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Electronically Filed Supreme Court SCWC-XX-XXXXXXX 26-DEC-2023 07:56 AM Dkt. 15 OPA
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAIʻI
---o0o---
STATE OF HAWAIʻI, Respondent/Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
MICHAEL PICKELL, Petitioner/Defendant-Appellant.
SCWC-XX-XXXXXXX
CERTIORARI TO THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS (CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX; CASE NO. 2DTA-21-00138)
DECEMBER 26, 2023
RECKTENWALD, C.J., McKENNA, AND EDDINS, JJ., and CIRCUIT JUDGE TOʻOTOʻO AND CIRCUIT JUDGE ASHFORD, ASSIGNED BY REASON OF VACANCIES
OPINION OF THE COURT BY McKENNA, J.
I. Introduction
We address whether reasonable suspicion existed for a Maui
County police officer to stop a driver who executed a U-turn at
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a highway intersection lacking signage expressly prohibiting
such turns. Instead, the intersection had left turn only
markings and signage. We hold reasonable suspicion existed.
Maui Police Department Officer Rahul Mehra (“Officer
Mehra”) stopped Michael Pickell (“Pickell”) for making a U -turn
at the intersection. Pickell appeared to be under the influence
of alcohol. Based on indicia of alcohol consumption, field
sobriety and breath alcohol tests were performed. The State of
Hawaiʻi (“the State”) then charged Pickell with operating a
vehicle under the influence of an intoxicant (“OVUII”) in the
District Court of the Second Circuit (“district court”).
Pickell filed a motion to suppress arguing Hawaiʻi Revised
Statutes (“HRS”) § 291C-82(c) (2020)1 requires an express sign
1 HRS § 291C-82 provides in full:
291C-82 Turning so as to proceed in the opposite direction. (a) No vehicle shall be turned so as to proceed in the opposite direction upon any curve, or upon the approach to or near the crest of a grade, where such vehicle cannot be seen by the driver of any other vehicle approaching from either direction within five hundred feet.
(b) In addition to the prohibition in subsection (a), the director of transportation is authorized to and the counties may by ordinance with respect to highways under their respective jurisdictions prohibit the turning of any vehicle so as to proceed in the opposite direction on the highway at any location where such turning would be dangerous to those using the highway or would unduly interfere with the free movement of traffic.
(c) The director of transportation and the counties by ordinance with respect to the highways under their respective jurisdictions shall place signs which are clearly visible to an ordinarily observant person prohibiting the turning of a vehicle to proceed in the
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prohibiting U-turns to make such turns illegal. He maintained
that, therefore, Officer Mehra lacked reasonable suspicion to
make the traffic stop, requiring suppression of the OVUII
evidence. The district court2 denied the motion. Pickell then
entered a conditional no contest plea that allowed him to file
this appeal.
We hold reasonable suspicion existed for the traffic stop.
Officer Mehra witnessed Pickell execute a U-turn despite the
left turn only markings and signage. Contrary to Pickell’s
implicit assertion, HRS § 291C-82(c) does not preempt the Maui
County ordinance requiring drivers to adhere to directional
markings and signage. We therefore affirm Pickell’s OVUII
conviction.
II. Background
A. District court proceedings
On February 22, 2021, the State charged Pickell with OVUII
in violation of HRS §§ 291E-61(a)(1) and/or 291E-61(a)(3)
(2020). Pickell filed a motion to suppress all evidence
relating to the alleged OVUII, contending Officer Mehra’s
traffic stop was an illegal seizure in violation of the Fourth
Amendment of the United States Constitution and article I,
opposite direction. The signs shall be official signs and no person shall turn any vehicle in violation of the restrictions stated on such signs.
2 The Honorable Blaine J. Kobayashi presided.
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section 7 of the Hawaiʻi Constitution. Pickell pointed out that
the prosecution must show that a warrantless traffic stop falls
within one of the narrowly-defined exceptions to the warrant
requirement. State v. Prendergast, 103 Hawaiʻi 451, 454, 83 P.3d
714, 717 (2004). The State responded that Officer Mehra had
reasonable suspicion to initiate the traffic stop and then had
probable cause to arrest Pickell for OVUII.
At the hearing on Pickell’s motion to suppress, Officer
Mehra, the only witness, testified as follows.
Officer Mehra was on assignment as an OVUII enforcement
officer at approximately 7:20 p.m. on January 26, 2021. He
observed Pickell in the left-turn-only lane with his left-turn
signal on at the intersection of Piʻilani Highway and Ohukai
Road. When Pickell’s light turned green, he made a U -turn
instead of turning left.
Painted on the ground in Pickell’s lane was a left -turn-
only sign and a left directional arrow. There was also left -
turn-only signage on the overhanging light directly in front of
him. When Pickell made the U-turn, he drove across double solid
yellow lines and a skipped-dash white line.
Officer Mehra then initiated a traffic stop. Pickell
initially said he was going home but later said he was going to
Safeway. He also said he thought the U-turn was legal and that
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he was from California and did not know if the U-turn was legal
in Hawaiʻi.
There were many locations on Piʻilani Highway with signs
prohibiting U-turns from the left lane, and there was no such
sign where Pickell made the U-turn. But the Maui County Code
requires drivers to abide by lane markings and traffic signage.
The district court denied Pickell’s motion to suppress,
ruling that Pickell made an illegal U-turn. Therefore, Officer
Mehra’s observation of the illegal U-turn gave him reasonable
suspicion to stop Pickell’s vehicle. The district court also
denied Pickell’s motion for reconsideration.
Pickell then entered a conditional no contest plea,
reserving a right to appeal the district court’s denial of his
motion to suppress and his OVUII conviction.
B. ICA proceedings
On appeal to the ICA, Pickell contended the district court
erred by denying his motion to suppress because Officer Mehra’s
traffic stop was based on a legal U-turn. The State argued
Pickell’s U-turn was illegal because he did not follow the
traffic control signs and lane markings.
In a summary disposition order, the ICA affirmed the
district court. State v. Pickell, No. CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX, 2023 WL
1178774 (Haw. App. Jan. 31, 2023) (SDO). The ICA determined
that even though there was no sign prohibiting U-turns, Pickell
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was required to make a left turn based on the lane markings and
overhead signage. Id. at 3-4. The ICA cited HRS § 291C-31(a)
(2020) and Maui County Code (“MCC”) § 10.24.100(E) (1965). Id.
at 3. The ICA therefore held that reasonable suspicion existed
and affirmed Pickell’s OVUII conviction. Id. at 4 (citing State
v. Estabillo, 121 Hawaiʻi 261, 270, 218 P.3d 749, 758 (2009)).
C. Certiorari proceedings
On certiorari, Pickell asserts the ICA gravely erred when
it held the district court properly denied his motion to
suppress because Officer Mehra’s warrantless traffic stop was
based on a U-turn not expressly prohibited by a sign as pursuant
to HRS § 291C-82(c).
III. Standards of Review
A. Motion to suppress
This court reviews
a ruling on a motion to suppress de novo to determine whether the ruling was ‘right’ or ‘wrong.’ Factual determinations made by the trial court deciding pretrial motions in a criminal case are governed by the clearly erroneous standard, and conclusions of law are reviewed under the right/wrong standard.
State v. Scalera, 139 Hawaiʻi 453, 459, 393 P.3d 1005, 1011
(2017) (cleaned up).
B. Statutory interpretation
“Statutory interpretation is a question of law reviewable
de novo.” State v. Milne, 149 Hawaiʻi 329, 333, 489 P.3d 433,
437 (2021). When reviewing questions of statutory
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interpretation, this court is guided by the following
principles:
First, the fundamental starting point for statutory- interpretation is the language of the statute itself. Second, where the statutory language is plain and unambiguous, our sole duty is to give effect to its plain and obvious meaning. Third, implicit in the task of statutory construction is our foremost obligation to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the legislature, which is to be obtained primarily from the language contained in the statute itself. Fourth, when there is doubt, doubleness of meaning, or indistinctiveness or uncertainty of an expression used in a statute, an ambiguity exists.
Id. (citation omitted).
IV. Discussion
We hold Officer Mehra’s traffic stop was based on
reasonable suspicion and that Pickell’s suppression motion was
therefore properly denied.
A. MCC § 10.24.100(E) is not preempted by HRS § 291C-82(c)
Pickell argues his U-turn was legal because there was no
sign expressly prohibiting him from making a U-turn at the
intersection as purportedly required by HRS § 291C-82(c).3 The
State argues Pickell’s U-turn violated MCC § 10.24.100(E), which
provides, “In all cases where official marks, buttons, signs or
directional arrows painted on the pavement are placed within or
adjacent to intersections, no operator of a vehicle shall
execute a movement at such intersections, otherwise than as
directed and required by such marks, buttons, signs, or arrows.”
3 See supra n. 1.
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In essence, Pickell argues HRS 291C-82(c) preempts the Maui
County ordinance. We therefore address preemption.
1. The preemption test
As we stated in Ruggles v. Yagong, 135 Hawaiʻi 411, 353 P.3d
953 (2015):
A county’s power to promulgate ordinances is governed by Article VIII, Section 1 of the Constitution of the State of Hawaiʻi, which states, “The legislature shall create counties, and may create other political subdivisions within the State, and provide for the government thereof. Each political subdivision shall have and exercise such powers as shall be conferred under general laws.” (Emphasis added.) Thus, pursuant to the Hawaiʻi Constitution, a county’s powers are limited to those conferred by the legislature under general laws. The legislature has outlined the “General powers and limitations of the counties” in HRS § 46-1.5 (2012). HRS § 46-1.5(13) [2018] provides
Each county shall have the power to enact ordinances deemed necessary to protect health, life, and property, and to preserve the order and security of the county and its inhabitants on any subject or matter not inconsistent with, or tending to defeat, the intent of any state statute where the statute does not disclose an express or implied intent that the statute shall be exclusive or uniform throughout the State[.]
Ruggles, 135 Hawaiʻi at 422, 353 P.3d at 964.
HRS § 46-1.5(13) was intended to mandate “the preemption of
any ordinance that either conflicted with the intent of a state
statute or legislated in an area already staked out by the
legislature for exclusive and statewide statutory treatment.”
Richardson v. City and Cnty. of Honolulu, 76 Hawaiʻi 46, 60, 868
P.2d 1193, 1207 (1994).
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A municipal ordinance may be preempted by state law “if (1)
it covers the same subject matter embraced within a
comprehensive state statutory scheme disclosing an express or
implied intent to be exclusive and uniform throughout the state
or (2) it conflicts with state law.” Richardson, 76 Hawaiʻi at
62, 868 P.2d at 1209 (citations omitted).
2. Alternative (1) of the preemption test is not met
Alternative (1) of the Richardson preemption test requires
us to consider whether MCC 10.24.100(E) “covers the same subject
matter embraced within a comprehensive state statutory scheme
disclosing an express or implied intent to be exclusive and
uniform throughout the state.” Id. In this regard, we have
employed a “comprehensive statutory scheme” test. 76 Hawaiʻi at
61, 868 P.2d at 1208.4
4 In In re Application of Anamizu, 52 Haw. 550, 481 P.2d 116 (1971), we considered whether a city ordinance mandating the certification of electrical contractors by a municipal agency was preempted by a state statutory scheme that governed the licensing of all building contractors. Richardson, 76 Hawaiʻi at 61, 868 P.2d at 1208 (citation omitted). We held the ordinance was preempted by HRS chapter 444, which “established a comprehensive statutory scheme for regulating the contracting business within” the state. Anamizu, 52 Haw. at 554, 481 P.2d at 118. Local authorities could not enact additional qualifiers. 52 Haw. at 554, 481 P.2d at 119.
Similarly, in Citizens Utilities Co. v. County of Kauai, 72 Haw. 285, 814 P.2d 398 (1991), we held that
a county ordinance regulating the height of utility poles was preempted by the combination of HRS § 269-6 (1985), which conferred upon the State Public Utilities Commission (PUC) the power of “general supervision . . . over all public utilities,” and a specific regulation of the PUC that governed, inter alia, the minimum requirements for utility pole height.
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The Statewide Traffic Code was enacted in 1971. Its
legislative history evinces clear legislative intent to allow
counties to enact their own traffic ordinances. 1971 Haw. Sess.
Laws Act 150. The purpose of the Code was to provide some
uniformity in state traffic regulation. S. Stand. Comm. Rep.
No. 685, in 1971 Senate Journal, at 1102. But the legislature
also recognized that “[m]ost traffic regulation . . . is dealt
with by comprehensive traffic ordinances enacted by the several
counties.” Id. The legislature explicitly stated it intended
to “have the counties adapt complementary traffic ordinances
which would supplement, rather than duplicate the State Law. To
achieve this end, this bill allow[ed] provisions to be made in
the various ordinances for situations unique to the particular
county.” Id.; H. Stand. Comm. Rep. 157, in 1971 House Journal,
Richardson, 76 Hawaiʻi at 61, 868 P.2d at 1208 (citation omitted; emphasis added). We noted the statutes contained an “overall scheme” which reserved to the PUC the power to regulate public utilities; the ordinance thus entered an area that was “fully occupied” by general state law. 76 Hawaiʻi at 62 n.24, 868 P.2d at 1209 n.24. We therefore declared that “a municipal ordinance, which covers the same subject matter embraced within a [s]tate statute is invalid if the statute discloses an express or implied intent that the same shall be exclusive or, uniform in application throughout the [s]tate.” Citizens Util. Co., 72 Haw. at 288, 814 P.2d at 400.
By contrast, we held in Richardson that the applicable state laws did not preempt the ordinance. 76 Hawaiʻi at 61, 868 P.2d at 1208. In that case, the state laws and ordinance did not cover the same topics; “residential houselot leasehold interests in the case of state law . . . and condominium, cooperative, and planned development leasehold interests in the case of [the] [o]rdinance.” Id. Because the ordinance in Richardson did not concern residential houselot leasehold interests, the ordinance did not impose additional requirements regarding the same subject matter as the statutes. Id.
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at 742 (“Other differences between H.B. No. 33 and H.B. No. 33,
H.D. 1, reflect the intent that counties be allowed to enact
ordinances, which supplement, and in a few clearly expressed
instances, supersede state law.”)
Thus, legislative history indicates the Statewide Traffic
Code was expressly intended to allow counties to pass
complementary and supplemental ordinances. Further, in certain
instances, the legislative history indicates an intent to allow
counties to enact ordinances that supersede state law, not the
other way around.
The legislative intent is manifested by statutes within the
Code. HRS § 291C-162 (2020) expressly provides that the
Statewide Traffic Code “shall be applicable and uniform
throughout the State and in all political subdivisions therein
provided that any matter not covered in this chapter relating to
rules of the road may be subject to appropriate county
ordinances in any county.” Further, HRS § 291C-163 (2020)
expressly states that the Code “shall not be deemed to prevent
counties with respect to streets and highways under their
jurisdiction from” “[r]egulating traffic by means of . . .
official traffic-control devices[.]” HRS § 291C-163(a)(2).
Moreover, the language and legislative history of HRS §
291C-82 does not indicate “a comprehensive state statutory
scheme with an express or implied intent to be exclusive and
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uniform throughout the state” as to U-turn signage. See
Richardson, 76 Hawaiʻi at 62, 868 P.2d at 1209. The original
version of the statute only contained what is now subsection
(a):
Sec. -82. Turning on curve or crest of grade prohibited. No vehicle shall be turned so as to proceed in the opposite direction upon any curve, or upon the approach to or near the crest of a grade, where such vehicle cannot be seen by the driver of any other vehicle approaching from either direction within five hundred feet.
1971 Haw. Sess. Laws Act 150, § 82 at 339.
In 1974, HRS § 291C-82 was amended to add subsections (b)
and (c):
(b) In addition to the prohibition in subsection (a), the director of transportation is authorized to and the counties may by ordinance with respect to highways under their respective jurisdictions prohibit the turning of any vehicle so as to proceed in the opposite direction on the highway at any location where such turning would be dangerous to those using the highway or would unduly interfere with the free movement of traffic.
(c) The director of transportation and the counties by ordinance with respect to the highways under their respective jurisdictions shall place signs which are clearly visible to an ordinarily observant person prohibiting the turning of a vehicle to proceed in the opposite direction. The signs shall be official signs and no person shall turn any vehicle in violation of the restrictions stated on such signs.
1974 Haw. Sess. Laws Act 133, § 3 at 236. The purpose of the
1974 amendment was to prohibit U-turns at highway locations
“other than a curve or an approach to or near the crest of a
grade.” S. Stand. Comm. Rep. No 897-94, in 1974 Senate Journal,
at 1107.
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HRS § 291C-82 originally only addressed U-turns at curves
and crests. The amendment required signage prohibiting U-turns
at dangerous highway locations. The statute does not even
mention intersections. And HRS §§ 291C-162 and 291C-163(a)(2)
expressly allow for ordinances like MCC § 10.24.100(E).
Thus, HRS § 291C-82(c) does not preempt MCC § 10.24.100(E)
under the first alternative of the Richardson preemption test.
3. Alternative (2) of the preemption test is also not met
The second alternative to the preemption test asks whether
an ordinance conflicts with state law. Richardson, 76 Hawaiʻi at
62, 868 P.2d at 1209. “A test to determine whether an ordinance
conflicts with a statute is whether it prohibits what the
statute permits or permits what the statute prohibits.” Waikiki
Resort Hotel, Inc. v. City and Cnty. of Honolulu, 63 Haw. 222,
241, 624 P.2d 1353, 1366 (1981) (citations omitted). 5
5 In Richardson, we acknowledged that even though Waikiki Resort Hotel, Inc. was not “strictly speaking a preemption case,” it was nonetheless instructive. 76 Hawaiʻi at 62 n.24, 868 P.2d at 1209 n.24.
In Ruggles, we addressed whether the Lowest Law Enforcement Priority of Cannabis (“LLEP”) was preempted in its entirety by state law. 135 Hawaiʻi at 412, 353 P.3d at 954. Passed by voter initiative, the LLEP required law enforcement activities related to all offenses other than the possession or cultivation of cannabis for adult personal use be a higher priority than activities related to the adult personal use of cannabis. 135 Hawaiʻi at 413, 353 P.3d at 955. We affirmed the ICA’s holding that the LLEP conflicted with and was preempted by state law. 135 Hawaiʻi at 418, 422, 353 P.3d at 960, 964. We held the LLEP also conflicted with state law requiring the state attorney general and county prosecuting attorney to investigate and prosecute violations of the statewide penal code. 135 Hawaiʻi at 418, 353 P.3d at 960. The LLEP could not usurp the attorney general’s duty to prosecute violations of the statewide penal code. Id. We therefore held the LLEP conflicted with, and was thus preempted by “state law governing the investigation and prosecution of alleged violations of the Hawaiʻi Penal Code.” Id.
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MCC § 10.24.100(E) does not conflict with HRS § 291C-82.
The statute requires signs prohibiting U-turns to be posted at
areas deemed dangerous and that drivers not execute U -turns at
such locations. As noted, the amendment requiring signage
appears to have been intended to apply to highway locations and
does not refer to intersections. The ordinance requires that a
driver follow the directional movements exhibited on markings
and signage at intersections.
Abiding by signs, pavement markings, and traffic signals as
required by MCC § 10.24.100(E) would not cause a driver to
violate HRS § 291C-82(c). Drivers executing left turns as
required by the signs satisfy MCC § 10.24.100(E); they do not
violate HRS § 291C-82(c) because they are not executing U-turns
against prohibitive signage. Alternatively, if an intersection
has a sign prohibiting a U-turn as well as a sign and markings
indicating left turn only, a driver could adhere to both by
making a left turn.
The statute and ordinance can therefore co-exist; neither
permits what the other prohibits. See Waikiki Resort Hotel,
Inc, 63 Haw. at 241, 624 P.2d at 1366. There is no conflict.
Hence, contrary to Pickell’s assertion, MCC § 10.24.100(E)
is not preempted by HRS § 291C-82.
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B. As Pickell’s U-turn violated applicable law, reasonable suspicion existed for the traffic stop
Article I, section 7 of the Hawaiʻi Constitution ensures the
“right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers and effects against unreasonable searches, seizures and
invasions of privacy shall not be violated[.]” Haw. Const. art.
I, § 7. “A stop of a vehicle for an investigatory purpose
constitutes a seizure within the meaning of the constitutional
protection against unreasonable searches and seizures.” State
v. Heapy, 113 Hawaiʻi 283, 290, 151 P.3d 764, 771 (2007)
(citation omitted). A warrantless search or seizure is presumed
invalid “unless and until the prosecution proves that the search
or seizure falls within a well-recognized and narrowly defined
exception to the warrant requirement.” Prendergast, 103 Hawaiʻi
at 454, 83 P.3d at 717 (citation omitted).
A stop of a vehicle for an investigatory purpose constitutes a seizure within the meaning of the constitutional protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. In determining the reasonableness of wholly discretionary automobile stops, this court has repeatedly applied the standard set forth in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968). Guided by Terry, we stated in State v. Barnes[, 58 Haw. 333, 568 P.2d 1207 (1977)]:
To justify an investigative stop, short of arrest based on probable cause, the police officer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion. The ultimate test in these situations must be whether from these facts, measured by an objective standard, a [person] of reasonable caution would be warranted in believing that criminal activity was
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afoot and that the action taken was appropriate.
State v. Bolosan, 78 Haw. 86, 92, 890 P.2d 673, 679 (1995) (some
citations omitted; cleaned up).
Pickell’s U-turn clearly violated MCC § 10.24.100(E). As
noted by the ICA, it also violated HRS § 291C-31(a), which
provides that "[t]he driver of any vehicle shall obey the
instructions of any official traffic-control device applicable
thereto placed in accordance with law[.]”
Hence, Officer Mehra had reasonable suspicion to justify
the traffic stop. Thus, the district court did not err by
denying Pickell’s motion to suppress.
V. Conclusion
We therefore affirm the Intermediate Court of Appeal’s
February 28, 2023 Judgment on Appeal, which affirmed the
District Court of the Second Circuit, Wailuku Division’s
September 15, 2021 Judgment and Notice of Entry of Judgment.
Jacqueline R. Dyer /s/ Mark E. Recktenwald and William H. Jameson, Jr., with her on the briefs, /s/ Sabrina S. McKenna for petitioner /s/ Todd W. Eddins Renee Ishikawa Delizo for respondent /s/ Faaunga L. Toʻotoʻo
/s/ James H. Ashford