NO.96-551
n\r THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff an.d Respondent,
v.
STEVEN J. POMEROY,
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the First Judicial District, In and for the County of Lewis & Clark, The Honorable Jeffrey M. Sherlock, Judge presiding
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Steven J. Pomeroy, Pro Se, Canyon Creek, Montana
For Respondent:
Hon. Joseph P. Mazurek. Attorney General, Helena, Montana Micheal Wellenstein, Ass't Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Mike McGrath, Lewis & Clark County Attorney, Helena, Montana Mike Menahan, Deputy County Attorney, Helena, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: July 17, 1997
Decided: September 17, Filed: Justice W. William Leaphart delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court 1995 Internal
Operating Rules, the following decision shall not be cited as precedent and shall be published
by its filing as a public document with the Clerk of the Supreme Court and by a report of its
result to State Reporter Publishing Company and West Publishing Company.
The State of Montana charged Steven J. Pomeroy with eleven separate fish and
wildlife violations pursuant to Title 87, MCA. Pomeroy was found guilty of eight counts by
the Justice Court jury. On appeal from Justice Court, the District Court jury found Pomeroy
guilty of seven of those counts. The District Court sentenced Pomeroy to a total of 60 days
in county jail and suspended his privileges to fish, hunt, trap and taxidermy for a period of
20 years. Pomeroy appeals from his convictions and his sentence. We affirm.
Issues Presented
1. Was there sufficient evidence to support Pomeroy's convictions?
2. Did the District Court err by allowing evidence of possession of two cow elk when
Pomeroy had been acquitted of one charge of possession in Justice Court?
3. Did the District Court abuse its discretion in sentencing Pomeroy?
Standard of Review
The standard of review for sufficiency of evidence on appeal is whether, "after
reviewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. Ahmed (1996), 278 Mont. 200,206,924 P.2d 679, 683. Evidentiary rulings by the district
court are reviewed under the abuse of discretion standard. State v. Gollehan (1993), 262
Mont. 293,301, 864 P.2d 1257, 1263. Finally, on appeal, this Court only reviews sentences
for their legality. It will not review sentences for mere inequity or disparity; that task is left
to the Sentence Review Division of the State of Montana. State v. Ford (1996), 278 Mont.
353,363,926 P.2d 245,251.
Background
Stephen J. Pomeroy moved with his family fiom Colorado to Stryker, Montana near
Whitefish in 1992. While living in Stryker, Pomeroy worked as a bartender at the Point of
Rocks Restaurant. Sometime at the end of September or beginning of October of the same
year, Pomeroy reported to work and told his employer, Cathy Stephens, that he had killed a
mountain lion that morning near his home. Mountain lion season in Montana is held from
December 1 to February 15. Pomeroy also told Stephens that he planned to have the
mountain lion mounted.
In 1993, the Pomeroy family relocated again to Canyon Creek, Montana near Helena.
Bill Franklin, Pomeroy's Canyon Creek neighbor, hunting partner and employee, testified at
trial that Pomeroy told him that he had killed a mountain lion near Shyker or Whitefish. In
addition, Franklin claimed he saw the mounted mountain lion in Pomeroy's home. Todd
Jones is a friend of Franklin's and often hunted with Pomeroy. Jones testified at trial that
Pomeroy told him that he shot the mountain lion out of season in the Whitefish area. Game Warden Sergeant Mike Ottrnan of Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (FWP)
testified that within 48 hours of killing a mountain lion, the hunter must report the kill to
FWP and must bring the lion to FWP to have it "trophied" within 10 days. When trophying
the lion, FWP checks the hunter's tag and the sex of the lion then sends the skull of the lion
to the research lab where a tooth is pulled from the skull to determine the age of the lion.
FWP keeps records of all hunters who trophy mountain lions. The records from 1991-93,
produced at trial, revealed that Pomeroy had not trophied his lion in compliance with FWP
standards.
Approximately two to three weeks into big game hunting season in 1994, Franklin and
Pomeroy were driving on Lincoln Road *hen they spotted a white-tailed buck near the side
of the road. Franklin, who was driving, testified that upon Pomeroy's request, he stopped
in the middle of the road. Pomeroy then got out of the truck, sat in the middle of the road
and shot the buck. The deer continued to run so Pomeroy shot it again, this time from the
fence line. Franklin further testified that Pomeroy hit the deer again when he shot the second
time and that the deer dropped along a creek. Pomeroy and Franklin loaded the deer into the
truck and hung it at the construction site of a house they were building nearby.
During the 1994 hunting season, Franklin had a hunting camp on his land in Scully
Gulch. The day after Thanksgiving, Franklin and Jones were hunting on adjacent ridges in
the gulch when they heard a shot. Franklin testified that he looked through his binoculars
at Jones and saw that Jones had not shot. Franklin further testified that the only other person in the area was Pomeroy, who was retrieving his camper. As a result, Franklin assumed that
Pomeroy took the shot. Franklin further testified that he later heard that Pomeroy shot a two-
point buck.
Jones testified that after he heard the shot, he walked over to the kill site and found
Pomeroy gutting a two-point mule deer buck. When Jones approached he said "Hey, I'm the
game warden" to which he said Pomeroy's "eyes got big and freaked out." Jones said he then
helped Pomeroy load the deer into the back of Pomeroy's camper. Pomeroy did not tag the
deer.
The next day, November 26, 1994, Pomeroy's neighbor, Dave MaGee, recalls that he
was looking for a calf that had escaped from his corral when he heard a shot from the
adjacent Grady ranch. MaGee claims that he was curious about the shot so he waited
outside. About ten minutes later, he saw Pomeroy with a rifle walking down the road
towards Pomeroy's property. MaGee stated that in another ten to fifteen minutes Pomeroy
drove back up the road toward the Grady ranch. MaGee then went inside his house and was
watching the Grizzly football game for about thirty minutes when he saw Pomeroy drive
back down the road and back his vehicle up to his shed.
MaGee still had not found the calf and was curious about what Pomeroy was doing
on the Grady ranch so he followed Pomeroy's vehicle tracks up the road. MaGee testified
that it had snowed the night before and there were only two sets of vehicle tracks on the road;
thus, Pomeroy was the only one who had driven up the road that morning. The tracks led to a fresh cow elk gut pile that was partially covered by branches. MaGee, who is a retired
biologist, stated that he recognized a vaginal tract, fresh blood that was still pooled and
liquid, and viscera around the intestine that was still fresh, all of which evidenced that the elk
had been killed within the past hour or two.
At trial, Pomeroy admitted to walking and driving up the road to the Grady ranch on
November 26th, and he admitted seeing the fresh elk gut pile, but he denied shooting an elk
that day. Pomeroy claimed instead, that he had shot a coyote. MaGee testified that when he
followed Pomeroy's tracks, he had not noticed any coyote tracks.
Additionally, Franklin and Jones testified that on the last weekend of the 1994 hunting
season, Saturday, November 26, they noticed an elk hanging from Pomeroy's horse trailer.
Pomeroy told Franklin that he got the elk behind his house, but said that if FWP asked, he
would say he shot it near Townsend in an area where you are allowed to shoot cow elk
during that time period. Pomeroy also showed Franklin and Jones another cow elk in the
back of his Bronco. Pomeroy's elk tag was on one of the cow elk and his wife Renee's elk
tag was on the other.
FWP Warden Othnan received a tip from a confidential informant on November 28,
1994, indicating that Pomeroy had illegally taken several big game animals that year,
including two cow elk. FWP records revealed that Pomeroy was a newly licensed
taxidermist. Licensed taxidermists are required by statute to keep written records of all articles of wildlife in their possession and such records must be open to inspection by FWP
at any rcasonablc timc.
As a result of the tip, Wardens Ottman and Murphy decided to visit Pomeroy to
examine his taxidermy records and investigate the tip. Ottman and Murphy arrived at
Pomeroy's Canyon Creek home around 5:00 p.m. on November 28th. In the yard, they saw
two cow elk hides, a spike bull elk skull and antlers, and two deer carcasses in the back of
a truck. Ottman and Murphy then knocked on Pomeroy's door. When Pomeroy answered,
they informed him that they wanted to review his taxidermy records and investigate a tip they
had received regarding cow elk. While they waited for Pomeroy to retrieve the taxidermy
records, they noticed that the living room contained many head mounts, and a mounted
mountain lion. In addition, there were antlers of deer, elk and antelope and two sets of elk
ivories on the coffee table. However, upon reviewing Pomeroy's taxidermy record book,
they found that the only entry was for a bear hide belonging to Wally Blathenvick.
When Ottman and Murphy questioned Pomeroy about the cow elk hides they had seen
outside, Pomeroy responded that he and Renee had shot the cow elk on November 25, 1994,
at Duck Creek near Townsend. However, when Pomeroy tried to point out the area on a map
he could not find it. Moreover, the are2 Pomeroy indicated, hunting district 892, is near
Townsend but requires a special permit to shoot cow elk; a permit that Pomeroy did not have.
Pomeroy showed the wardens his elk tag and Renee's elk tag which were validated for
November 25th and pinned above the freezer. In addition, Ottman and Murphy saw Pomeroy's antelope tags, a note from Blatherwick regarding hamburger meat that Pomeroy
was processing and Renee's 1994 deer tag. Pomeroy told the wardens that Renee shot a two-
point mule deer buck on the Grady ranch on their way home from shooting the two elk.
Pomeroy's wife, Renee, works at Helena Nursing Home. Her time card for November
25, 1994 revealed that she worked on that day from 7:36 a.m. to 4:01 p.m. Legal shooting
hours on that day ended at 5:11 p.m. Warden Murphy testified that it was not possible for
Renee to have left work, driven to Duck Creek and shot an elk within legal shooting hours.
The wardens asked Pomeroy if he killed a deer during the 1994 hunting season. He
responded that he shot a five-point white-tailed buck on Lincoln Road and showed them the
antlers. When asked to provide his deer tag, Pomeroy claimed that the dog ate it.
Finally, before the wardens left Pomeroy's house, Ottrnan set up an appointment for
the next morning to have Pomeroy show him the kill site where the cow elk were shot.
However, upon arriving at work the next morning, Ottman received a note to call Pomeroy
who explained that he could not go to the kill site because his vehicle was not running
properly, he did not have enough gas, and he had to pick up his son that afternoon.
On November 29, 1994, Ottman and Murphy obtained a search warrant for and
conducted a search at Pomeroy's house. They found large quantities of hides and meat
randomly placed inside and outside the home in unusual places such as underneath a baby's
crib, under boards outside the home and in a horse trailer. The wardens testified that
Pomeroy's freezer was three-quarters full of elk meat on November 28th, but on November 29th, it was nearly empty. In addition, Pomeroy's taxidermy record book had been altered
and now reflected three entries. Renee arrived at the house about the time the wardens were
concluding their search. Othnan questioned Renee and she denied shooting any wild game
on November 25th or any other time. FWP conducted another search pursuant to a warrant
on January 5, 1995, this time confiscating most of the evidence, including various hides,
antlers, the mounted mountain lion, photos and the taxidermy record book.
Pomeroy was charged with eleven fish and wildlife violations in Justice Court. The
Justice Court jury found Pomeroy guilty of all charges except one count of possessing an
unlawfully killed cow elk and two counts of possessing unlawfully killed antelope. Upon
appeal to the First Judicial District Court, Lewis and Clark County, the jury found Pomeroy
guilty of one count of possession of unlawfully killed two-point mule deer buck, one count
of possession of unlawfully killed five-point white-tailed buck, one count of possession of
unlawfully killed cow elk, and one count of possession of unlawfully killed mountain lion,
all in violation of 5 87-3-1 12, MCA. In addition, the District Court jury found Pomeroy
guilty of one count of using the deer tag of another and one count of using the elk license of
another, both in violation of 5 87-2-1 10, MCA, and one count of failure to keep accurate
taxidermy records in violation of § 87-4-201, MCA. The District Court ordered Pomeroy's
jail sentences to run consecutively resulting in a total jail time of 60 days and suspended his
privileges to fish, hunt, trap and taxidermy for a period of 20 years. Pomeroy admits using the deer tag of another and elk license of another, but appeals his other convictions and his
sentence.
Discussion
1. Was there sufficient evidence to support Pomeroy's convictions?
As a preliminary matter, the State correctly cited State v. Walsh (Mont. 1997), 93 1
P.2d 42, 45, 54 St.Rep. 64, 65, for the proposition that this Court would not consider an
argument based upon the sufficiency of the evidence which is being raised for the first time
on appeal. However, since the filing of the State's brief, this Court overruled Walsh in so
far as it barrcd an appcllant's claim of insufficicncy of the evidence to support a vcrdict on
appeal if the argument had not been raised in the district court. State v. Granby (Mont.
1997), 939 P.2d 1006, 1009, 54 St.Rep. 558, 560. Under Granby, this Court can review
Pomeroy's insufficiency of the evidence claim even though he raises it for the first time on
appeal.
Much of what Pomeroy characterizes as insufficient evidence is in fact a question of
credibility of witnesses. When the jury is faced with conflicting testimony, as presented in
this case, "[tlhe jury is not bound to blindly accept defendant's version of the facts. It is free
to pick and choose the evidence it wishes to believe." State v. Sorenson (1980), 190 Mont.
155, 170, 619 P.2d 1185, 1194. In addition, if events are capable of more than one
interpretation, the jury may determine which is most reasonable. State v. Brogan (1993), 261
Mont. 79, 87, 862 P.2d 19,24 (citing State v. Matson (1987), 227 Mont. 36, 39-40,736 P.2d 971, 973). Finally, credibility of witnesses and weight of evidence is solely within the
province of the jury and cannot be reviewed by this Court. Brogan, 862 P.2d at 24 (citing
State v. Whitcher (1991), 248 Mont. 183, 188, 810 P.2d 751,754). Clearly, the jury in this
case found the State's witnesses more credible than Pomeroy.
Mountain Lion
Pomeroy claims he purchased the mountain lion from Tony Ruseicki, a licensed
taxidermist in Michigan. At trial, Mr. Ruseicki testified that he sold a mountain lion hide and
skull to Pomeroy in 1989. Pomeroy further claims that two of the State's witnesses, Mr. and
Mrs. Stephens, owners of Point of Rocks Restaurant, are not credible because they have a
grudge against him for failing to help them acquire a gambling license. However, the record
reveals sufficient evidence to support the jury's finding that Pomeroy shot the lion out of
season. For example, several witnesses testified that Pomeroy admitted to them that he had
shot the lion out of season near Stryker. Warden Ottrnan testified that the lion confiscated
from Pomeroy's home had short hair that was not thick; thus, indicating that it was not a
winter coat and probably was shot out of season. In addition, the mounted lion confiscated
from Pomeroy's home was not missing the tooth that is normally pulled when FWP trophies
the lion. Finally, FWP wardens found pictures of Pomeroy posing with a dead lion and
Warden Roberts indicated that the vegetation in the photos was consistent with that in the
Stryker area. Five-Point White-Tailed Buck
Section 87-3-101, MCA, makcs any hunting of game animals from a public highway
illegal. At trial, Pomeroy admitted shooting the buck on Lincoln Road, but claimed he shot
from the embankment. Franklin, who was driving on the day Pomeroy shot the buck,
testified that Pomeroy took the first shot from the road then, upon seeing the buck still
running, took another shot from the fence line. Again, the jury was faced with which story
they found more credible; an issue this Court does not review. Brogan, 862 P.2d at 24.
Pomeroy further argues in his brief that even if the jury believed Franklin's testimony
that Pomeroy's first shot was from the road, the fatal shot, the second shot from the
embankment, was legal. Thus, he contends the kill should be considered legal. The statute
states that it is unlawful for anyone to "take, capture, shoot, kill, or attempt to take, capture,
shoot or kill any game animal . . . on, from, or across any public highway. . . ." Section 87-3-
101, MCA (1993). The statute distinguishes between "shooting" and "killing" and makes
both acts illegal from a public highway. Therefore, Pomeroy's first shot from the road was
illegal regardless of whether it killed the buck.
Two-Pomt Mule Deer Buck
Pomeroy denies all of the events in Scully Gulch on November 25, 1994 and
maintains that the mule deer buck confiscated by FWP belonged to Wally Blatherwick, one
of Pomeroy's taxidermy customers. The jury was faced with several contradicting stories
regarding the two-point mule deer buck including two by Pomeroy. Pomeroy claimed 1) that it belonged to Blatherwick and Pomeroy was only butchering it; and 2) the deer was shot by
his wife Renee on November 25th on their way home from shooting the cow elk near
Townsend. The jury chose, instead, to believe the testimony of Franklin and Jones who
stated that Pomeroy was the only other person in Scully Gulch on November 25th and that
Pomeroy shot the deer and Jones helped him load it into Pomeroy's camper. There is
sufficient evidence to support the jury's finding that Pomeroy unlawfully killed the two-point
mule deer buck.
Failure to Keep Accurate Taxidermy Records
Section 87-4-201, MCA, requires a licensed taxidermist to "keep a written record of
all the articles of wildlife in his possession or control." FWP provides new taxidermists with
a record book to record possession of the wildlife parts and animals. The record book allows
wardens to determine which animals belong to specific individuals and whether the animals
have been lawfully taken.
The record reveals that on November 28th Pomeroy's record book contained only one
entry (the bear belonging to Blatherwick), on November 29th when the wardens returned,
Pomeroy had made two additional entries. However, FWP wardens confiscated numerous
wildlife items from Pomeroy's residence that were not listed in Pomeroy's record book but
were in his possession and control. Therefore, there is sufficient evidence that Pomeroy
failed to comply with the statutory requirement to keep accurate taxidermy records. Cow Elk
Oncc again, although there was conflicting testimony, there was sufficient evidence
to support the jury's finding of Pomeroy's guilt. MaGee, Pomeroy's neighbor and a retired
biologist, testified that Pomeroy's tracks were the only ones leading to the gut pile and that
the pile was very fresh. Additionally, he did not see any coyote tracks to corroborate
Pomeroy's story. Moreover, Franklin testified that upon seeing a cow elk hanging from
Pomeroy's horse trailer, Pomeroy told him he shot it behind his house and that if questioned
about it, he would say he shot it near Townsend.
In fact, when questioned, Pomeroy stuck to his story and told Wardens Ottman and
Murphy that he and Renee each shot a cow elk at Duck Creek near Townsend on November
25, 1994. However, Pomeroy was not able to identify the area on a map where a kill would
have been legal with the type of elk license he had. In addition, Pomeroy later admitted to
lying about Renee hunting with him on that day. Most importantly, FWP wardens found two
cow elk hides in Pomeroy's possession, but Pomeroy was only able to produce one valid elk
license. There was sufficient evidence to support the jury's finding that Pomeroy possessed
an illegally killed cow elk.
2. Did the District Court err in allowing testimony regarding two cow elk when
Pomeroy had been acquitted of one charge of possession in Justice Court?
Pomeroy claims that MaGee's testimony regarding the cow elk killed on Grady ranch
should have been suppressed by the District Court. At trial and upon appeal, Pomeroy maintained that MaGee's testimony related to the cow elk possession charge that Pomeroy
was acquitted of in Justice Court. Pomeroy further claims that because he was acquitted of
one count of possessing an unlawfully killed cow elk by the Justice Court jury, presentation
of MaGee's testimony at the District Court level violated the Double Jeopardy Clause or,
alternatively, the rule of collateral estoppel. At trial, Pomeroy's attorney made a motion in
limine to exclude MaGee's testimony. The District Court, outside the presence of the jury,
heard extensive arguments from the attorneys regarding the cow elk charges. The District
Court admonished the jury that "in 1994, the defendant did have one elk that it has been
decided was legally in his possession," denied the motion in limine, and allowed MaGee to
testify.
Pomeroy failed to conclusively establish that the cow elk about which MaGee testified
was the same cow elk Pomeroy was acquitted of possessing in Justice Court. The record
reveals that, although Pomeroy possessed two cow elk, he had a valid permit for only one
cow elk. Since the jury was properly instructed that Pomeroy lawfully possessed one of the
two cow elk, there was no danger that the jury would convict him of illegally possessing both
cow elk and thereby duplicate the possession charge for which he was acquitted in Justice
Court. Accordingly, we hold that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in allowing
testimony regarding two cow elk and that the verdict did not subject Pomeroy to double
jeopardy. 3. Did the District Court abuse its discretion in sentencing Pomeroy?
Our review of a sentence is limited to the question of legality and a sentence is
considered legal if it falls within the parameters provided by statute. Ford, 926 P.2d at 25 1.
Moreover, trial judges are granted broad discretion to determine an appropriate punishment
in the sentencing stage. u,P.2d at 25 1. Pomeroy asserts that his sentence is improper 926
because his crimes were not "violent or heinous or horrendous." He further asserts that it was
inappropriate for the District Court to suspend his hunting, fishing and trapping privileges
for 20 years. The record reveals that Pomeroy pled guilty to a fish and game offense in
Colorado before moving to Montana. In addition, the District Court jury found Pomeroy
guilty of seven fish and game offenses. Pomeroy's sentence for each count falls within the
parameters of Title 87, MCA. The District Court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing
Pomeroy.
Finally, Pomeroy requests that this Court order the State to return certain items which
were confiscated and which relate to charges of which Pomeroy was acquitted. The District
Court is in a better position to determine which items have already been returned, which
remaining items should be returned and to resolve any disputes as to valuation of said items.
Affirnled and remanded to the District Court to address the return or valuation of
confiscated items. We concur: