Dwyer, J.
¶1 By amended information, the State charged Joseph Peltier with four felonies. The superior court dismissed the charges, ruling that the applicable statutory limitation periods had expired prior to the charges being filed and that, accordingly, the court was without authority to proceed. We affirm.
I
¶2 On September 6, 2002, the State charged Peltier with two counts of second degree rape, one count of second degree child molestation, and one count of second degree rape of a child. Each of the charges was filed within the applicable limitation period.1
¶3 Peltier and the State subsequently stipulated to a bench trial on agreed documentary evidence. Pursuant to the stipulation agreement, on July 14, 2003, the State filed an amended information charging Peltier with one count of [735] rape in the third degree and one count of indecent liberties. The charges set forth in the amended information were not filed within the applicable limitation period.2 The stipulation agreement did not acknowledge, however, that the charges were time barred.
¶4 The stipulation agreement did provide that Peltier agreed not to challenge any conviction on the charged offenses, including by means of a personal restraint petition. The agreement further provided:
If the defendant fails to appear for sentencing, or if prior to sentencing the defendant commits any new offense or violates any condition of release, the State may recommend a more severe sentence.
If the defendant violates any other provision of this agreement, the State may either recommend a more severe sentence, file additional or greater charges, or re-file charges that were dismissed. The defendant waives any objection to the filing of additional or greater charges based on pre-charging or pre-trial delay, statutes of limitations, mandatory joinder requirements, or double jeopardy.
(Emphasis added.)
¶5 On January 28, 2004, based upon the agreed documentary evidence, the superior court found Peltier guilty of the charges set forth in the amended information. The court sentenced Peltier to 77 months of incarceration.3 In August 2011, Peltier filed a personal restraint petition challenging his convictions as barred by the applicable statute of limitations. The State conceded that the offenses were time barred and, thus, that the resulting judgment was invalid. In re Pers. Restraint of Peltier, noted at 166 Wn. App. 1023, [736] 2012 WL 432258, at *1, 2012 Wash. App. LEXIS 335, at *2. We accepted the State’s concession, granted Peltier’s petition, vacated his convictions, and remanded to the superior court for dismissal of the charges. Peltier, 2012 WL 432258, at *1, 2012 Wash. App. LEXIS 335, at *2-3. On March 29, 2012, the superior court dismissed the charges set forth in the amended information.
¶6 On that same day, the State filed a second amended information, charging Peltier with one count of rape of a child in the second degree, one count of child molestation in the second degree, and two counts of rape in the second degree.4 Peltier moved to dismiss the charges alleged in the second amended information, asserting that, because the charges had been filed following the expiration of the applicable statutory limitation periods, the court did not have subject matter jurisdiction over the case.5
¶7 The superior court determined that the issue before it was whether a criminal statute of limitations is jurisdictional “such that it can or cannot be waived when the parties are entering into their plea negotiations.” The court agreed with Peltier that Washington judicial authority indicated that a criminal statute of limitations affects subject matter jurisdiction. Accordingly, the superior court granted Peltier’s motion to dismiss the charges alleged in [737] the second amended information. The court thereafter denied the State’s motion for reconsideration.
¶8 The State appeals.
II
¶9 For over 30 years, Washington’s Courts of Appeal have consistently held that the expiration of a statutory limitation period, in a criminal case, deprives the trial court of subject matter jurisdiction over that controversy. The trial court understandably followed this authority in ordering the case dismissed. However, an opinion of our Supreme Court, issued 13 years ago, indicates that the holdings of these appellate court cases are no longer viable. Nevertheless, in that same opinion, our Supreme Court made clear that a superior court judge has no authority to sentence a defendant and enter judgment in a criminal case in which the statutory limitation period expired before the charge was brought. Thus, we affirm the order of dismissal, albeit on a different basis than that relied upon by the trial court.
III
¶10 It is disconcerting that, 124 years after statehood, there exists uncertainty as to the effect of our criminal statutes of limitation.6 However, through time, such uncertainty has existed in other jurisdictions as well.
Courts approach criminal statutes of limitations in one of three ways. First is the view that the statute of limitations is a jurisdictional limit on the subject matter of a court that cannot be waived or forfeited; second is the view that a defendant may “waive” the defense so long as he or she does so voluntarily, intelligently, and knowingly after consulting with counsel; finally some courts hold that the statute of limitations is a defense that is “forfeited” if not affirmatively raised in the trial [738] court. See State v. Timoteo, 87 Hawai’i 108, 952 P.2d 865, 877 (1997) (Ramil, J., dissenting); State v. Pearson, 858 S.W.2d 879, 886 (Tenn.1993); Padie v. State, 594 P.2d 50, 55-57 (Alaska 1979). Historically, courts took the first approach, that is, that once the statute of limitations ran, a court lacked subject matter jurisdiction. Timoteo, 952 P.2d at 877 (Ramil, J., dissenting); see also People v. Verbrugge, 998 P.2d 43, 45-46 (Colo.Ct.App.1999) (holding that, because the statute of limitations had run, the trial court had no jurisdiction to enter a conviction even though the defendant requested an instruction on the offense). Over time, however, courts have moved away from the jurisdictional view and toward deciding that a defendant may waive the defense if it is beneficial to him or her. See Timoteo, 952 P.2d at 877-78 (Ramil, J., dissenting); Adlestein, [Conflict of the Criminal Statute of Limitations with lesser Offenses at Trial, 37 Wm. & Maby L. Rev. 199, 259,] 291 [(1995)]. This appears to be because the primary policy of a criminal statute of limitations, to protect the defendant, is not served by strict adherence to a jurisdictional approach.
State v. Kerby, 2007-NMSC-014, 141 N.M. 413, 156 P.3d 704, 708-09.7
¶11 For over 30 years, an uninterrupted series of Court of Appeals decisions — from all three divisions — adopted the first of these approaches: holding that the expiration of a criminal statutory limitation period deprived the superior court of subject matter jurisdiction over the charge.
¶12 Recently, Division Three reaffirmed its view that "[t]he statute of limitations in a criminal case is jurisdictional.” State v. Walker, 153 Wn. App. 701, 705, 224 P.3d 814 (2009). Additionally, the court reaffirmed that, "[b]ecause a criminal statute of limitations is jurisdictional, unlike the statute of limitations in a civil action, it cannot be waived.” [739] Walker, 153 Wn. App. at 705 n.2. This was consistent with the court’s holding, 25 years previously, that a criminal “statute of limitation is jurisdictional.” State v. Ansell, 36 Wn. App. 492, 496, 675 P.2d 614 (1984).
¶13 The Walker court’s pronouncements were well supported in the appellate case law. More than 30 years ago, Division Two cited to out-of-state authority for the proposition that “a criminal statute of limitation is not merely a limitation upon the remedy, but is a ‘limitation upon the power of the sovereign to act against the accused.’ State v. Fogel, 16 Ariz. App. 246, 248, 492 P.2d 742, 744 (1972). It is jurisdictional.” State v. Glover, 25 Wn. App. 58, 61, 604 P.2d 1015 (1979).
¶14 Two years later, Division Two reaffirmed Glover’s validity, citing it for the proposition that “a statute of limitations is viewed differently in the criminal than in the civil context. In the civil law, such a statute provides repose and a limitation on remedies; in the criminal law, such statutes create an absolute bar to prosecution.” State v. Eppens, 30 Wn. App. 119, 124, 633 P.2d 92 (1981). Four years later, Division Two cited Glover for the proposition that “a criminal statute of limitation is jurisdictional.” State v. Bryce, 41 Wn. App. 802, 807, 707 P.2d 694 (1985). Subsequently, Division Two reaffirmed its adherence to the holdings in Glover and Eppens. State v. Kirk, 64 Wn. App. 788, 789 n.1, 828 P.2d 1128 (1992). It later cited Glover with approval in State v. Phelps, 113 Wn. App. 347, 357, 57 P.3d 624 (2002).
¶15 Division One followed suit in 1985, observing that “[a] criminal statute of limitation is jurisdictional.” State v. Fischer, 40 Wn. App. 506, 510, 699 P.2d 249 (1985). Several years later, we reiterated that “the criminal statute of limitations is jurisdictional and creates an absolute bar to prosecution.” State v. Novotny, 76 Wn. App. 343, 345 n.1, 884 P.2d 1336 (1994).
¶16 Six years later, we reversed a defendant’s conviction, holding “that a defendant cannot be convicted of a lesser [740] offense upon a prosecution for a greater crime commenced after the statute has run on the lesser offense.” State v. N.S., 98 Wn. App. 910, 912, 991 P.2d 133 (2000). We did, however, note that “[s]ome courts hold that the statute of limitations is an affirmative defense that may be waived when the defendant seeks a jury instruction on a time-barred lesser included offense; others find that it is jurisdictional and cannot be waived.” N.S., 98 Wn. App. at 915 n.12. We determined that we did not need to “address this contentious issue” in order to resolve the case. N.S., 98 Wn. App. at 915 n.12.
¶17 Our uncertainty was not a permanent condition. Two years ago, we quoted Glover, 25 Wn. App. at 61, for the proposition that “ ‘[a] criminal statute of limitations presents a jurisdictional bar to prosecution. It is not merely a limitation upon the remedy, but a limitation upon the power of the sovereign to act against the accused.’ ” State v. Dash, 163 Wn. App. 63, 67, 259 P.3d 319 (2011) (internal quotation marks omitted).
¶18 The second amended information filed in Peltier’s prosecution alleged four crimes, all of which were charged after the expiration of the limitation period applicable to the respective offenses. Given the extensive Court of Appeals decisional authority on the question, it is easy to see why the superior court concluded that it did not have subject matter jurisdiction and ordered that the charges be dismissed.
IV
¶19 Our Supreme Court has not often opined on the nature of criminal statutes of limitation. It has noted, however, that,
[a]s a general proposition, it may be stated that there is no such thing as a common law statute of limitation in criminal cases. Such statutes of limitation are matters of legislative grace; they are a surrendering by the sovereign of its right to [741] prosecute. . . . [T]hey are measures of public policy only, and subject to the will of the Legislature as such.
State v. Hodgson, 108 Wn.2d 662, 667, 740 P.2d 848 (1987) (footnote omitted).
¶20 This brings us to the seminal case in resolving the issues presented in this appeal, In re Personal Restraint of Stoudmire, 141 Wn.2d 342, 5 P.3d 1240 (2000). Stoudmire entered guilty pleas to two counts of indecent liberties,8 felony offenses, was sentenced, and did not appeal from the judgment. Stoudmire, 141 Wn.2d at 347. In 1999, Stoudmire filed a personal restraint petition (PRP), claiming that — because he was charged with the indecent liberty offenses after the expiration of the applicable statutory limitation period — he was entitled to vacation of the convictions.9 Stoudmire, 141 Wn.2d at 347.
¶21 The State claimed that Stoudmire’s PRP was time barred.10 The Supreme Court described the procedural question as follows:
[742] [T]his court now considers whether petitioner is entitled to relief from his two convictions for indecent liberties because the statute of limitations had run. As an initial matter, this court must determine whether this claim is subject to the time bar in RCW 10.73.090 since Stoudmire’s second PRP was not filed within the one-year time period. That time bar presupposes two conditions: “No petition or motion for collateral attack on a judgment and sentence in a criminal case may be filed more than one year after the judgment becomes final if the judgment and sentence is valid on its face and was rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction.” RCW 10.73.090(1). Petitioner claims the sentence was not valid on its face and the court was not one of competent jurisdiction.
Stoudmire, 141 Wn.2d at 352-53.
¶22 Put simply, Stoudmire claimed that, because the applicable statutory limitation period had expired prior to him being charged with indecent liberties, the superior court had lost subject matter jurisdiction over the charges and was, therefore, not a court of competent jurisdiction when he was sentenced and judgment entered.
¶23 In two sentences, the Supreme Court discounted this claim:
[743] A court does not lack subject matter jurisdiction solely because it may lack authority to enter a given order. Marley v. Department of Labor & Indus., 125 Wn.2d 533, 539, 886 P.2d 189 (1994). A court has subject matter jurisdiction where the court has the authority to adjudicate the type of controversy in the action, and it does not lose subject matter jurisdiction merely by interpreting the law erroneously. State v. Moen, 129 Wn.2d 535, 545, 919 P.2d 69 (1996).
Stoudmire, 141 Wn.2d at 353. This pronouncement and the cases cited in support of it are quite important to the issues we face in this case.
¶24 Our constitution provides that “[t]he superior court shall have original jurisdiction ... in all criminal cases amounting to felony....” Wash. Const, art. IV, § 6.11 In Marley, our Supreme Court discussed at length the difference between a tribunal’s lack of authority and a tribunal’s lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
[744] Section 11 of the Restatement [(Second) of Judgments] defines subject matter jurisdiction: “A judgment may properly be rendered against a party only if the court has authority to adjudicate the type of controversy involved in the action.” (Italics ours.) We italicize the phrase “type of controversy” to emphasize its importance. A court or agency does not lack subject matter jurisdiction solely because it may lack authority to enter a given order.
The term “subject matter jurisdiction” is often confused with a court’s “authority” to rule in a particular manner. This has led to improvident and inconsistent use of the term.
... Courts do not lose subject matter jurisdiction merely by interpreting the law erroneously. If the phrase is to maintain its rightfully sweeping definition, it must not be reduced to signifying that a court has acted without error.
(Footnote omitted.) In re [Marriage of] Major, 71 Wn. App. 531, 534-35, 859 P.2d 1262 (1993).
A tribunal lacks subject matter jurisdiction when it attempts to decide a type of controversy over which it has no authority to adjudicate.
[T]he focus must be on the words “type of controversy.” If the type of controversy is within the subject matter jurisdiction, then all other defects or errors go to something other than subject matter jurisdiction.
Robert J. Martineau, Subject Matter Jurisdiction as a New Issue on Appeal: Reining in an Unruly Horse, 1988 BYU L. Rev. 1, 28.
Marley, 125 Wn.2d at 539 (most alterations in original).
¶25 Similarly, in Moen, the court stressed “[t]he distinction between a decision which exceeds jurisdiction and one which exceeds statutory authority.” 129 Wn.2d at 545. Thus, where a statute limited the time in which a court could enter a restitution order, the court held that an “untimely imposition of restitution as a condition of a sentence is not a jurisdictional defect.” Moen, 129 Wn.2d at 545.
[745] ¶26 The words used by the Supreme Court in Stoudmire, coupled with the cases it cited as authority, give a clear impression that the court did not believe that a statute— and, after all, a statute of limitation is simply a statute— can divest the superior court of subject matter jurisdiction. Because the time-bar question was decided on another basis, however, the Supreme Court did not “reach the issue of whether the trial court had jurisdiction,” Stoudmire, 141 Wn.2d at 354, and its observations cannot be treated as a holding.
¶27 Nevertheless, any doubt as to the court’s intention dissipated three years later with the issuance of two Supreme Court decisions. In Young v. Clark, 149 Wn.2d 130, 65 P.3d 1192 (2003), the court explained the constitution’s limitation upon the legislature’s power to limit or eliminate superior court subject matter jurisdiction.
“Where the language of the constitution is clear, the words used therein should be given their plain meaning.” City of Tacoma v. Taxpayers of City of Tacoma, 108 Wn.2d 679, 706, 743 P.2d 793 (1987). On its face, article IV, section 6 allows the legislature to limit the superior court’s jurisdiction in certain matters, provided it vests authority over such matters in some other court, presumably a court of limited jurisdiction. See Moore v. Perrott, 2 Wash. 1, 4, 25 P. 906 (1891) (“The language of the constitution is not that the superior courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction, but it gives to the superior courts universal original jurisdiction, leaving the legislature to carve out from that jurisdiction the jurisdiction of the justices of the peace, and any other inferior courts that may be created.”).
Young, 149 Wn.2d at 133-34. Thus, the legislature may, by statute, impinge on the constitutionally established subject matter jurisdiction of the superior court only where it simultaneously grants that subject matter jurisdiction to some other court.12
¶28 The Supreme Court then immediately applied this constitutional principle in ruling that a statute that re[746] quired a lawsuit against a county to be commenced in that county or one of the two nearest counties related only to venue, and did not restrict “the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction.” Shoop v. Kittitas County, 149 Wn.2d 29, 37, 65 P.3d 1194 (2003).13 Thus, for a decade, the law has been that a statute may not divest a superior court of subject matter jurisdiction unless it, at the same time, assigns that subject matter jurisdiction to some other court. Obviously, a statute of limitation does not do this.14 Thus, the Court of Appeals [747] decisional authority holding that a statute of limitation can deprive a superior court of subject matter jurisdiction no longer appears viable.
V
¶29 To recall, the State’s argument in this appeal is that we should treat the running of a statutory limitation period as not divesting the superior court of subject matter jurisdiction over a felony offense, and that we should hold that a defendant can waive the protections of a statute of limitation (as Peltier did here). The Stoudmire, Young, and Shoop decisions all support the State’s position on subject matter jurisdiction. But what the Supreme Court giveth, the Supreme Court also taketh away.
[748] ¶30 In Stoudmire, the court did not need to resolve the question of subject matter jurisdiction because it accepted Stoudmire’s second argument — that the judgment in his case was invalid on its face and, hence, his PRP was not time barred. 141 Wn.2d at 354. A judgment is invalid on its face when “without further elaboration” the conviction’s infirmities are apparent from the judgment itself or from any document signed as part of a plea agreement. Stoudmire, 141 Wn.2d at 353. Because a review of the “documents of the plea agreement” in Stoudmire’s case indicated, that he was charged after the limitation period had run, the judgment was invalid on its face. Stoudmire, 141 Wn.2d at 354.
¶31 The Supreme Court then considered the statute of limitation claim on its merits.
We now consider the merits of petitioner’s claim that he is entitled to relief from his two convictions for indecent liberties because he was charged beyond the time allowed by the statute of limitation. The State may offer evidence that although on its face the statute of limitation would bar prosecution, the statute did not in fact expire because petitioner was out of the state for a sufficient length of time. RCW 9A.04.080(2). Here, however, the State concedes that the prosecution on these charges exceeded the statute of limitation. State’s Resp. at 5-6. Nevertheless, the State argues that Stoudmire is not entitled to relief because his guilty plea waives any challenge to the charging dates in counts I and II. State’s Second Resp. at 8. The State cites Garrison v. Rhay, 75 Wn.2d 98, 101, 449 P.2d 92 (1968): “A plea of guilty, voluntarily made, waives the right to trial and all defenses other than that the complaint, information, or indictment charges no offense.” However, that rule was distinguished in a later case: “ ‘[A] plea bargaining agreement cannot exceed the statutory authority given to the courts.’ ” In re Personal Restraint of Moore, 116 Wn.2d 30, 38, 803 P.2d 300 (1991) (quoting In re Personal Restraint of Gardner, 94 Wn.2d 504, 507, 617 P.2d 1001 (1980)). Because the statute of limitations bars prosecution of charges commenced after the period prescribed in the statute, the sentencing court exceeded its authority. Petitioner must also meet the requirements of In re Per[749] sonal Restraint of Fleming, 129 Wn.2d 529, 532, 919 P.2d 66 (1996) (quoting In re Personal Restraint of Cook, 114 Wn.2d 802, 812, 792 P.2d 506 (1990)): “In order to obtain relief by way of personal restraint petition ... a person must establish (1) he or she is being unlawfully restrained, (2) due to a ‘fundamental defect which inherently results in a complete miscarriage of justice.’ ” On these charges the court exceeded its authority, and we find petitioner’s restraint on these charges to result in a complete miscarriage of justice. Petitioner is entitled to relief on these two charges.
Stoudmire, 141 Wn.2d at 354-55 (alterations in original).
¶32 The quoted passage contains several important statements. First, it envisions that the sole issue on which the State could present evidence to rebut the conclusion that the prosecution was barred was the issue of tolling. Of course, if the limitation period was tolled, it may not have expired. Thus, the provision of the statute may not have been violated. But this is far different from presenting evidence that a defendant waived the benefits of a limitation period that had actually expired. Nothing in Stoudmire would allow for that.
¶33 Second, the State urged that Stoudmire had waived — or forfeited — his statute of limitations defense by pleading guilty. This is a winning argument in the federal courts. See United States v. Soriano-Hernandez, 310 F.3d 1099, 1104 (8th Cir. 2002) (entry of guilty plea precluded defendant from asserting statute of limitation defense); United States v. Littlefield, 105 F.3d 527, 528 (9th Cir. 1997) (same); Acevedo-Ramos v. United States, 961 F.2d 305, 308 (1st Cir. 1992) (same); United States v. Parrino, 212 F.2d 919, 922 (2d Cir. 1954) (same). It was not a winning argument in our Supreme Court.
¶34 Third, in the course of rejecting the claim of waiver, the Supreme Court indicated that Stoudmire was without the power to affect the superior court’s authority over him. It noted that a “ ‘plea bargaining agreement cannot exceed the statutory authority given to the courts,’ ” and held that, [750] because “the statute of limitations bars prosecution of charges commenced after the period prescribed in the statute, the sentencing court exceeded its authority.” Stoudmire, 141 Wn.2d at 355 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Moore, 116 Wn.2d at 38). Thus, the Supreme Court viewed the expiration of the statutory limitation period as an occurrence that barred prosecution and deprived the superior court of authority to sentence the defendant — hence, also depriving it of authority to enter judgment.15
¶35 Finally, the Supreme Court described the act of the superior court judge in sentencing the defendant and entering judgment on the guilty pleas and subsequent sentences as “ ‘resulting] in a complete miscarriage of justice.’ ” Stoudmire, 141 Wn.2d at 355 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Fleming, 129 Wn.2d at 532).
¶36 In a criminal case, if a judge cannot enter judgment upon a guilty plea or a jury’s verdict, the case should be dismissed. In Peltier’s prosecution, the superior court judge did not err by so ordering.
¶37 Affirmed.
Leach, C.J., concurs.