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1 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Filing Date: April 24, 2014
3 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
4 Plaintiff-Appellee,
5 v. NO. 34,008
6 VICTOR PAIZ,
7 Defendant-Appellant.
8 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF DONA ANA COUNTY 9 Douglas R. Driggers, District Judge
10 Robert E. Tangora, L.L.C. 11 Robert E. Tangora 12 Santa Fe, NM
13 for Appellant
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Ralph E. Trujillo, Assistant Attorney General 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellee
18 DECISION 1 DANIELS, Justice.
2 {1} Defendant Victor Paiz has appealed his convictions for first-degree murder and
3 other offenses, primarily on the grounds that the introduction of testimony from his
4 previous trial violated his right of confrontation under the Sixth Amendment of the
5 United States Constitution or amounted to inadmissible hearsay under Rules 11-802
6 and 11-804(B)(1) NMRA. In addition, he raises issues of insufficiency of evidence
7 and cumulative error. We have jurisdiction over this direct appeal under Article VI,
8 Section 2 of the New Mexico Constitution and Rule 12-102(A)(1) NMRA. Because
9 this appeal presents no novel issues, we affirm with this unpublished and
10 nonprecedential decision under Rule 12-405(B) NMRA.
11 I. BACKGROUND
12 A. Procedural History
13 {2} This appeal arises from Defendant’s second trial and conviction for the murder
14 of Jesse Bustillos and the related shootings of three other individuals. See State v.
15 Paiz, 2011-NMSC-008, ¶¶ 1, 3, 149 N.M. 412, 249 P.3d 1235. We reversed
16 Defendant’s original convictions and remanded for a new trial because of the
17 improper joinder of an unrelated drug trafficking charge with the eight counts
18 stemming from the incident that resulted in Bustillos’s death. See id. ¶¶ 5, 26.
2 1 {3} At his second trial, a jury returned guilty verdicts on alternative counts of first-
2 degree willful and deliberate murder and first-degree felony murder, one count of
3 shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in great bodily harm, two counts of
4 aggravated battery with a deadly weapon, two counts of aggravated assault with a
5 deadly weapon, and one count of tampering with evidence. The district court vacated
6 the felony murder conviction on double jeopardy grounds and sentenced Defendant
7 to life in prison plus twenty-one years. Finding no error, we affirm Defendant’s
8 convictions.
9 B. Former Testimony of Mata-Diaz and Escobedo
10 {4} Defendant’s primary challenge on appeal is to the admission of the prior
11 testimony of two witnesses, Arturo Mata-Diaz and Gerardo Escobedo, both of whom
12 testified in Defendant’s first trial but were unavailable to testify in his second trial.
13 The State argued in a pretrial motion that the previous testimony of Mata-Diaz and
14 Escobedo satisfied the requirements of the former testimony exception under Rule 11-
15 804(B)(1) and therefore should not be excluded as hearsay. Defendant objected to the
16 prior testimony on Sixth Amendment grounds, arguing that its admission violated his
17 right of confrontation because the witnesses were not available to testify in his second
18 trial. The district court ruled that the testimony met the requirements of Rule 11-
19 804(B)(1) and did not violate Defendant’s right of confrontation.
3 1 {5} With the help of an actor reading the prior testimony, counsel for the State and
2 Defendant recreated the prior examinations of Mata-Diaz and Escobedo for the jury
3 at Defendant’s second trial. We summarize the challenged testimony below and
4 provide additional facts as necessary throughout this decision.
5 {6} Mata-Diaz testified that he was hosting an anniversary party at his home on the
6 afternoon of the shooting when he received a phone call from Defendant, who asked
7 Mata-Diaz “to go pick up some things.” Guided by Defendant’s uncle, Mata-Diaz
8 drove to an unfamiliar house where he found Defendant and a young man named
9 Choco, who had been living with Defendant for approximately a week. According to
10 Mata-Diaz, Defendant appeared “sad” and “scared,” and he told Mata-Diaz, “I fucked
11 somebody up.” Mata-Diaz returned home with Choco but left Defendant behind
12 because Defendant had made arrangements to go “in a different way.” After arriving
13 back at home, Mata-Diaz found a pistol that he believed Choco had brought with him
14 earlier that evening. Mata-Diaz sold the pistol the next day because he was afraid and
15 did not know what else to do with it. Some time later, the police contacted Mata-Diaz,
16 and he helped them recover the gun.
17 {7} During the cross-examination of Mata-Diaz, Defendant’s attorney pressed the
18 witness about statements that he had made to an investigator about Choco’s role in the
19 shootings. The back-and-forth between Mata-Diaz and Defendant’s attorney left a
4 1 clear impression that Mata-Diaz had told the investigator that he believed Choco was
2 the shooter. On redirect, Mata-Diaz clarified that Choco had never actually told Mata-
3 Diaz that he had been the shooter.
4 {8} Escobedo’s testimony provided more detail about the incidents immediately
5 before and after the shooting. He testified that he was at Defendant’s house on the
6 afternoon of the shooting with Defendant and three other men, including Choco. The
7 men were outside washing Defendant’s black Mercedes Benz when two people drove
8 past in a gold-colored car, “saying bad words and throwing a finger.” A short time
9 later the gold car passed by again, this time with five or six occupants, including
10 someone who waved a red bandana. Escobedo then heard Defendant tell his
11 associates, “Go get it,” and a few minutes later Choco returned with a revolver, which
12 Escobedo helped load with bullets from the trunk of Defendant’s car.
13 {9} When the men in the gold car passed by a third time, Escobedo drove after them
14 in his van with Defendant, Choco, and the other two men as his passengers and
15 eventually cornered the car at an intersection. From his rearview mirror, Escobedo saw
16 someone get out of the gold car and begin approaching the driver’s side of the van. As
17 Escobedo got out of the van and prepared to fight, he saw Defendant open the
18 passenger door. About 20 seconds later, Escobedo heard three gunshots, followed
19 several seconds later by about three more shots. Escobedo turned toward the gold car
5 1 and saw that the driver had been shot. He got back in the van with Defendant, Choco,
2 and his other two passengers and “took off.”
3 {10} Escobedo recounted that he next drove to his aunt’s house, where they hid the
4 van and called his father for help. While the men were altering the van to make it less
5 recognizable, Escobedo noticed that Defendant was “hunched down near the wall,”
6 with “reddish,” “watery” eyes, looking “sad.” At about the same time, Escobedo saw
7 that Choco had the gun in the waistband of his pants. Escobedo’s father arrived and
8 drove Escobedo and the other two men to Mata-Diaz’s house. After their arrival,
9 Escobedo received a telephone call from Defendant, who asked Escobedo to give the
10 phone to Mata-Diaz. Mata-Diaz left a short time later and returned with Choco.
11 {11} On cross-examination, Defendant’s attorney questioned Escobedo extensively
12 about the events on the afternoon of the shootings. Prompted by defense counsel,
13 Escobedo clarified that he did not see Defendant actually get out of the van before the
14 shots were fired. Escobedo also recalled that Choco had the gun when Escobedo,
15 Defendant, Choco, and the other two men first got in the van to pursue the gold car,
16 and that Choco had the gun “after everything happened.” Escobedo also testified that
17 Defendant could not have had the gun when he stepped out of the van because
18 Escobedo, who was sitting next to Defendant in the van, never saw Choco pass the
19 gun to Defendant. On redirect, Escobedo clarified that he could not watch Choco the
6 1 whole time that he was in the van, that he did not see what Defendant and Choco did
2 after he got out of the van, and that he did not know who shot the gun.
3 II. DISCUSSION
4 A. The Former Testimony Did Not Violate Rule 11-804(B)(1) or Defendant’s 5 Right of Confrontation
6 {12} Defendant contends that the former testimony of Mata-Diaz and Escobedo was
7 inadmissible hearsay in his second trial and that admission of the unavailable
8 witnesses’ testimony violated his right of confrontation. We review Defendant’s
9 claims in two steps. First, we must determine whether the district court abused its
10 discretion when it admitted the prior testimony under the New Mexico Rules of
11 Evidence. See State v. Lopez, 2011-NMSC-035, ¶ 4, 150 N.M. 179, 258 P.3d 458. If
12 we determine that the admission was proper under those rules, we consider de novo
13 whether the Confrontation Clause was violated. See id.
14 1. The District Court Properly Admitted the Former Testimony Under Rule 15 11-804(B)(1)
16 {13} Rule 11-804 creates an exception to the general provision of Rule 11-802 that
17 hearsay evidence is inadmissible in the absence of a specific exception. Under Rule
18 11-804, certain types of out-of-court statements may be admitted when the declarant
19 is unavailable as a witness. At issue in this appeal is Rule 11-804(B)(1), which
20 provides that the rule against hearsay does not exclude the former testimony of an
7 1 unavailable witness so long as the testimony
2 (a) was given as a witness at a trial, hearing, or lawful 3 deposition, whether given during the current proceeding or a different 4 one; and 5 (b) is now offered against a party who had . . . an opportunity 6 and similar motive to develop it by direct, cross-, or redirect examination.
7 {14} Defendant does not dispute that Mata-Diaz and Escobedo gave testimony at a
8 trial or that he had the opportunity to develop their testimony by cross-examination
9 or that they were unavailable for his retrial. Defendant’s argument instead is that he
10 lacked a similar motive for cross-examining the two witnesses at his first trial because
11 his defense theory changed from self-defense at his first trial to innocence at his
12 second trial. Defendant contends that his motive for developing the testimony of
13 Mata-Diaz and Escobedo at his first trial was limited by his assertion of self-defense,
14 which conceded that Defendant “committed the killing,” while his later claim of
15 innocence required the State to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant killed
16 Bustillos.
17 {15} The State argues convincingly that Defendant failed to preserve his argument
18 under Rule 11-804(B)(1). According to the State, Defendant conceded to the district
19 court that the former testimony of Mata-Diaz and Escobedo satisfied the rule of
20 evidence but argued that it failed the dictates of the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth
21 Amendment. Although there is merit in the State’s position, we will address the merits
8 1 of Defendant’s evidentiary rule argument, which has substantial overlap with the
2 confrontation analysis. Even if Defendant had objected on the basis of the rules, we
3 conclude that the district court would not have abused its discretion by admitting the
4 challenged testimony.
5 {16} Defendant cites State v. Slayton, 1977-NMCA-051, 90 N.M. 447, 564 P.2d
6 1329, to support his argument that a different defense theory in his second trial
7 rendered the former testimony of Mata-Diaz and Escobedo inadmissible. In Slayton,
8 the Court of Appeals previously had reversed the defendant’s second-degree murder
9 conviction, reasoning that an agreement between the state and counsel for the
10 defendant to limit the defendant’s first trial to the issue of his sanity had “prevented
11 the defendant from having a meaningful trial.” Id. ¶ 1. Due to that agreement, the
12 defendant’s counsel had limited his trial preparation for the first trial—including the
13 scope of a psychiatrist’s cross-examination at a deposition—to the issue of the
14 defendant’s sanity and had neglected to develop any evidence of the defendant’s guilt
15 or innocence. See id. ¶ 13. At the defendant’s second trial, the district court admitted
16 the psychiatrist’s deposition testimony as evidence of the defendant’s guilt. See id. ¶
17 2. The Court of Appeals reversed the defendant’s conviction for the second time,
18 concluding, “To use the deceased witness’s testimony concerning guilt would be
19 fundamentally unfair because under the arrangement between counsel there was to be
9 1 no meaningful inquiry concerning guilt. Such fundamental unfairness violates due
2 process.” Id. ¶ 19.
3 {17} Slayton has little relevance to this case. Slayton was decided on due process
4 grounds as a matter of fundamental fairness, rather than under Rule 11-804(B)(1). Id.
5 ¶ 19. Defendant does not contend that introducing the former testimony of Mata-Diaz
6 and Escobedo rendered his trial fundamentally unfair; and therefore the Slayton
7 rationale is inapposite.
8 {18} In addition, unlike the agreement in Slayton, nothing induced Defendant to limit
9 his trial preparation or cross-examination of Mata-Diaz and Escobedo to the issue of
10 self-defense. His decision to argue that he acted in self-defense was the sort of tactical
11 decision that we have held does not preclude admission of prior testimony under Rule
12 11-804(B)(1). See State v. Gonzales, 1992-NMSC-003, ¶ 20, 113 N.M. 221, 824 P.2d
13 1023 (finding no violation of Rule 11-804(B)(1) when “[n]o action of the State
14 impeded [the defendant’s] opportunity to develop or impeach [the witness’s]
15 testimony”), overruled on other grounds by State v. Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶ 54,
16 306 P.3d 426. In this case, Defendant had the opportunity to, and actually did, develop
17 evidence at his first trial that supported his innocence-based defenses in both trials.
18 We therefore reject Defendant’s assertion that Slayton is persuasive.
19 {19} Under Rule 11-804(B)(1), we have held that “[w]hether a party had an
10 1 opportunity and similar motive to develop testimony must be determined on a
2 case-by-case basis.” State v. Lopez, 2011-NMSC-035, ¶ 6, 150 N.M. 179, 258 P.3d
3 458. Based on our review of the record before us, we do not agree with Defendant that
4 his self-defense theory affected or otherwise limited his motive to develop the
5 testimony of Mata-Diaz and Escobedo. In fact, we are hard-pressed to see how his
6 questioning of the two men was constrained by his self-defense theory at all. Neither
7 Mata-Diaz nor Escobedo testified on direct examination that Defendant had shot the
8 victims, and Defendant therefore did not question either witness about whether
9 Defendant had shot the victims in self-defense.
10 {20} Instead, Defendant appeared to focus the cross-examinations of Mata-Diaz and
11 Escobedo on the issue of Defendant’s identity as the shooter, highlighting that neither
12 witness was certain about Defendant’s role in the shootings and implying that
13 Defendant’s associate, Choco, was the shooter. The relevance of this line of
14 questioning to Defendant’s later claim of innocence at his second trial is clear, where
15 he emphasized that the State had failed to prove that Defendant was the shooter and
16 failed to ask a single witness, “Who shot Jesse Bustillos, or who shot that gun?”
17 Regardless of Defendant’s motive at his first trial for developing the testimony of
18 Mata-Diaz and Escobedo about his role in the shooting, the fact remains that he did
19 so, and Defendant offers no hint of how he might have further developed their
11 1 testimony at his second trial. Under these circumstances, we hold that the district court
2 did not abuse its discretion when it admitted the former testimony of Mata-Diaz and
3 Escobedo under Rule 11-804(B)(1).
4 {21} The bottom line is that Defendant had a consistent motive for cross-examining
5 the prosecution witnesses at both trials: He was charged with murdering Jesse
6 Bustillos and had a clear and compelling motive to show that his conduct did not
7 constitute murder. The fact that he decides to adjust the tactics of his defense theory
8 does not change that fundamental motive. He has cited no authority, and we can find
9 none, that stands for the proposition that an accused can defeat admission at a second
10 proceeding of properly preserved prior testimony that he had a full and fair
11 opportunity to cross-examine at a prior proceeding, simply by changing his defense
12 tactics.
13 2. The Former Testimony Did Not Violate Defendant’s Right of 14 Confrontation
15 {22} Defendant also argues that he did not have an adequate opportunity to cross-
16 examine the two witnesses at his first trial because he chose to change his theory of
17 defense at his second trial.
18 {23} “When admitting testimonial statements, the Confrontation Clause requires that
19 the accused have a prior opportunity for cross-examination. Once a defendant has
12 1 tested the reliability of an unavailable witness’s testimony against him in the ‘crucible
2 of cross-examination,’ the demands of the Confrontation Clause have been met.”
3 Lopez, 2011-NMSC-035, ¶ 11 (quoting Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 61, 68
4 (2004) (citation omitted)). Defendant does not dispute that he had a prior opportunity
5 to cross-examine Mata-Diaz and Escobedo about the testimony that was admitted in
6 their absence at his second trial. That is all that the Confrontation Clause requires. See
7 id.; see also State v. Henderson, 2006-NMCA-059, ¶ 16, 139 N.M. 595, 136 P.3d
8 1005 (“While Rule 11-804(B)(1) requires the defendant to have had both an
9 ‘opportunity and similar motive’ to cross-examine the statement for it to be
10 admissible, Crawford only requires that the defendant had an ‘opportunity for
11 cross-examination’ of the statement.”). The admission of the former testimony of
12 Mata-Diaz and Escobedo did not violate Defendant’s right of confrontation under the
13 Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
14 Although Defendant cites both the federal and state constitutions in support of his
15 confrontation claim, we do not reach his state constitutional claim because he has
16 failed to develop the issue adequately. See State v. Leyva, 2011-NMSC-009, ¶ 49, 149
17 N.M. 435, 250 P.3d 861 (stating that when a state constitutional provision has never
18 been interpreted as providing greater protections than its federal counterpart, the
19 proponent must make the arguments necessary for the court to conduct an interstitial
13 1 analysis).
2 B. Defendant’s Murder Conviction Is Supported by Substantial Evidence
3 {24} Defendant argues that the conflicting testimony about who had the revolver at
4 the time of the shootings, coupled with the absence of any witness who saw Defendant
5 shoot at the victim’s car, does not support a jury finding that Defendant “acted with
6 the requisite mens rea to commit deliberate intent murder.”
7 {25} When reviewing a verdict for substantial evidence, “[w]e view the evidence in
8 the light most favorable to supporting the verdict and resolve all conflicts and indulge
9 all inferences in favor of upholding the verdict. We may not reweigh the evidence nor
10 substitute our judgment for that of the jury.” State v. Hernandez, 1993-NMSC-007,
11 ¶ 68, 115 N.M. 6, 846 P.2d 12 (internal citation omitted).
12 1. There Was Substantial Evidence That Defendant Shot Bustillos
13 {26} Defendant correctly acknowledges that there was conflicting evidence at trial
14 about whether he was the shooter. As we previously have summarized, Defendant
15 emphasized in his closing argument that the State failed to prove that Defendant was
16 the shooter or to ask a single witness, “Who shot Jesse Bustillos, or who shot that
17 gun?” We also have noted that the testimony of Mata-Diaz and Escobedo implicated
18 Choco as the shooter. But “‘[c]ontrary evidence supporting acquittal does not provide
19 a basis for reversal.’” State v. Guerra, 2012-NMSC-027, ¶ 27, 284 P.3d 1076
14 1 (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Riley, 2010-NMSC-005, ¶ 12, 147 N.M. 557,
2 226 P.3d 656), overruled on other grounds by Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶ 54.
3 {27} Looking instead to the evidence that supports the verdict, the jury also heard
4 testimony from the owner of the gold car, Luis Alberto Mata, about Defendant’s role
5 in the shooting. Mata testified that when Escobedo cornered the car with his van, Mata
6 got out of the car and prepared to fight Defendant. Mata then saw Defendant get out
7 of the van, holding a large-caliber black revolver. Mata ducked for cover behind the
8 van and heard shots fired a few seconds later. After the gunshots stopped, the van left,
9 and Mata ran to his car where he found Bustillos slumped over the gear shift, dead.
10 On cross-examination, Mata clarified that, although he saw Defendant holding the gun
11 just before the shots were fired, he did not actually see Defendant shoot the gun.
12 {28} We are satisfied that Mata’s testimony, together with Mata-Diaz’s testimony
13 that Defendant told him he had “fucked somebody up,” was sufficient for the jury to
14 conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant was the shooter. See, e.g., State
15 v. Bankert, 1994-NMSC-052, ¶ 17, 117 N.M. 614, 875 P.2d 370 (“A conviction will
16 be upheld if based upon a logical inference from circumstantial evidence.”).
17 2. There Was Substantial Evidence of Defendant’s Mens Rea to Support His 18 First-Degree Murder Conviction
19 {29} To convict Defendant of first-degree murder, the jury was instructed that it had
15 1 to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant acted with the “deliberate intention
2 to take away the life of Jesse Bustillos or any other human being.” See UJI 14-201
3 NMRA. “In determining whether a defendant made a calculated judgment to kill, the
4 jury may infer intent from circumstantial evidence; direct evidence of a defendant’s
5 state of mind is not required.” Guerra, 2012-NMSC-027, ¶ 28.
6 {30} The jury heard Escobedo’s testimony that, after the gold car drove by
7 Defendant’s house a second time, Defendant ordered his associates to “[g]o get it” and
8 that Choco returned with a revolver which the men loaded with ammunition from
9 Defendant’s car. Escobedo also testified that, after arming themselves with the
10 revolver, Defendant and his associates got in Escobedo’s van and pursued the gold
11 car. And the jury heard Mata testify that when Escobedo’s van cornered Mata’s car
12 Defendant immediately got out of the van holding a large-caliber black revolver, that
13 shots were fired a few seconds later, and that Mata found Bustillos dead in the front
14 seat of the car.
15 {31} Dr. Jeffrey Nine, the medical investigator who performed Bustillos’s autopsy,
16 also testified at Defendant’s trial. Dr. Nine testified that Bustillos had been shot four
17 times, including shots to his head, neck, and chest that would have been independently
18 fatal. Based on this evidence, we are satisfied that the jury could have reasoned
19 beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant acted with the deliberate intention to take
16 1 away the life of another. Cf. Guerra, 2012-NMSC-027, ¶ 29 (including “evidence that
2 [the defendant] stabbed the victim thirteen times and that many of the wounds were
3 to vital organs” as evidence of overkill that supported a finding of deliberate intent).
4 Defendant’s first-degree murder conviction is supported by substantial evidence.
5 C. There Was No Cumulative Error
6 {32} For his final argument, Defendant contends that the admission of the testimony
7 of Mata-Diaz and Escobedo, together with the lack of substantial evidence to support
8 his murder conviction, amounted to cumulative error that rendered the verdict
9 “inherently unreliable.” Cumulative error occurs when a succession of separately
10 harmless errors, in the aggregate, deny a defendant a fair trial. See State v. Baca, 1995-
11 NMSC-045, ¶ 39, 120 N.M. 383, 902 P.2d 65. Because we conclude that Defendant
12 has failed to show that any error occurred at his trial, we also conclude that he has
13 failed to show that his conviction was the result of cumulative error. See State v. Saiz,
14 2008-NMSC-048, ¶ 66, 144 N.M. 663, 191 P.3d 521 (“[W]here there is no error to
15 accumulate, there can be no cumulative error.”), abrogated on other grounds by State
16 v. Belanger, 2009-NMSC-025, ¶ 36 & n.1, 146 N.M. 357, 210 P.3d 783.
17 III. CONCLUSION
18 {33} Finding no error that would warrant reversal, we affirm all of Defendant’s
19 convictions.
17 1 {34} IT IS SO ORDERED.
2 __________________________________ 3 CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice
18 1 WE CONCUR:
2 ___________________________________ 3 BARBARA J. VIGIL, Chief Justice
4 ___________________________________ 5 PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice
6 ___________________________________ 7 RICHARD C. BOSSON, Justice
8 ___________________________________ 9 EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice