Shepherd, J.
The defendant contends that he is not guilty, because
“
there was no artifice to conceal the fact that he had gotten the money in his possession; that there was-no effort to conceal the fact of the taking, and that the prosecutor knew who had his money, and against whom to bring his action.”
For these positions he relies upon
State
v.
Deal,
64 N. C., 270, and
State v. Sowls,
Phil., 151. The proposition is, that there can be no felonious intent where the taking is done openly and there is no effort to conceal.
State
v.
Deal, supra,
is a leading case in this State upon the subject of felonious intent in larceny, and while the conclusion reached by the Court is generally regarded as correct, much that is said in the opinion has been questioned, and the doubts which have arisen have been greatly strengthened by the forcible dissenting opinion of Mr.. Justice RodmaN. It will be observed that, in addition to there being no effort to conceal in that case, there was another element which was sufficient to have entitled the defendant to a new trial: that was, as the learned Chief Justice says, “ a seeming excuse for the artifice by which* he (Deal) got possession of the note. * . * * The defendant alleged that the title to the land for
which he had executed his note was not good, for that it was subject to a dower right; and, being dissatisfied with this state of things, he resorted to a trick, to get hold of the note, for the purpose of cancelling it.” The trial Judge did not submit this view to the jury, and the defendant was thus deprived of the “ seeming excuse” for his conduct.
We think that this view of the case had much to do with the decision of the Court, and in this we are sustained by Whar. Crim. Law, vol. 2, sec. 1787, where the author, speaking of
State
v. Deal, says:
“
It was held that this was not larceny, larceny implying stealth, and this being a forcible taking
under color of right.”
We shall not attempt to “run and mark” the shadowy line between trespass and larceny, but we cannot yield our assent to the inference drawn by the defendant from the language of thé opinion, that there can be
no
case of larceny unless there is an effort to conceal on the part of the offender.
The language quoted in the opinion from Judge Hender-SON has never passed into judicial decision, and we have been unable to find in our edition of Foster, cited in
State
v.
Sowls, supra,
anything in support of the doctrine that the taking must be done in such “ a manner as to show an intent to defraud the owner, by concealing from him who took it, so that he shall not know what has become of his property and against whom to bring his action to recover it.”
As far as our investigations have extended, we have found no such criterion laid down in any of the books. True, Mr. Wharton, in his Criminal Law, vol. 3, § 1876, states that where the taking is openly done, it is but a trespass, and, perhaps, similar expressions may be found in other modern works, but upon reference to the notes it will be seen that they are based upon Hale, P. C., 509, where it is said that if the taking is done openly it “ carries with it an evidence only of a trespass;” but these authors fail to add the following language of Lord Hale, used in the same connection: “ But in oases of larceny the variety of circumstances is so great and
the complications thereof so mingled, that it is impossible to prescribe all the circumstances evidencing a felonious intent or the contrary, but the same must be left to the due and attentive consideration of the Judge and jury; wherein the rule is,
in dubiis,
rather to incline to an acquittal than conviction.” From which, it seems, says Judge Rodman, “that Lord Hale did not think an open manner of taking inconsistent with larceny, but only a circumstance, from which the jury might infer an absence of felonious intent.”
We fully concur with the Chief Justice and Judge Henderson, that a prominent feature of larceny is “that the act be done in a way showing an intent to evade the law, that is, not to let the owner know who took the property,” etc, but we cannot agree that this is the
only
way the felonious intent may be manifested in larceny, any more than that concealment, as the Chief Justice suggests, is necessary in robbery. It is true, as Blackstone says, vol. 4, 232, that “the ordinary
discovery
of a felonious intent is where the party doth it clandestinely, or being charged with the fact, denies it.
But
this is by no means the only criterion of criminality;, for in cases that may amount to larceny the variety of circumstances is so great, and the- complications thereof so mingled, .that it is impossible to recount all those which may evidence a felonious intent or
animus furandi;
wherefore they must be left to the due and attentive consideration of the Court and jury.” To the same effect is that accurate and discriminating writer, Mr. Chitty, who, in his vol. 3, 927, on Criminal Law, says that “the openness and notoriety of the taking, where possession has not been obtained by force or stratagem, is a strong circumstance to rebut the inference of a felonious intention (1 Hale, 507; East, P. C., 661, 662);
but this aloné will not make it the less a felony
(Kel., 82; 2 Raym., 276; 2 Vent., 94).” * * * On page 926, he says: “Where the taking, exists, but without fraud, it may amount only to a trespass. This is also a point frequently depending on
Circumstantial evidence, and to be left for the jury’s decision.” East, P. C , vol. 2, 662, after speaking of the evidences of a felonious intent, says: “And the circumstances of the party’s offering the full value or more at the time ought to be left to them (the jury) to show that his intention was not fraudulent, and so not felonious, for it does not necessarily follow, as a
conclusion of law,
that if the value of the thing taken be offered to be paid at the time, the intent is, therefore, not felonious, though it is, I apprehend, pregnant evidence of the negative.” Greenleaf Ev., vol. 3, sec. 157, sustains the view that the mere fact of the taking being without concealment, is evidence which should be left to the jury. He says that it
“
would be pregnant evidence
to the jury
that the taking was without a felonious intent.”
In
Vaughn’s Case,
10 Grattan, 758, the defendant was held guilty of larceny of his bond, under circumstances similar to those in
State
v.
Deal.
MoNCüre, J., dissented, on the ground that the bond was given for land; that there was a controversy about the boundaries, etc., and that this, in connection with the open manner in which it was taken, showed that there was no felonious intent. He expressly admits that concealment is unnecessary. It is true, he says, “ that secrecy, though a usual, is not a necessary, attendant of larceny, which may be, and sometimes is, committed openly.” None of the definitions of larceny require that the taking be done secretly.
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Shepherd, J.
The defendant contends that he is not guilty, because
“
there was no artifice to conceal the fact that he had gotten the money in his possession; that there was-no effort to conceal the fact of the taking, and that the prosecutor knew who had his money, and against whom to bring his action.”
For these positions he relies upon
State
v.
Deal,
64 N. C., 270, and
State v. Sowls,
Phil., 151. The proposition is, that there can be no felonious intent where the taking is done openly and there is no effort to conceal.
State
v.
Deal, supra,
is a leading case in this State upon the subject of felonious intent in larceny, and while the conclusion reached by the Court is generally regarded as correct, much that is said in the opinion has been questioned, and the doubts which have arisen have been greatly strengthened by the forcible dissenting opinion of Mr.. Justice RodmaN. It will be observed that, in addition to there being no effort to conceal in that case, there was another element which was sufficient to have entitled the defendant to a new trial: that was, as the learned Chief Justice says, “ a seeming excuse for the artifice by which* he (Deal) got possession of the note. * . * * The defendant alleged that the title to the land for
which he had executed his note was not good, for that it was subject to a dower right; and, being dissatisfied with this state of things, he resorted to a trick, to get hold of the note, for the purpose of cancelling it.” The trial Judge did not submit this view to the jury, and the defendant was thus deprived of the “ seeming excuse” for his conduct.
We think that this view of the case had much to do with the decision of the Court, and in this we are sustained by Whar. Crim. Law, vol. 2, sec. 1787, where the author, speaking of
State
v. Deal, says:
“
It was held that this was not larceny, larceny implying stealth, and this being a forcible taking
under color of right.”
We shall not attempt to “run and mark” the shadowy line between trespass and larceny, but we cannot yield our assent to the inference drawn by the defendant from the language of thé opinion, that there can be
no
case of larceny unless there is an effort to conceal on the part of the offender.
The language quoted in the opinion from Judge Hender-SON has never passed into judicial decision, and we have been unable to find in our edition of Foster, cited in
State
v.
Sowls, supra,
anything in support of the doctrine that the taking must be done in such “ a manner as to show an intent to defraud the owner, by concealing from him who took it, so that he shall not know what has become of his property and against whom to bring his action to recover it.”
As far as our investigations have extended, we have found no such criterion laid down in any of the books. True, Mr. Wharton, in his Criminal Law, vol. 3, § 1876, states that where the taking is openly done, it is but a trespass, and, perhaps, similar expressions may be found in other modern works, but upon reference to the notes it will be seen that they are based upon Hale, P. C., 509, where it is said that if the taking is done openly it “ carries with it an evidence only of a trespass;” but these authors fail to add the following language of Lord Hale, used in the same connection: “ But in oases of larceny the variety of circumstances is so great and
the complications thereof so mingled, that it is impossible to prescribe all the circumstances evidencing a felonious intent or the contrary, but the same must be left to the due and attentive consideration of the Judge and jury; wherein the rule is,
in dubiis,
rather to incline to an acquittal than conviction.” From which, it seems, says Judge Rodman, “that Lord Hale did not think an open manner of taking inconsistent with larceny, but only a circumstance, from which the jury might infer an absence of felonious intent.”
We fully concur with the Chief Justice and Judge Henderson, that a prominent feature of larceny is “that the act be done in a way showing an intent to evade the law, that is, not to let the owner know who took the property,” etc, but we cannot agree that this is the
only
way the felonious intent may be manifested in larceny, any more than that concealment, as the Chief Justice suggests, is necessary in robbery. It is true, as Blackstone says, vol. 4, 232, that “the ordinary
discovery
of a felonious intent is where the party doth it clandestinely, or being charged with the fact, denies it.
But
this is by no means the only criterion of criminality;, for in cases that may amount to larceny the variety of circumstances is so great, and the- complications thereof so mingled, .that it is impossible to recount all those which may evidence a felonious intent or
animus furandi;
wherefore they must be left to the due and attentive consideration of the Court and jury.” To the same effect is that accurate and discriminating writer, Mr. Chitty, who, in his vol. 3, 927, on Criminal Law, says that “the openness and notoriety of the taking, where possession has not been obtained by force or stratagem, is a strong circumstance to rebut the inference of a felonious intention (1 Hale, 507; East, P. C., 661, 662);
but this aloné will not make it the less a felony
(Kel., 82; 2 Raym., 276; 2 Vent., 94).” * * * On page 926, he says: “Where the taking, exists, but without fraud, it may amount only to a trespass. This is also a point frequently depending on
Circumstantial evidence, and to be left for the jury’s decision.” East, P. C , vol. 2, 662, after speaking of the evidences of a felonious intent, says: “And the circumstances of the party’s offering the full value or more at the time ought to be left to them (the jury) to show that his intention was not fraudulent, and so not felonious, for it does not necessarily follow, as a
conclusion of law,
that if the value of the thing taken be offered to be paid at the time, the intent is, therefore, not felonious, though it is, I apprehend, pregnant evidence of the negative.” Greenleaf Ev., vol. 3, sec. 157, sustains the view that the mere fact of the taking being without concealment, is evidence which should be left to the jury. He says that it
“
would be pregnant evidence
to the jury
that the taking was without a felonious intent.”
In
Vaughn’s Case,
10 Grattan, 758, the defendant was held guilty of larceny of his bond, under circumstances similar to those in
State
v.
Deal.
MoNCüre, J., dissented, on the ground that the bond was given for land; that there was a controversy about the boundaries, etc., and that this, in connection with the open manner in which it was taken, showed that there was no felonious intent. He expressly admits that concealment is unnecessary. It is true, he says, “ that secrecy, though a usual, is not a necessary, attendant of larceny, which may be, and sometimes is, committed openly.” None of the definitions of larceny require that the taking be done secretly.
It must be done, says Foster, 124, with a wicked, fraudulent intention, which is the “ancient known definition of larceny:
Fraudulenta obtredatio rei alienee invito domino.”
Lord Hale, P. C., 508, says: “ As it is
cepit
and
asportavit,
so it,must be
felonice
or
animo furandi;
otherwise, it is not felony, for it is the
mind
that makes the taking of another’s goods to be a felony or a bare trespass only; but because the intention and mind are secret, the intention must be judged by the circumstances of the fact.”
“ The felonious intent, or
animus furandi,
means an intent fraudulently to appropriate the goods. Whether the intent existed or not, is entirely a question for the jury, which, as in all other cases of intent, they must all infer from the words or acts of the defendant or the nature of the transaction.” Archbold Grim. Practice and PI., 2 vol., 6 ed., 366 — 4.
In his Pleading and Evidence, 3 Am. ed., 173, Archbold thus defines the felonious intent: “But larceny, as far as respects the intent with which it is committed, * * * may, perhaps, correctly be defined thus: where a man knowingly takes and carries away the goods of another, without any claim or pretence of right, with intent wholly to deprive the owner of them, and to appropriate or convert them to his own use.”
These authorities, we think, conclusively establish that, while secrecy i's the
usual
evidence of the felonious intent, it is by no means the only manner in which it may be proved.
In our case every ingredient of Mr. Archbold’s definition is present. The defendant
knowingly
took the goods of another, and he made no
pretence
whatever of any claim or right to them.
It is shown, as clearly as any fact can be shown, that he intended to
ttfholly
deprive the owner of them, and to appropriate them to his
own use.
And yet it is insisted that because he showed such a reckless disregard of the consequences of his outrageous act, he could not, as a matter of law, have a fraudulent or felonious intent.
The defendant, according to the testimony of the State, “catches up” the money of the prosecutor. When it is demanded, he says to the prosecutor, “ Oh, hell! You ain’t going to get this money.” His companion holds the prosecutor when he attempts to regain the possession. The defendant walks off with the money, and when finally the prose
cutor releases himself and starts in pursuit, the defendant puts his hand to his breast “ and threatens to kill him if he continues to follow.”
We think these circumstances afford strong evidence that there existed in the mind of the defendant a fradulent and felonious intent.
Such open taking, where there is neither force nor stratagem, is very unusual, and, as we have seen, is a “pregnant” circumstance in favor of the non-existence of the felonious intent. Strong evidence, therefore, is necessary to sustain a conviction in such case. The circumstances deposed to by the prosecutor clearly pointed to the existence of a felonious intent, and we cannot but think that, if the facts of this case had been presented to the late distinguished Chief Justice, he would have unhesitatingly sustained his Honor in submitting them to the jury.
The principles we have declared dispose of exceptions 1, 2r 3 and 6. Exception 4 is' without merit. The prosecutor, it appears, was the bailee of Mrs. Coker, and, therefore, had a special property in the money. See
State
v.
Allen,
decided at-this term, and the authorities cited.
We are unable to see how the rights of the defendant were injuriously affected by the count against Bailey. It seems that he was not tried with this defendant, and there is nothing in the record to suggest that the defendant was in any way prejudiced.
No error. Affirmed.