This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the filing date.
1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. No. 31,652
5 CRAIG PLYER,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 8 Neil C. Candelaria, District Judge
9 Gary K. King, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM
11 for Appellee
12 Jacqueline Cooper, Chief Public Defender 13 Santa Fe, NM
14 Sergio J. Viscoli, Assistant Appellate Defender 15 Albuquerque, NM
16 for Appellant
17 MEMORANDUM OPINION 1 BUSTAMANTE, Judge.
2 Defendant appeals his bench trial convictions for DWI (first offense), no proof
3 of registration, no proof of insurance, and red light violation. Our notice proposed to
4 affirm, and Defendant filed a memorandum in opposition. We remain unpersuaded
5 by Defendant’s arguments, and therefore affirm.
6 Defendant continues to argue that the evidence was insufficient to support his
7 conviction for DWI (first offense). [DS 12] Defendant was convicted of DWI
8 pursuant to that portion of the statute that prohibits driving while impaired to the
9 slightest degree. See NMSA 1978, § 66-8-102(B) (2010). As detailed in our notice,
10 the following evidence was presented: Defendant ran a red light [MIO 1]; the officer
11 detected an odor of marijuana emitting from Defendant’s vehicle and person [MIO 1-
12 2; DS 2; RP 74]; Defendant admitted to smoking marijuana earlier in the day [MIO
13 2-3]; Defendant failed to successfully complete field sobriety tests [MIO 3-4]; and
14 Defendant’s blood test showed the presence of marijuana metabolite. [MIO 6-7] We
15 hold that this evidence was sufficient to support Defendant’s conviction. See State v.
16 Sparks, 102 N.M. 317, 320, 694 P.2d 1382, 1385 (Ct. App. 1985) (defining substantial
17 evidence as that evidence which a reasonable person would consider adequate to
18 support a defendant’s conviction); State v. Gutierrez, 1996-NMCA-001, ¶ 4, 121 N.M.
19 191, 909 P.2d 751 (upholding a DWI conviction based on behavior evidence when the
2 1 defendant smelled of alcohol, had bloodshot and watery eyes, failed field sobriety
2 tests, admitted to drinking alcohol, and the defendant’s vehicle was weaving into other
3 traffic lanes).
4 We acknowledge Defendant’s assertion that there is no evidence that his
5 marijuana usage, including the level of marijuana in his blood [MIO 15], was
6 connected to his impaired and unsafe driving. [MIO 8, 15-16] We disagree, however,
7 because beyond the “mere presence of THC in the blood” [MIO 16], the evidence –
8 such as Defendant’s failure to successfully perform the field sobriety tests and his
9 running of a red light – provided the fact-finder with a reasonable basis to conclude
10 that Defendant was incapable of safely driving his vehicle. [MIO 16] See State v.
11 Dutchover, 85 N.M. 72, 73, 509 P.2d 264, 265 (Ct. App. 1973) (observing that DUI
12 may be established through evidence that the defendant’s ability to drive was impaired
13 to the slightest degree). Although Defendant asserts that the evidence regarding the
14 red light was equivocal – namely, that he had a problem with his vehicle’s brakes and
15 that the light was yellow when he entered the intersection [MIO 10] – it was within
16 the fact-finder’s prerogative to reject Defendant’s version of the events. See State v.
17 Foxen, 2001-NMCA-061, ¶ 17, 130 N.M. 670, 29 P.3d 1071 (observing that the fact
18 finder is “not obligated to believe Defendant’s testimony, to disbelieve or discount
19 conflicting testimony, or to adopt Defendant’s view.”).
3 1 We recognize also Defendant’s continued argument that countervailing
2 considerations undermined the sufficiency of the evidence. In this regard, Defendant
3 points out that Deputy Martinez did not rely on his narcotics canine [MIO 2]; that
4 Deputy Martinez did not notice bloodshot watery eyes, slurred speech, or any other
5 signs of impairment [MIO 2]; and that no marijuana was found on Defendant’s
6 person. [MIO 5] Again, these were matters for the fact-finder to assess in weighing
7 the evidence. Id. Moreover, Defendant’s assertion that the evidence was “equally
8 consistent” with a hypothesis of innocence [MIO 8] is similarly unavailing because,
9 by convicting Defendant, the fact-finder necessarily found the hypothesis of guilt
10 more reasonable than the hypothesis of innocence. See State v. Montoya, 2005-
11 NMCA-078, ¶ 3, 137 N.M. 713, 114 P.3d 393 (“When a defendant argues that the
12 evidence and inferences present two equally reasonable hypotheses, one consistent
13 with guilt and another consistent with innocence, our answer is that by its verdict, the
14 [fact-finder] has necessarily found the hypothesis of guilt more reasonable than the
15 hypothesis of innocence.”).
16 Nor do we agree with Defendant’s continued argument that the field sobriety
17 tests are not probative of impairment, because the tests were designed to correlate with
18 specific blood alcohol concentrations. [MIO 11] As provided in our notice, evidence
19 of Defendant’s unsatisfactory performance on the field sobriety tests was presented
4 1 to illustrate his apparent inability to follow directions, maintain balance, and perform
2 other simple tasks. These are commonly understood features of intoxication that are
3 probative of impairment. See, e.g, State v. Neal, 2008-NMCA-008, ¶ 29, 143 N.M.
4 341, 176 P.3d 330 (observing that the subject’s unsatisfactory performance on field
5 sobriety testing, including his failure to follow instructions and lack of balance,
6 constituted signs of intoxication which supported his conviction for driving under the
7 influence of intoxicating liquor). And other evidence – the smell of marijuana,
8 Defendant’s admission to smoking marijuana, and Defendant’s blood test results –
9 provided the fact-finder with evidence of the particular substance, marijuana, which
10 the fact-finder could reasonably conclude led to Defendant’s impairment and resultant
11 difficulty performing the field sobriety tests. While typically field sobriety tests are
12 used to identify alcohol impairment [MIO 12], case law recognizes that their use is not
13 limited to alcohol impairment. See State v. Randy J., 2011-NMCA-105, ¶ 34, 150
14 N.M. 683, 265 P.3d 734 (stating that “administration of field sobriety tests is a
15 reasonable part of an investigation where the officer has reasonable suspicion that the
16 person was driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs” (emphasis added)).
17 Further, although Deputy Campos did not conduct a “DRE (drug recognition
18 expert) investigation” [DS 4, 10, 14], Defendant refers to no authority for the
19 proposition that a DRE is required to establish a DWI based on drugs. See In re
5 1 Adoption of Doe, 100 N.M.
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This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the filing date.
1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. No. 31,652
5 CRAIG PLYER,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 8 Neil C. Candelaria, District Judge
9 Gary K. King, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM
11 for Appellee
12 Jacqueline Cooper, Chief Public Defender 13 Santa Fe, NM
14 Sergio J. Viscoli, Assistant Appellate Defender 15 Albuquerque, NM
16 for Appellant
17 MEMORANDUM OPINION 1 BUSTAMANTE, Judge.
2 Defendant appeals his bench trial convictions for DWI (first offense), no proof
3 of registration, no proof of insurance, and red light violation. Our notice proposed to
4 affirm, and Defendant filed a memorandum in opposition. We remain unpersuaded
5 by Defendant’s arguments, and therefore affirm.
6 Defendant continues to argue that the evidence was insufficient to support his
7 conviction for DWI (first offense). [DS 12] Defendant was convicted of DWI
8 pursuant to that portion of the statute that prohibits driving while impaired to the
9 slightest degree. See NMSA 1978, § 66-8-102(B) (2010). As detailed in our notice,
10 the following evidence was presented: Defendant ran a red light [MIO 1]; the officer
11 detected an odor of marijuana emitting from Defendant’s vehicle and person [MIO 1-
12 2; DS 2; RP 74]; Defendant admitted to smoking marijuana earlier in the day [MIO
13 2-3]; Defendant failed to successfully complete field sobriety tests [MIO 3-4]; and
14 Defendant’s blood test showed the presence of marijuana metabolite. [MIO 6-7] We
15 hold that this evidence was sufficient to support Defendant’s conviction. See State v.
16 Sparks, 102 N.M. 317, 320, 694 P.2d 1382, 1385 (Ct. App. 1985) (defining substantial
17 evidence as that evidence which a reasonable person would consider adequate to
18 support a defendant’s conviction); State v. Gutierrez, 1996-NMCA-001, ¶ 4, 121 N.M.
19 191, 909 P.2d 751 (upholding a DWI conviction based on behavior evidence when the
2 1 defendant smelled of alcohol, had bloodshot and watery eyes, failed field sobriety
2 tests, admitted to drinking alcohol, and the defendant’s vehicle was weaving into other
3 traffic lanes).
4 We acknowledge Defendant’s assertion that there is no evidence that his
5 marijuana usage, including the level of marijuana in his blood [MIO 15], was
6 connected to his impaired and unsafe driving. [MIO 8, 15-16] We disagree, however,
7 because beyond the “mere presence of THC in the blood” [MIO 16], the evidence –
8 such as Defendant’s failure to successfully perform the field sobriety tests and his
9 running of a red light – provided the fact-finder with a reasonable basis to conclude
10 that Defendant was incapable of safely driving his vehicle. [MIO 16] See State v.
11 Dutchover, 85 N.M. 72, 73, 509 P.2d 264, 265 (Ct. App. 1973) (observing that DUI
12 may be established through evidence that the defendant’s ability to drive was impaired
13 to the slightest degree). Although Defendant asserts that the evidence regarding the
14 red light was equivocal – namely, that he had a problem with his vehicle’s brakes and
15 that the light was yellow when he entered the intersection [MIO 10] – it was within
16 the fact-finder’s prerogative to reject Defendant’s version of the events. See State v.
17 Foxen, 2001-NMCA-061, ¶ 17, 130 N.M. 670, 29 P.3d 1071 (observing that the fact
18 finder is “not obligated to believe Defendant’s testimony, to disbelieve or discount
19 conflicting testimony, or to adopt Defendant’s view.”).
3 1 We recognize also Defendant’s continued argument that countervailing
2 considerations undermined the sufficiency of the evidence. In this regard, Defendant
3 points out that Deputy Martinez did not rely on his narcotics canine [MIO 2]; that
4 Deputy Martinez did not notice bloodshot watery eyes, slurred speech, or any other
5 signs of impairment [MIO 2]; and that no marijuana was found on Defendant’s
6 person. [MIO 5] Again, these were matters for the fact-finder to assess in weighing
7 the evidence. Id. Moreover, Defendant’s assertion that the evidence was “equally
8 consistent” with a hypothesis of innocence [MIO 8] is similarly unavailing because,
9 by convicting Defendant, the fact-finder necessarily found the hypothesis of guilt
10 more reasonable than the hypothesis of innocence. See State v. Montoya, 2005-
11 NMCA-078, ¶ 3, 137 N.M. 713, 114 P.3d 393 (“When a defendant argues that the
12 evidence and inferences present two equally reasonable hypotheses, one consistent
13 with guilt and another consistent with innocence, our answer is that by its verdict, the
14 [fact-finder] has necessarily found the hypothesis of guilt more reasonable than the
15 hypothesis of innocence.”).
16 Nor do we agree with Defendant’s continued argument that the field sobriety
17 tests are not probative of impairment, because the tests were designed to correlate with
18 specific blood alcohol concentrations. [MIO 11] As provided in our notice, evidence
19 of Defendant’s unsatisfactory performance on the field sobriety tests was presented
4 1 to illustrate his apparent inability to follow directions, maintain balance, and perform
2 other simple tasks. These are commonly understood features of intoxication that are
3 probative of impairment. See, e.g, State v. Neal, 2008-NMCA-008, ¶ 29, 143 N.M.
4 341, 176 P.3d 330 (observing that the subject’s unsatisfactory performance on field
5 sobriety testing, including his failure to follow instructions and lack of balance,
6 constituted signs of intoxication which supported his conviction for driving under the
7 influence of intoxicating liquor). And other evidence – the smell of marijuana,
8 Defendant’s admission to smoking marijuana, and Defendant’s blood test results –
9 provided the fact-finder with evidence of the particular substance, marijuana, which
10 the fact-finder could reasonably conclude led to Defendant’s impairment and resultant
11 difficulty performing the field sobriety tests. While typically field sobriety tests are
12 used to identify alcohol impairment [MIO 12], case law recognizes that their use is not
13 limited to alcohol impairment. See State v. Randy J., 2011-NMCA-105, ¶ 34, 150
14 N.M. 683, 265 P.3d 734 (stating that “administration of field sobriety tests is a
15 reasonable part of an investigation where the officer has reasonable suspicion that the
16 person was driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs” (emphasis added)).
17 Further, although Deputy Campos did not conduct a “DRE (drug recognition
18 expert) investigation” [DS 4, 10, 14], Defendant refers to no authority for the
19 proposition that a DRE is required to establish a DWI based on drugs. See In re
5 1 Adoption of Doe, 100 N.M. 764, 765, 676 P.2d 1329, 1330 (1984) (providing that a
2 party must cite legal authority in support of an argument). Defendant has not
3 convinced us that expert testimony was required to establish that his ability to operate
4 his motor vehicle was impaired due to marijuana use. See State v. Torres, 1999-
5 NMSC-010, ¶ 31, 127 N.M. 20, 976 P.2d 20 (recognizing that most field sobriety tests
6 are self-explanatory and address commonly understood signs of intoxication); State
7 v. Baldwin, 2001-NMCA-063, ¶ 16, 130 N.M. 705, 30 P.3d 394 (stating that fact-
8 finders may draw on their life experiences and understanding of human behavior
9 during a state of intoxication to draw reasonable inferences). Rather, the significance
10 of the lack of a DRE, if any, was a matter of weight for the fact-finder to assess. See
11 generally State v. Perea, 2001-NMSC-026, ¶ 5, 130 N.M. 732, 31 P.3d 1006
12 (recognizing that the reviewing court does not substitute its judgment for that of the
13 fact-finder, nor does it re-weigh the evidence).
14 Lastly, for the same reasons discussed in detail in our notice, we conclude that
15 any challenge Defendant has to the chain of custody to the blood tests [DS 8], as well
16 as to the foundation for the blood test results [DS 9], is without merit. See Hennessy
17 v. Duryea, 1998-NMCA-036, ¶ 24, 124 N.M. 754, 955 P.2d 683 (“Our courts have
18 repeatedly held that, in summary calendar cases, the burden is on the party opposing
19 the proposed disposition to clearly point out errors in fact or law.”).
6 1 To conclude, for the reasons set forth herein and in our notice, we affirm.
2 IT IS SO ORDERED.
3 4 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
5 WE CONCUR:
6 7 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge
8 9 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge