State v. Parker

2022 Ohio 1115

Opinion

[Cite as State v. Parker, 2022-Ohio-1115.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT CHAMPAIGN COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO : : Plaintiff-Appellee : Appellate Case No. 2021-CA-22 : v. : Trial Court Case No. 2020-CR-98 : COREY DANIEL PARKER : (Criminal Appeal from : Common Pleas Court) Defendant-Appellant : :

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OPINION

Rendered on the 1st day of April, 2022.

SAMANTHA B. WHETHERHOLT, Atty. Reg. No. 0092010, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Champaign County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, 200 North Main Street, Urbana, Ohio 43078 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

J. DAVID TURNER, Atty. Reg. No. 0017456, 101 Southmoor Circle NW, Kettering, Ohio 45429 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

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DONOVAN, J. -2-

{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant Corey D. Parker appeals a decision of the Champaign

County Court of Common Pleas, Criminal Division, finding him guilty for violating the

terms of his community control, revoking his community control, and sentencing him to

an 18 month prison term. Parker filed a timely notice of appeal with this Court on June

11, 2021.

{¶ 2} The record in the instant case establishes that on May 20, 2020, Parker pled

guilty to one count of trespass in a habitation, in violation of R.C. 2911.12(B), a felony of

the fourth degree, and one count of criminal damaging or endangering, in violation of R.C.

2909.06(A)(1), a misdemeanor of the second degree. Thereafter on June 12, 2020, the

trial court sentenced Parker to a term of community control for a period of five years,

subject to standard adult parole authority (APA) conditions and special conditions of

community control. The conditions of Parker’s community control were as follows, to wit:

1) pay restitution to his fiancée, Keara Downing, in the amount of $15.00; 2) gain

admission to and complete the West Central Community Based Correctional Facility

program; 3) after completing the program, complete any “aftercare programming” as part

of West Central’s re-entry plan; 4) obtain an assessment and complete counseling for

substance abuse, anger management, and mental health; 5) submit to random drug

screens; 6) upon release from the residential facility, obtain and maintain tax-withholding

employment; 7) have no contact with or be in the presence of Chelsea Smith or Nathaniel

Smith.

{¶ 3} Parker’s judgment entry of conviction stated that in the event his community

control was revoked, the trial court would impose a definite term of 18 months in prison -3-

for trespass and 90 days in jail for criminal damaging. The trial court ordered that the

sentences would be served concurrently, for an aggregate sentence of 18 months in

prison. Parker did not file an appeal of the trial court’s decision.

{¶ 4} Significantly, Parker entered the West Central Facility on July 2, 2020.

However, on August 20, 2020, Parker was discharged from the facility because he

contracted hepatitis C and needed to seek medical attention.

{¶ 5} On May 5, 2021, APA Probation Officer Chris Caughman filed a notice of

supervision violation alleging that Parker violated the conditions of his community control.

Specifically, the notice alleged that Parker violated Champaign County standard condition

of supervision #1, which states “I will obey federal, state and local laws and ordinances,

including those related to illegal drug use and registration with authorities.” The facts

underlying the violation occurred on April 17, 2021, when Parker allegedly attempted to

harm Downing, threw a knife at her, threatened to kill her, placed his forearm across her

neck, and held her against her will.1 The notice also alleged that Parker had violated the

conditions of his community control by failing to pay over $700.00 in court costs. Finally,

the notice alleged that Parker had failed to complete his substance abuse assessment

and his anger management assessment as ordered by the trial court.

{¶ 6} A revocation hearing was held before the trial court on May 24, 2021, wherein

the State presented evidence regarding Parker’s alleged community control violations.

At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court found Parker guilty of all the violations set

1 Because of his attack on Downing, Parker was later charged with and convicted of domestic violence, a felony of the third degree, in the Hardin County Court of Common Pleas in Case No. CRI20212071. -4-

forth in the notice filed by the APA and proceeded to sentencing. Prior to imposition of

sentencing, the trial court noted that it had reviewed and considered Parker’s pre-

sentence investigation report (PSI) and the community control violation report prepared

by the APA. Thereafter, the trial court revoked Parker’s community control and

sentenced him to 18 months in prison for trespass and 90 days in jail for criminal

damaging. The trial court ordered the sentences to be served concurrently, for an

aggregate sentence of 18 months in prison. Parker was awarded 144 days of jail time

credit as of May 24, 2021.

{¶ 7} It is from this judgment that Parker now appeals.

{¶ 8} Parker’s sole assignment of error is as follows:

THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY FINDING

PARKER GUILTY OF ALL OF THE COMMUNITY CONTROL

VIOLATIONS AND ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY FAILING TO COMPLY

WITH THE LIMITATION SET FORTH IN R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c) WHEN IT

REVOKED COMMUNITY CONTROL AND SENTENCED PARKER TO

PRISON.

{¶ 9} In his sole assignment, Parker contends that the trial court abused its

discretion when it found him guilty of all the community control violations alleged by the

APA and sent him to prison.

{¶ 10} The right to continue on community control depends upon compliance with

the conditions of community control and is a matter within the sound discretion of the trial

court. State v. Lewis, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23505, 2010-Ohio-3652, ¶ 11. -5-

Accordingly, we review the trial court's revocation of community control for an abuse of

discretion. State v. Morgan, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26132, 2014-Ohio-5071, ¶ 11. An

abuse of discretion implies that the trial court's attitude was unreasonable, arbitrary or

unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140

(1983); State v. Dalton, 2019-Ohio-4364, 147 N.E.3d 1205, ¶ 11 (2d Dist.).

{¶ 11} “[A] revocation of community control punishes the failure to comply with the

terms and conditions of community control, not the specific conduct that led to the

revocation.” State v. Black, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24005, 2011-Ohio-1273, ¶ 17.

Crim.R. 32.3, which governs revocation of community control, provides that the trial court

“shall not impose a prison term for violation of the conditions of a community control

sanction or revoke probation except after a hearing at which the defendant shall be

present and apprised of the grounds on which action is proposed.”

{¶ 12} “Community control violation proceedings are not equivalent to criminal

prosecutions.” Black at ¶ 12. Nevertheless, “[a] defendant is entitled to certain due

process protections before a court may revoke community control sanctions, although the

full panoply of rights due a defendant in a criminal prosecution does not apply to the

revocation of community control.” State v. Harmon, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 2007-CA-35,

2008-Ohio-6039, ¶ 6, citing Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 480, 92 S.Ct. 2593, 33

L.Ed.2d 484 (1972). First, a defendant is entitled to a preliminary hearing to determine

whether there is probable cause to believe that the defendant has violated the terms of

his or her community control. Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 93 S.Ct. 1756, 36

L.Ed.2d 656 (1973); State v. Blakeman, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18983, 2002 WL -6-

857659, *2 (May 3, 2002). Second, due process requires a final hearing to determine

whether community control should be revoked. Id.

{¶ 13} At the final revocation hearing, the State must (1) provide the defendant

with written notice of the alleged violations of community control; (2) disclose the evidence

against the defendant; (3) give the defendant an opportunity to be heard in person and to

present witnesses and documentary evidence; (4) allow the defendant to confront and

cross-examine adverse witnesses; (5) afford the defendant a neutral and detached

hearing body; and, (6) provide the defendant with a written statement by the fact finder

as to the evidence relied upon and the reasons for revoking community control. State v.

Klosterman, 2d Dist. Darke Nos. 2015-CA-9 and 2015-CA-10, 2016-Ohio-232, ¶ 15; State

v. Gilreath, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2000-CA-1, 2000 WL 896319, *2 (July 7, 2000).

{¶ 14} R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(a-c) states as follows:

(1) If the conditions of a community control sanction are violated or if the

offender violates a law or leaves the state without the permission of the

court or the offender's probation officer, the sentencing court may impose

upon the violator one or more of the following penalties:

(a) A longer tem under the same sanction if the total time under the

sanctions does not exceed the five-year limit specified in division (A) of this

section;

(b) A more restrictive sanction under [R.C. 2929.16, 2929.17 or 2929.18];

(c) A prison term on the offender pursuant to [R.C. 2929.14] and [R.C.

2929.15(B)(3)], provided that a prison term imposed under this division is -7-

subject to the following limitations, as applicable:

***

(ii) If the prison term is imposed for any technical violation of the conditions

of a community control sanction imposed for a felony of the fourth degree

that is not an offense of violence and is not a sexually oriented offense, the

prison term shall not exceed one hundred eighty days.

(Emphasis added.)

{¶ 15} R.C. 2929.15(E) defines a technical violation as follows:

(E) As used in this section, “technical violation” means a violation of the

conditions of a community control sanction imposed for a felony of the fifth

degree, or for a felony of the fourth degree that is not an offense of violence

and is not a sexually oriented offense, and to which neither of the following

applies:

(1) The violation consists of a new criminal offense that is a felony or that is

a misdemeanor other than a minor misdemeanor, and the violation is

committed while under the community control sanction.

(2) The violation consists of or includes the offender's articulated or

demonstrated refusal to participate in the community control sanction

imposed on the offender or any of its conditions, and the refusal

demonstrates to the court that the offender has abandoned the objects of

the community control sanction or condition. -8-

{¶ 16} As previously stated, Parker argues that the trial court erred when it

terminated his community control and sentenced him to an aggregate 18-month prison

sentence for violating the conditions of his community control. Specifically, Parker

contends that his community control violations only amounted to “technical violations.”

Therefore, pursuant to R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c)(ii), the trial court could sentence Parker to

no more than 180 days in prison. Relevant to this issue, the Ohio Supreme Court

recently stated:

* * * [T]he determination whether a violation is a “technical violation” under

R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c) does not turn on whether the conduct at issue is

criminal. As [State v.] Davis[, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2017-11-156, 2018-

Ohio-2672] indicated, a violation is “nontechnical” if, considering the totality

of the circumstances, the violation concerns a condition of community

control that was “specifically tailored to address” matters related to the

defendant's misconduct or if it can be deemed a “substantive rehabilitative

requirement which addressed a significant factor contributing to” the

defendant's misconduct. Davis, 2018-Ohio-2672, at ¶ 17, 18; see also

Black's [Law Dictionary] at 1463 (defining “technical” as “[i]mmaterial, not

affecting substantial rights, without substance”). On the other hand, a

violation is “technical” when the condition violated is akin to “an

administrative requirement facilitating community control supervision.”

Davis at ¶ 18; see also Ballentine's [Legal Dictionary and Thesaurus] at 661

(defining “technical” as “[i]nvolved in detail or in form rather than in a -9-

principle or in substance”). There is no single factor that determines

whether a violation is technical or nontechnical. As indicated above, the

statute allows the trial court to engage in a practical assessment of the case

before it, i.e., to consider the nature of the community-control condition at

issue and the manner in which it was violated, as well as any other relevant

circumstances in the case.

State v. Nelson, 162 Ohio St.3d 338, 165 N.E.3d 1110, 2020-Ohio-3690, ¶ 26.

{¶ 17} At the revocation hearing, the trial court stated as follows:

Thank you. Court has reviewed the [PSI], as well as the violation

report. The Court has re-reviewed the testimony presented, statements of

counsel, statements of the Defendant, and Court’s interaction with the

Defendant. In imposing sentence, the Court considered and applied the

purposes and principles of sentencing as set forth in [R.C.] 2929.11

Divisions A, B, and C. The Court also considered the seriousness of the

conduct, likelihood of recidivism, and lack of service in the Armed Forces.

Court finds that Defendant initiated the domestic violence community

control incident by consuming alcohol. Notwithstanding the medical and

psychological implications for doing so. The Court finds that Defendant’s

relationship facilitated the community control violation offenses. And that

the Defendant’s 4-year old daughter was in the vicinity of the domestic

violence incident. Court finds that during the course of the domestic

violence community control violation incident Defendant initiated physical -10-

contact with the victim and subsequently threw an 8-inch knife at the victim

as the victim was leaving the residence. Actually, in the opinion of the

Court, the victim was fleeing the residence.

Court finds that, notwithstanding the victim’s testimony illustrated

[sic], that the evidence is clear that the victim was in fear of her safety. And

that the victim has previously been the victim of unrelated domestic violence

convictions and community control violations by this Defendant.

Court finds that because the Defendant has failed to engage in

rehabilitative programming while medical furlough from CBCF [West

Central], it could have assisted the Defendant in relapse prevention and

anger management. Court finds that Defendant has previously been

unsuccessfully terminated from CBCF programming. The Defendant has

a history of community control violations. Court finds that Defendant was

previously adjudicated a delinquent child, has a history of criminal

convictions, has not been rehabilitated to a satisfactory degree, and has not

responded favorably to sanctions previously imposed.

Court also finds that because, in the opinion of the Court, the victim

is minimizing the Defendant’s criminogenic behaviors. As a result of the

Defendant’s historic lack of successful completion of programming, the

Defendant, in the opinion of the Court, poses a risk to the health and safety

to the Defendant’s daughter if the Defendant is authorized to remain on

community control. As the victim is dismissive of the Defendant’s conduct -11-

and the serious risk of harm it poses to a defenseless child [sic].

The purposes and principles of sentencing are designed to protect

the public from future crime by the Defendant, punish the Defendant, and

promote effective rehabilitation of the offender. In the opinion of the Court,

not only does the Defendant and the victim have inabilities to control their

own relationship, but they are certainly putting the health and safety of the

child at risk. So while the Defendant’s is that prison isn’t going to help the

Defendant[,] in the opinion of the Court, it keeps the child safe.

Sentencing Tr. 61-63.

{¶ 18} In the instant case, the record clearly establishes that Parker committed

non-technical violations of his community control. As previously stated, the facts

underlying the community control violation occurred on April 17, 2021, when Parker

admitted that after drinking alcoholic beverages, he attempted to cause to harm Downing,

threw a knife at her, threatened to kill her, placed his forearm across her neck, and held

her against her will. Parker’s conduct constituted new criminal offenses that were either

a felonies or at least misdemeanors, and the violation was clearly committed while he

was subject to community control sanctions. See R.C. 2929.15(E)(1).

{¶ 19} Parker’s community control violations regarding his failure to complete

substance abuse and anger management counseling also constitute non-technical

violations pursuant to R.C. 2929.15(E)(2). As the trial court found, Parker demonstrated

his refusal to participate in the conditions of his community control by failing to complete

substance abuse and anger management counseling. Additionally, Parker’s refusal -12-

demonstrated to the trial court that he essentially abandoned the object of his community

control conditions, which was to eventually achieve and maintain a stable and healthy

lifestyle.

{¶ 20} Furthermore, after Parker was discharged from the West Central program,

he continued to consume alcohol and failed to attend any Alcoholics Anonymous and/or

Narcotics Anonymous meetings. Parker also failed to request information regarding

treatment services in Hardin County where he lived and Champaign County where he

was aware of other treatment services because of prior offenses he committed and

through his involvement with Amanda Call at the Tri-County Jail. The record establishes

that Parker informed the trial court that he had learned from Amanda Call that Champaign

County had treatment programs for substance abuse, mental health, and medication-

assisted treatment. Parker simply failed to take advantage of any of the programs.

{¶ 21} “An offender's significant failure to comply with any substantive

rehabilitative requirement which was specifically-tailored to the offender's underlying

conduct is not a technical violation for purposes of R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c). In addition, if

the offender engages in a pattern of conduct that demonstrates a failure to comply with

the community-control sanction as a whole, this is also not a technical violation.” State v.

Eastman, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2020-CA-5, 2021-Ohio-392, ¶ 21, citing State v. Kernall,

2019-Ohio-3070, 132 N.E.3d 758, ¶ 18 (1st Dist.). The conditions of Parker’s community

control in regards to substance abuse and anger management were specifically tailored

to address his lengthy history of engaging in violent behavior directed at his fiancée,

Downing, and his history of engaging in alcohol and/or drug related conduct in general. -13-

Therefore, Parker's violent conduct towards Downing and his failure to complete

substance abuse and anger management assessments amounted to non-technical

violations, because those conditions were “specifically tailored to address matters related

to the defendant's misconduct.” Nelson at ¶ 26.

{¶ 22} Finally, we note that in Bearden v. Georgia, 461 U.S. 660, 672-673, 103

S.Ct. 2064, 2073, 76 L.Ed.2d 221 (1983), the United States Supreme Court held that:

“[I]n revocation proceedings for failure to pay a fine or restitution, a

sentencing court must inquire into the reasons for the failure to pay. If the

probationer willfully refused to pay or failed to make sufficient bona fide

efforts legally to acquire the resources to pay, the court may revoke

probation and sentence the defendant to imprisonment within the

authorized range of its sentencing authority. If the probationer could not pay

despite sufficient bona fide efforts to acquire the resources to do so, the

court must consider alternate measures of punishment other than

imprisonment. Only if alternate measures are not adequate to meet the

State's interests in punishment and deterrence may the court imprison a

probationer who has made sufficient bona fide efforts to pay. To do

otherwise would deprive the probationer of his conditional freedom simply

because, through no fault of his own, he cannot pay the fine.”

{¶ 23} In the instant case, the record indicates that the trial court failed to question

Parker regarding his reasons for failing to pay his court costs pursuant to Bearden.

However, any error in this regard is harmless since the trial court also found that Parker’s -14-

violent conduct towards Downing and his failure to complete substance abuse and anger

management assessments were additional bases upon which to revoke his community

control and send him to prison.

{¶ 24} Upon review, we conclude that the trial court's determination that Parker's

violations of the conditions of his community control were nontechnical was supported by

the record, and Eastman fails to identify any evidence to the contrary. Accordingly, the

180-day prison sentence limitation established in R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c)(ii) for prison

terms resulting from a technical community control violation was not applicable to Parker's

sentence, and the trial court did not err when it sentenced him to 18 months in prison.

{¶ 25} Parker’s sole assignment of error is overruled, and the judgment of the trial

court is affirmed.

WELBAUM, J. and EPLEY, J., concur.

Copies sent to:

Samantha B. Whetherholt J. David Turner Hon. Nick A. Selvaggio