the fact that there were four occupants therein, provided Officer Soto with a 9
reasonable, articulable suspicion to stop the vehicle.
{¶ 23} “Law enforcement officers may briefly stop and detain an individual for
investigation if the officers have a reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal activity
may be afoot. That is something more than an unparticularized suspicion or mere hunch,
but less than the level of suspicion required for probable cause. To satisfy that standard,
police must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with the
rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant the intrusion.” State v. Studley, 2d
Dist. Greene No. 2010 CA 81, 2011-Ohio-5563, at ¶ 54. In the instant case, Officer Soto’s
testimony contained specific and articulable facts which reasonably warranted the detention
of the four occupants of the vehicle as set forth above. In light of the evidence adduced at
the suppression hearing, the police acted reasonably by briefly detaining Pressley and the
other three occupants of the suspect vehicle in order to determine whether they were
involved in the nearby burglary. Pressley was not placed under arrest until after the
identification occurred.
{¶ 24} Pressley’s first and second assignments of error are overruled.
{¶ 25} Pressley’s third and final assignment of error is as follows:
{¶ 26} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT SUPPRESSING THE SHOW-UP
IDENTIFICATION EVIDENCE IN VIOLATION OF APPELLANT’S DUE PROCESS
RIGHTS UNDER ARTICLE I, SECTION 10 AND 16 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION,
ORC 2933.83, AND THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT TO THE UNITED STATES
CONSTITUTION.”
{¶ 27} In his final assignment, Pressley contends that the trial court erred when it 10
overruled his motion to suppress as it related to his on-scene identification by Erin Dues.
Specifically, Pressley argues that the on-scene identification was inadmissible because it was
the result of an “inherently suggestive” procedure and was, therefore, unreliable.
{¶ 28} “Show-ups at or near the scene of a crime, that occur shortly after the crime,
are not only permissible, but useful, since they can lead to an identification or
non-identification while the characteristics of the perpetrator are still fresh in the witness’s
memory. However, the show-up must not be unduly suggestive. The defendant bears the
burden to prove that a show-up procedure was so suggestive of guilt that it requires
suppression. (Internal citations omitted).” State v. McCrary, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.
23360, 2010-Ohio-2011. However, Pressley failed to meet this burden.
{¶ 29} Officer Driscoll transported Dues to the area where the suspects had been
stopped and arrested within thirty minutes of the burglary at Dues’ residence. Officer
Driscoll testified that he informed Dues only that they were going to do a drive-by in order to
determine whether she recognized anyone. Nothing more was said or disclosed to Dues
prior to the on-scene identification. Once at the scene, Dues immediately recognized the
red sedan used in the burglary. Dues also immediately identified Pressley and Adkins as the
two men she observed in her backyard as the burglary occurred. Dues was very confident in
her identification of Pressley and Adkins because she had the opportunity to view both men
during the course of the burglary for a significant amount of time. Moreover, Dues viewed
both men from an unobstructed vantage point. We also note that the burglary occurred
during mid-afternoon on a bright, sunny day.
{¶ 30} Pressley points out that on a portion of the 911 tape, you can hear an 11
unknown individual say, “We got them. We got them,” ostensibly in regards to the
Kettering Police stopping and detaining the suspects in the red sedan. Pressley argues that
Dues was on the phone with the 911 operator when this statement was made, and she may
have, therefore, been predisposed to identifying Pressley and Adkins as the perpetrators
before she reached the scene of the stop. The 911 tape, however, was played during the
suppression hearing, and Dues testified specifically that she did not recall hearing the remark
on the day of the burglary.
{¶ 31} Upon review, we conclude that there is no indication from the record that the
on-scene identification was improperly conducted. Dues was simply asked to look at the
three males to see if she recognized any of them. Such a neutral statement to explain the
procedure is not impermissibly suggestive of guilt. See, e.g., State v. Carruth, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 19997, 2004-Ohio-2317, ¶16. There is no evidence that Dues felt forced
to identify anyone or that the police officers were asking her to corroborate the officers’
suspicion of guilt, either of which may make the process impermissibly suggestive. Id.
Most importantly, Dues was able to distinguish between the men she could recognize from
the burglary and the one she could not identify. We note that Pressley argues that the
Kettering Police did not follow their own internal policies regarding the documentation of
information with respect to show-up identifications. The issue before us, however, is
whether the circumstances surrounding the show-up identification were unduly suggestive,
thereby violating Pressley’s due process rights. Accordingly, we find that the on-scene
identification of Pressley was not unduly suggestive, and the trial court did not err in denying
Pressley’s motion to suppress Dues’ identification testimony. 12
{¶ 32} Lastly, Pressley argues that the Kettering Police violated its internal policy
regarding its procedure for conducting a physical line-up identification, as well as R.C.
2933.83, the State of Ohio’s guidelines on line-up identifications. This assignment of error
implicates R.C. 2933.83(B), which took effect in July 2010. State v. Stevenson, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 24821, 2012-Ohio-3396. The statute “requires any law enforcement
agency or criminal justice entity that conducts live lineups and photo lineups to adopt
specific procedures for conducting the lineups.” State v. Ruff, 1st Dist. Hamilton No.
C-110250, 2012-Ohio-1910, ¶5. These procedures include, inter alia, using “a blind or
blinded administrator” to conduct a physical live line-up or a photo lineup. R.C.
2933.83(B)(1). Under R.C. 2933.83(C)(1), evidence of a failure to comply with the
required protocol “shall be considered by trial courts in adjudicating motions to suppress
eyewitness identification resulting from or related to the lineup.”
{¶ 33} Initially, we note that what occurred in the instant case was a show-up
identification, not a stereotypical physical line-up identification conducted at a police station.
The Kettering Police Department does not use physical line-ups pursuant to its written
policy in G.O. 42.2.11(A)(2) which specifically states that “because of the cumbersome
nature of physical line-ups and inadequate facilities to perform a physical line-up, KPD
personnel will not put suspects in physical line-ups.” Additionally, the procedures set forth
in R.C. 2933.83 do not apply to the facts herein. R.C. 2933.83(A)(7) defines a “live lineup”
as an “identification procedure in which a group of persons, including the suspected
perpetrator of an offense and other persons not suspected of the offense, is displayed to an
eyewitness for the purpose of determining whether the eyewitness identifies the suspect as 13
the perpetrator of the offense.” No “persons not suspected of the offense” were included in
the show-up identification of Pressley and his accomplices.
{¶ 34} Pressley’s third and final assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 35} All of Pressley’s assignments of error having been overruled, the judgment
of the trial court is affirmed.
GRADY, P.J. and HALL, J., concur.
Copies mailed to:
Michele D. Phipps Peter R. Certo Hon. Gregory F. Singer