State v. Peck

2014 Ohio 2820

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: June 27, 2014
• Docket: 25999
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as State v. Peck, 2014-Ohio-2820.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO : : Appellate Case No. 25999 Plaintiff-Appellee : : Trial Court Case No. 12-CR-3646 v. : : THOMAS PECK : (Criminal Appeal from : (Common Pleas Court) Defendant-Appellant : : ...........

OPINION

Rendered on the 27th day of June, 2014.

...........

MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by TIFFANY ALLEN, Atty. Reg. #0088791, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, Montgomery County Courts Building, 301 West Third Street, Dayton, Ohio 45402 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

ADAM J. ARNOLD, Atty. Reg. #0088791, Arnold & Arnold, Ltd., 120 West Second Street, Suite 703, Dayton, Ohio 45402 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

.............

FAIN, J.

{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant Thomas Peck appeals from his conviction and sentence for 2

Possession of Heroin, in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A). Peck contends that the trial court erred in

overruling his motion to suppress evidence obtained as the result of a warrantless intrusion by

police officers into his hotel room.

{¶ 2} We conclude that the trial court did not err in overruling Peck’s motion to

suppress, because exigent circumstances existed permitting the officers to enter the hotel room to

ensure the safety of the officers and other persons in the room. Accordingly, the judgment of the

trial court is Affirmed.

I. Police Investigate a Report that Peck, a Hotel Guest,

Was Waving a Gun at another Person; a Woman Opens

the Hotel Room Door in Response to the Officers’ Knock;

and the Officers See Peck Making a Diving Movement Near his Bed

{¶ 3} Based on testimony provided at the suppression hearing, the trial court made the

following findings of fact:

[O]n August 25, 2012, Riverside Police received a menacing complaint

from the Airview Inn. Responding to the call, Sergeant Colon was told by the

complainant that he had been threatened with a gun by a male staying in Room

205. Three of the complainants’ co-workers gave the same information.

Sergeant Colon and three other officers went to Room 205. They knocked

on the door, eliciting a female asking, “who is it?” When advised that the police

were knocking, the female opened the door to the room. With the door open

wide enough for the officers to see within the room, they observed a male make a 3

diving-type gesture towards the floor. Fearing for officer safety, the officers

entered the room, weapons drawn. Defendant was placed on the floor and

handcuffed. Officers searched in the lounge area for a weapon, finding nothing.

Defendant was patted down for weapons. During the frisk for weapons, Sergeant

Colon felt a bulge in Defendant’s right front pocket that had a rocky-type feel.

Believing the substance to be illegal narcotics based upon the plain feel of it, the

substance was removed from Defendant’s pocket. The substance/object was a

ziplock bag containing heroin. Defendant was removed from the room and

placed in Officer Treon’s cruiser. Officer Schmidt informed Sergeant Colon that

Defendant had been Mirandized and waived his rights. The police interviewed

Defendant after he had been read his rights and agreed to make statements without

a lawyer present.

Defendant’s room and car were searched. No gun was ever found. The

room was registered in the name of Samantha Peters. Ms. Peters gave consent to

search the room. The motel listed both Ms. Peters and Defendant as guests in the

room.

Dkt. 36, p. 1-2.

II. Course of the Proceedings

{¶ 4} In January 2013, Peck was indicted on one count of Possession of Heroin in an

amount equaling or exceeding one gram, but less than five grams, in violation of R.C.

2925.11(A), a felony of the fourth degree. Peck moved to suppress the evidence obtained by the 4

police, contending that the police did not have a warrant when they searched him and there were

no exigent circumstances justifying an immediate, warrantless search of Peck’s hotel room. The

trial court overruled Peck’s motion to suppress.

{¶ 5} Peck then pled no contest. The trial court found Peck guilty of Possession of

Heroin and sentenced him to twelve months in prison. The trial court also suspended Peck’s

driver’s license for a term of six months. Peck appeals from his conviction and sentence.

III. The Trial Court Did Not Err in Overruling Peck’s Motion to Suppress

{¶ 6} Peck’s sole assignment of error states:

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING APPELLANT’S

MOTION TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE, SEIZED IN THE WARRANTLESS

ENTRY AND SEARCH OF APPELLANT’S MOTEL ROOM, WHERE THERE

WAS NO CONSENT TO SEARCH GIVEN AND WHEN NO EXIGENT

CIRCUMSTANCES EXISTED JUSTIFYING THE ENTRY INTO THE

PREMISES AND THE SUBSEQUENT SEARCH OF APPELLANT.

{¶ 7} In deciding a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier of facts

and is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and evaluate the credibility of witnesses.

State v. Hopfer, 112 Ohio App.3d 521, 548, 679 N.E.2d 321 (2d Dist.1996), quoting State v.

Venham, 96 Ohio App.3d 649, 653, 645 N.E.2d 831 (4th Dist.1994). The court of appeals must

accept the trial court’s findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence in

the record. State v. Isaac, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20662, 2005-Ohio-3733, ¶ 8, citing State v.

Retherford, 93 Ohio App.3d 586, 639 N.E.2d 498 (2d Dist.1994). Accepting those facts as true, 5

the appellate court must then determine as a matter of law, without deference to the trial court’s

legal conclusion, whether the applicable legal standard is satisfied. Id. We have reviewed the

record before us and conclude that the trial court’s findings of fact are supported by competent,

credible evidence.

{¶ 8} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section

14 of the Ohio Constitution guarantee the right to be free from unreasonable searches and

seizures. State v. Orr, 91 Ohio St.3d 389, 391, 745 N.E.2d 1036 (2001). Fourth Amendment

searches without a warrant are per se unreasonable and illegal in the absence of an exception to

the warrant requirement. Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357, 88 S.Ct. 507, 19 L. Ed.2d

576 (1967); State v. Cosby, 177 Ohio App.3d 670, 2008-Ohio-3862, 895 N.E.2d 868, ¶ 16 (2d

Dist.). The Supreme Court of Ohio has recognized seven exceptions including the “ ‘presence of

exigent circumstances.’ ” (Citation omitted.) State v. Price, 134 Ohio App. 3d 464, 467, 731

N.E.2d 280 (9th Dist.1999). The burden is on the State to demonstrate exigent circumstances

that overcome the presumption of unreasonableness for warrantless home searches. Welsh v.

Wisconsin, 466 U.S. 740, 750, 104 S.Ct. 2091, 80 L.Ed.2d 732 (1984).

{¶ 9} “The exigent or emergency circumstances exception justifies a warrantless entry

in a variety of situations, including when entry into a building is necessary to protect or preserve

life, to prevent physical harm to persons or property, or to prevent the concealment or destruction

of evidence, or when someone inside poses a danger to the police officer's safety.” (Citations

omitted.) State v. Sharpe, 174 Ohio App.3d 498, 2008-Ohio-267, 882 N.E.2d 960, ¶ 48 (2d

Dist.). “[T]he mere fact that a firearm may be located within a private home is not, by itself,

sufficient to create an exigent or emergency circumstance. * * * What must be present is a risk of 6

danger from its use.” (Citation omitted.) Sharpe at ¶ 50.

{¶ 10} The trial court found that concerns for officer safety justified the intrustion into

Peck’s hotel room under the exigent circumstance exception. The trial court stated, in part:

The police entry into the Motel room without a warrant was justified by

exigent circumstances. The police had information from a complainant at the

scene, corroborated by others, that a male occupant of Room 205 had made threats

with a gun. When the door to that room was opened, the Court finds credible

Sergeant Colon’s testimony that the police saw a male in the room make a dive

towards the floor, creating exigent circumstances necessitating immediate entry

for officer safety. Upon entry into the room due to exigent circumstances, the

officers frisked Defendant for weapons. On a plain feel basis, Sergeant Colon

discovered drugs in Defendant’s pocket. As Defendant was also being arrested

for aggravated menacing, the search of Defendant also falls within a search

incident to arrest.

Dkt. 36, p. 2.

{¶ 11} We agree with the trial court that the totality of the circumstances established an

exigency that permitted the police officers’ warrantless intrusion into Peck’s hotel room. The

officers were informed by Dispatch that a hotel guest had called 911 and reported that a man at

the hotel had threatened him with a gun. The officers arrived at the scene and spoke with the

911 caller. The police also spoke with three of the 911 caller’s co-workers, all of whom had

witnessed Peck threaten him with a gun. The hotel guests informed the police officers that Peck

was in Room 205. When the officers knocked on Room 205 and identified themselves as 7

Riverside Police Officers, a woman opened the door wide enough for Officer Colon to see Peck

standing in the room near a bed. Peck then suddenly made a diving or lunging motion. Officer

Colon testified that this motion, along with the reports of a man fitting Peck’s description

threatening others with a gun, caused Colon to fear that Peck was making a sudden move for a

gun. Based upon these facts, we conclude that exigent circumstances existed that permitted the

officers to make an immediate, warrantless intrusion into the hotel room to ensure their safety,

and the safety of the other occupant or occupants of the room.

{¶ 12} The parties disagree over whether our decision in State v. Burchett, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 20166, 2004-Ohio-3095, controls this case. In Burchett, we held that the

exigent circumstance exception based on officer safety justified a warrantless intrusion into a

private apartment when the defendant answered the door by pointing a gun out the door at

officers who were investigating an informant’s tip about potential drug activity. Id. at ¶ 20-21.

Peck contends that Burchett is inapposite, because no gun was ever found in Peck’s hotel room,

let alone pointed at the police officers. The State disagrees, noting that the officers in this case

relied on tips from eyewitnesses they had interviewed and, therefore, “had more concrete,

consistent facts supporting” their concerns for officer safety as they approached the hotel room

than the officers in Burchett, who were relying on an anonymous tip.

{¶ 13} Although the facts in Burchett are not completely on point with the case before

us, we conclude that it weighs in favor of the State’s position. Our earlier decision in State v.

Barber, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19017, 2002 WL 1393556 (June 28, 2002), is also instructive.

In Barber, the police knocked on the door of an apartment to investigate potential drug activity

at the apartment. When the defendant answered the door, “he immediately backed up inside the 8

apartment and began to reach behind his back with his left hand.” Id. at * 2. The officers

immediately entered the apartment, grabbed the defendant, and restrained him, based on their

concern that the defendant might be reaching for a gun, because guns are often present where

drugs are sold and guns are frequently hidden behind a person’s back in the waistband area. Id.

Like the facts in Barber, the police in the case before us had a reasonable suspicion that a gun

was likely present and Peck made sudden movements that reasonably could be interpreted as a

move toward a gun. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not err in overruling Peck’s

motion to suppress.

{¶ 14} Peck’s sole assignment of error is overruled.

IV. Conclusion

{¶ 15} Peck’s sole assignment of error having been overruled, the judgment of the trial

court is Affirmed.

HALL and WELBAUM, JJ., concur.

Copies mailed to:

Mathias H. Heck Tiffany Allen Adam J. Arnold Hon. Mary L. Wiseman