[Cite as State v. Powell, 2022-Ohio-882.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT AUGLAIZE COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, CASE NO. 2-21-20 PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,
v.
KAITLYNN A. POWELL, OPINION
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Appeal from Auglaize County Municipal Court Trial Court No. 2021 TRC 2832
Judgment Affirmed
Date of Decision: March 21, 2022
APPEARANCES:
Nick A. Catania for Appellant
Joshua Muhlenkamp for Appellee Case No. 2-21-20
WILLAMOWSKI, J.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Kaitlynn A. Powell (“Powell”) appeals the
judgment of the Auglaize County Municipal Court, alleging that the trial court erred
by denying her motion to suppress. For the reasons set forth below, the judgment
of the trial court is affirmed.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶2} At 3:12 A.M. on May 9, 2021, Trooper Zee Deitering (“Trooper
Deitering”) of the Ohio State Highway Patrol was driving on State Route 29 behind
a pickup truck driven by Powell. Tr. 3-4, 5. Trooper Deitering testified that he
observed Powell’s vehicle weaving within her lane of traffic and, for this reason,
decided to follow her vehicle when she pulled onto an exit ramp that curves
rightward towards Indiana Avenue in St. Mary’s Ohio. Tr. 5. Ex. 2.
{¶3} This exit ramp then curves alongside the two eastbound lanes of Indiana
Avenue and gradually merges into the right lane of Indiana Avenue over roughly
five hundred feet. Tr. 6. Ex. 1, 2. The exit ramp does not continue alongside
Indiana Avenue as an additional, parallel third lane of traffic. Tr. 6. Ex. 1, 2.
Rather, motorists must eventually enter into the right lane of traffic on Indiana
Avenue. Tr. 6. Ex. 1, 2.
{¶4} Trooper Deitering testified that Powell did not activate her turn signal
before the exit ramp merged into Indiana Avenue and she entered into the right lane
of traffic on Indiana Avenue. Tr. 4, 6-7. Ex. 2. At this point, Trooper Deitering
-2- Case No. 2-21-20
initiated a traffic stop of Powell’s vehicle. Tr. 4. Ex. 2. A subsequent breath test
indicated that Powell had a blood alcohol concentration of 0.168. Doc. 1.
{¶5} On May 10, 2021, Powell was charged with operating a vehicle under
the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them in violation of
R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a); operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol, a drug of
abuse, or a combination of them (“OVI”) in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(d); and
failure to activate a turn signal in violation of R.C. 4511.39. Doc. 1.
{¶6} On June 13, 2021, Powell filed a motion to suppress. Doc. 27. On
August 12, 2021, the trial court held a suppression hearing at which the trial court
viewed a video recording of this traffic stop as captured by Trooper Deitering’s
dashboard camera. Tr. 1. On August 31, 2021, the trial court denied Powell’s
motion to suppress. Doc. 34. On September 16, 2021, Powell pled no contest to
one count of OVI in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(d). Doc. 44. The remaining
charges were then dismissed pursuant to a plea agreement. Doc. 44. After finding
Powell guilty of the charge against her, the trial court sentenced her. Doc. 44.
Assignment of Error
{¶7} Powell filed her notice of appeal on October 15, 2021. Doc. 54. On
appeal, she raises the following assignment of error:
The trial court abused its discretion in admitting the evidence obtained after the traffic stop because there was not reasonable suspicion for a ‘Terry Stop’ of the defendant’s vehicle.
-3- Case No. 2-21-20
Powell argues that she was not required to activate her turn signal before entering
onto Indiana Avenue; that there was, therefore, no legal basis for Trooper Deitering
to conduct a traffic stop; and that her motion to suppress should have been granted.
Legal Standard
{¶8} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects
citizens “against unreasonable searches and seizures * * *.” Fourth Amendment,
United States Constitution. The Ohio Constitution offers a parallel provision to the
Fourth Amendment of the Federal Constitution that has been held to afford the same
level of protection as the United States Constitution. Article I, Section 14, Ohio
Constitution. State v. Hoffman, 141 Ohio St.3d 428, 2014-Ohio-4795, 25 N.E.3d
993, ¶ 11, citing State v. Robinette, 80 Ohio St.3d 234, 1997-Ohio-343, 685 N.E.2d
762 (1997).
{¶9} “The Fourth Amendment does not proscribe all state-initiated searches
and seizures; it merely proscribes those which are unreasonable.” Florida v.
Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248, 250, 111 S.Ct. 1801, 114 L.Ed.2d 297 (1991), citing Katz v.
United States, 389 U.S. 347, 360, 88 S.Ct. 507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967). Thus, “[t]he
touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is reasonableness.” Jimeno at 250. “[A]
police stop of a motor vehicle and the resulting detention of its occupants has been
held to be a seizure under the Fourth Amendment.” State v. Kerr, 3d Dist. Allen
No. 1-17-01, 2017-Ohio-8516, ¶ 13, citing Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 99
S.Ct. 1391, 59 L.Ed.2d 660 (1979).
-4- Case No. 2-21-20
{¶10} “In order to initiate a constitutionally permissible traffic stop, law
enforcement must, at a minimum, have a reasonable, articulable suspicion to believe
that a crime has been committed or is being committed.” State v. Smith, 2018-Ohio-
1444, 110 N.E.3d 944, ¶ 8 (3d Dist.), citing State v. Andrews, 57 Ohio St.3d 86, 565
N.E.2d 1271 (1991).
“The Supreme Court of Ohio has defined ‘reasonable articulable suspicion’ as ‘specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant the intrusion [upon an individual’s freedom of movement].’” State v. Shaffer, 2013-Ohio-3581, 4 N.E.3d 400, ¶ 18 (3d Dist.), quoting State v. Bobo, 37 Ohio St.3d 177, 178, 524 N.E.2d 489 (1988), quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21-22, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). “Reasonable suspicion entails some minimal level of objective justification for making a stop—that is, something more than an inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or ‘hunch,’ but less than the level of suspicion required for probable cause.” Kerr, supra, at ¶ 15, quoting State v. Jones, 70 Ohio App.3d 554, 556- 557, 591 N.E.2d 810 (2d Dist. 1990).
(Bracketed text sic.) Smith at ¶ 9. “A police officer may initiate a traffic stop after
witnessing a traffic violation.” Id. at ¶ 10. Thus, the failure to activate a turn signal
in compliance with R.C. 4511.39(A) is a traffic violation that provides a law
enforcement officer “with a legal justification to initiate a traffic stop.” State v.
Harpel, 3d Dist. Hardin No. 6-20-03, 2020-Ohio-4513, ¶ 20.
{¶11} “To deter Fourth Amendment violations, the Supreme Court of the
United States has adopted an exclusionary rule under which ‘any evidence that is
obtained during an unlawful search or seizure will be excluded from being used
against the defendant.’” Kerr, supra, at ¶ 17, quoting State v. Steinbrunner, 3d Dist.
-5- Case No. 2-21-20
Auglaize No.
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[Cite as State v. Powell, 2022-Ohio-882.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT AUGLAIZE COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, CASE NO. 2-21-20 PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,
v.
KAITLYNN A. POWELL, OPINION
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Appeal from Auglaize County Municipal Court Trial Court No. 2021 TRC 2832
Judgment Affirmed
Date of Decision: March 21, 2022
APPEARANCES:
Nick A. Catania for Appellant
Joshua Muhlenkamp for Appellee Case No. 2-21-20
WILLAMOWSKI, J.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Kaitlynn A. Powell (“Powell”) appeals the
judgment of the Auglaize County Municipal Court, alleging that the trial court erred
by denying her motion to suppress. For the reasons set forth below, the judgment
of the trial court is affirmed.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶2} At 3:12 A.M. on May 9, 2021, Trooper Zee Deitering (“Trooper
Deitering”) of the Ohio State Highway Patrol was driving on State Route 29 behind
a pickup truck driven by Powell. Tr. 3-4, 5. Trooper Deitering testified that he
observed Powell’s vehicle weaving within her lane of traffic and, for this reason,
decided to follow her vehicle when she pulled onto an exit ramp that curves
rightward towards Indiana Avenue in St. Mary’s Ohio. Tr. 5. Ex. 2.
{¶3} This exit ramp then curves alongside the two eastbound lanes of Indiana
Avenue and gradually merges into the right lane of Indiana Avenue over roughly
five hundred feet. Tr. 6. Ex. 1, 2. The exit ramp does not continue alongside
Indiana Avenue as an additional, parallel third lane of traffic. Tr. 6. Ex. 1, 2.
Rather, motorists must eventually enter into the right lane of traffic on Indiana
Avenue. Tr. 6. Ex. 1, 2.
{¶4} Trooper Deitering testified that Powell did not activate her turn signal
before the exit ramp merged into Indiana Avenue and she entered into the right lane
of traffic on Indiana Avenue. Tr. 4, 6-7. Ex. 2. At this point, Trooper Deitering
-2- Case No. 2-21-20
initiated a traffic stop of Powell’s vehicle. Tr. 4. Ex. 2. A subsequent breath test
indicated that Powell had a blood alcohol concentration of 0.168. Doc. 1.
{¶5} On May 10, 2021, Powell was charged with operating a vehicle under
the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them in violation of
R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a); operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol, a drug of
abuse, or a combination of them (“OVI”) in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(d); and
failure to activate a turn signal in violation of R.C. 4511.39. Doc. 1.
{¶6} On June 13, 2021, Powell filed a motion to suppress. Doc. 27. On
August 12, 2021, the trial court held a suppression hearing at which the trial court
viewed a video recording of this traffic stop as captured by Trooper Deitering’s
dashboard camera. Tr. 1. On August 31, 2021, the trial court denied Powell’s
motion to suppress. Doc. 34. On September 16, 2021, Powell pled no contest to
one count of OVI in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(d). Doc. 44. The remaining
charges were then dismissed pursuant to a plea agreement. Doc. 44. After finding
Powell guilty of the charge against her, the trial court sentenced her. Doc. 44.
Assignment of Error
{¶7} Powell filed her notice of appeal on October 15, 2021. Doc. 54. On
appeal, she raises the following assignment of error:
The trial court abused its discretion in admitting the evidence obtained after the traffic stop because there was not reasonable suspicion for a ‘Terry Stop’ of the defendant’s vehicle.
-3- Case No. 2-21-20
Powell argues that she was not required to activate her turn signal before entering
onto Indiana Avenue; that there was, therefore, no legal basis for Trooper Deitering
to conduct a traffic stop; and that her motion to suppress should have been granted.
Legal Standard
{¶8} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects
citizens “against unreasonable searches and seizures * * *.” Fourth Amendment,
United States Constitution. The Ohio Constitution offers a parallel provision to the
Fourth Amendment of the Federal Constitution that has been held to afford the same
level of protection as the United States Constitution. Article I, Section 14, Ohio
Constitution. State v. Hoffman, 141 Ohio St.3d 428, 2014-Ohio-4795, 25 N.E.3d
993, ¶ 11, citing State v. Robinette, 80 Ohio St.3d 234, 1997-Ohio-343, 685 N.E.2d
762 (1997).
{¶9} “The Fourth Amendment does not proscribe all state-initiated searches
and seizures; it merely proscribes those which are unreasonable.” Florida v.
Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248, 250, 111 S.Ct. 1801, 114 L.Ed.2d 297 (1991), citing Katz v.
United States, 389 U.S. 347, 360, 88 S.Ct. 507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967). Thus, “[t]he
touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is reasonableness.” Jimeno at 250. “[A]
police stop of a motor vehicle and the resulting detention of its occupants has been
held to be a seizure under the Fourth Amendment.” State v. Kerr, 3d Dist. Allen
No. 1-17-01, 2017-Ohio-8516, ¶ 13, citing Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 99
S.Ct. 1391, 59 L.Ed.2d 660 (1979).
-4- Case No. 2-21-20
{¶10} “In order to initiate a constitutionally permissible traffic stop, law
enforcement must, at a minimum, have a reasonable, articulable suspicion to believe
that a crime has been committed or is being committed.” State v. Smith, 2018-Ohio-
1444, 110 N.E.3d 944, ¶ 8 (3d Dist.), citing State v. Andrews, 57 Ohio St.3d 86, 565
N.E.2d 1271 (1991).
“The Supreme Court of Ohio has defined ‘reasonable articulable suspicion’ as ‘specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant the intrusion [upon an individual’s freedom of movement].’” State v. Shaffer, 2013-Ohio-3581, 4 N.E.3d 400, ¶ 18 (3d Dist.), quoting State v. Bobo, 37 Ohio St.3d 177, 178, 524 N.E.2d 489 (1988), quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21-22, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). “Reasonable suspicion entails some minimal level of objective justification for making a stop—that is, something more than an inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or ‘hunch,’ but less than the level of suspicion required for probable cause.” Kerr, supra, at ¶ 15, quoting State v. Jones, 70 Ohio App.3d 554, 556- 557, 591 N.E.2d 810 (2d Dist. 1990).
(Bracketed text sic.) Smith at ¶ 9. “A police officer may initiate a traffic stop after
witnessing a traffic violation.” Id. at ¶ 10. Thus, the failure to activate a turn signal
in compliance with R.C. 4511.39(A) is a traffic violation that provides a law
enforcement officer “with a legal justification to initiate a traffic stop.” State v.
Harpel, 3d Dist. Hardin No. 6-20-03, 2020-Ohio-4513, ¶ 20.
{¶11} “To deter Fourth Amendment violations, the Supreme Court of the
United States has adopted an exclusionary rule under which ‘any evidence that is
obtained during an unlawful search or seizure will be excluded from being used
against the defendant.’” Kerr, supra, at ¶ 17, quoting State v. Steinbrunner, 3d Dist.
-5- Case No. 2-21-20
Auglaize No. 2-11-27, 2012-Ohio-2358, ¶ 12. “Thus, the appropriate remedy for a
Fourth Amendment violation is generally the suppression of any illegally obtained
evidence.” Harpel, at ¶ 15, citing State v. O’Neal, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-07-33, 2008-
Ohio-512, ¶ 19.
{¶12} “Appellate review of a decision on a motion to suppress presents a
mixed question of law and fact.” State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-
5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8.
At a suppression hearing, the trial court assumes the role of trier of fact and, as such, is in the best position to evaluate the evidence and the credibility of witnesses. [Burnside at ¶ 8]. See also State v. Carter, 72 Ohio St.3d 545, 552[, 1995-Ohio-104, 651 N.E.2d 965] (1995). When reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, deference is given to the trial court’s findings of fact so long as they are supported by competent, credible evidence. Burnside at ¶ 8, citing State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19[, 437 N.E.2d 583] (1982). With respect to the trial court’s conclusions of law, however, our standard of review is de novo; therefore, we must decide whether the facts satisfy the applicable legal standard. [Burnside at ¶ 8], citing State v. McNamara, 124 Ohio App.3d 706, 710[, 707 N.E.2d 539] (4th Dist. 1997).
(Brackets sic.) State v. Angers, 3d Dist. Auglaize No. 2-21-04, 2021-Ohio-3640, ¶
13, quoting State v. Sidney, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-19-32, 2019-Ohio-5169, ¶ 8.
Legal Analysis
{¶13} The issue in this appeal is whether Powell’s failure to signal violated
R.C. 4511.39(A) and gave Trooper Deitering a legal justification to initiate a traffic
stop. R.C. 4511.39(A) reads, in its relevant part, as follows:
-6- Case No. 2-21-20
No person shall turn a vehicle or trackless trolley or move right or left upon a highway unless and until such person has exercised due care to ascertain that the movement can be made with reasonable safety nor without giving an appropriate signal in the manner hereinafter provided.
(Emphasis added.) R.C. 4511.39(A).
The Digest of Ohio Motor Vehicle Laws, a product of the Ohio Department of Public Safety, provides, ‘turn signals must be used to show intention to turn right or left, to change course of direction, or to change lanes on a multi-lane road. They should be turned on well in advance of the planned change of direction (at least 100 feet).’
State v. Snell, 5th Dist. Licking No. 20CA0064, 2021-Ohio-482, ¶ 20.
{¶14} In this case, the lane in which Powell was driving gradually merged
into a preexisting lane of traffic on Indiana Avenue. She could not remain in her
lane of traffic as her lane was ending. Rather, Powell had to move left into a lane
of traffic on Indiana Avenue. Accordingly, R.C. 4511.39(A) required her to signal
before she moved left from her lane of traffic and into a preexisting lane of traffic
on Indiana Avenue. See also State v. Sneed, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 06CA18, 2007-
Ohio-853, ¶ 15 (4th Dist.); State v. Lowman, 82 Ohio App.3d 831, 613 N.E.2d 692
(12th Dist. 1992).
{¶15} In her brief, Powell identifies two cases from our sister districts in
which defendants were found not to have violated R.C. 4511.39. State v. Paseka,
6th Dist. Erie No. E-12-026, 2013-Ohio-2363; State v. Barnett, 2018-Ohio-2486,
114 N.E.3d 773 (7th Dist.). However, the configurations of the roadways in these
-7- Case No. 2-21-20
other cases were fundamentally different from the roadway that Powell was
navigating, requiring Powell to undertake different actions to comply with R.C.
4511.39(A). For this reason, these precedents are distinguishable from the case
presently before us. Thus, having examined the materials in the record, we conclude
that the trial court did not err in denying Powell’s motion to suppress. Accordingly,
her sole assignment of error is overruled.
Conclusion
{¶16} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant in the particulars
assigned and argued, the judgment of the Auglaize County Municipal Court is
affirmed.
ZIMMERMAN, P.J. and SHAW, J., concur.
/hls
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