1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Opinion Number: _______________
3 Filing Date: January 24, 2017
4 NO. 34,667
5 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
6 Plaintiff-Appellant,
7 v.
8 ARMANDO NAVARRO-CALZADILLAS,
9 Defendant-Appellee.
10 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 11 Jacqueline D. Flores, District Judge
12 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 13 Santa Fe, NM
14 for Appellant
15 Garcia Ives Nowara 16 Zachary A. Ives 17 Molly Schmidt-Nowara 18 Albuquerque, NM
19 for Appellee 1 OPINION
2 HANISEE, Judge.
3 {1} The State appeals from the district court’s April 2, 2015 order granting
4 Defendant Armando Navarro-Calzadillas’s motion to exclude witnesses. Because this
5 matter is governed by the special calendar portion of LR2-400 NMRA (2014)1, the
6 case management pilot rule in the Second Judicial District Court (the local rule), see
7 LR2-400(L) (2014); LR2-400.1 NMRA, and given this Court’s concerns with
8 reconciling the requirements of the local rule with Supreme Court precedent that
9 places limitations on the district court’s discretion, we certified this matter to our
10 Supreme Court. The Supreme Court quashed certification and directed our attention
11 to specific language contained in LR2-400(A) (2014), adding that “the Court is
12 confident that the Court of Appeals is fully capable of applying this Court’s textual
13 direction in . . . that prior procedural precedents apply to cases governed by the [local]
14 rule only ‘to the extent they do not conflict with’ [the local rule.]” Having now
15 examined applicable provisions of the local rule alongside the clear directives of State
16 v. Harper, 2011-NMSC-044, ¶ 16, 150 N.M. 745, 266 P.3d 25 (requiring a trial
17 court’s consideration of lesser sanctions in certain circumstances), we reverse.
1 18 Pursuant to Supreme Court Order No. 16-8300-015, former LR2-400 (2014) 19 was recompiled and amended as LR2-308 NMRA, effective December 31, 2016. 1 BACKGROUND
2 {2} Defendant was indicted on March 19, 2014, on charges of criminal sexual
3 penetration in the first degree and criminal sexual contact of a minor in the third
4 degree. On April 11, 2014, Defendant was arraigned and released on his own
5 recognizance. A status conference was held on December 8, 2014, and case-related
6 deadlines were set. Although no formal scheduling order was issued, the parties agree
7 that the pretrial witness interview deadline was February 13, 2015.
8 {3} On February 24, 2015, the State filed a motion to extend the pretrial witness
9 interview deadline until March 13, 2015. The State asserted that it had good cause in
10 seeking additional time, given the late disclosure of the name of the alleged victim’s
11 therapist and difficulties scheduling witness interviews. The district court, however,
12 denied the State’s motion, concluding that no good cause existed to extend the district
13 court’s previously scheduled deadline.
14 {4} Following the district court’s ruling, Defendant filed a motion to exclude
15 witnesses. According to the allegations contained in Defendant’s motion to exclude,
16 defense counsel had asked the prosecutor about setting up witness interviews at a
17 status conference on August 27, 2014, and via e-mail on October 28, 2014, November
18 6, 2014, and November 11, 2014. On November 12, 2014, the prosecutor responded
19 that he still needed to talk to the alleged victim and her parents about the case. The
2 1 parties met on November 21, 2014, and defense counsel asserts that she then, again,
2 requested interviews.
3 {5} Shortly thereafter, interviews were scheduled to take place on January 15,
4 2015. Interviews of the two investigating officers were planned for the morning, and
5 the alleged victim’s family members were to be interviewed at 3:30 p.m. One of the
6 officers was interviewed that morning; the other officer did not appear for the
7 interview due to illness. Because the alleged victim’s family members were running
8 late and defense counsel indicated she could not wait long, the afternoon interviews
9 were cancelled. The alleged victim was not scheduled to be interviewed on January
10 15, 2015.
11 {6} Interviews were rescheduled for February 12, 2015, based on the alleged
12 victim’s father’s availability, which was limited to Thursday afternoons. Defense
13 counsel did not appear for the scheduled interview of the remaining officer and
14 asserted that the interview had been improperly calendared at her office. While the
15 interviews of the alleged victim’s family occurred that afternoon, an interview with
16 the alleged victim had still not been scheduled. The deadline to complete witness
17 interviews was the following day. The State filed its above-mentioned motion to
18 extend the deadline for completing the witness interviews, which the district court
19 denied. Acting pursuant to the special calendar rule, and given that witness interviews
3 1 were not complete, the district court granted Defendant’s motion to exclude those
2 witnesses that had yet to be interviewed. The State appeals.
3 DISCUSSION
4 {7} The State raises three issues on appeal relating to the district court’s exclusion
5 of its witnesses. To resolve this appeal, this Court must reconcile any conflicts
6 between the provisions of the special calendar rule and pre-existing case law
7 governing the district court’s discretion in excluding witnesses. For the purpose of
8 this opinion, we assume without deciding that the textual directive contained in the
9 special calendar rule can do what it purports to do and overcome existing and
10 conflicting case law on criminal procedure.2 We therefore begin with a discussion of
11 the requirements of the special calendar rule, and then turn to restrictions on the
12 district court’s exercise of discretion established by case law, before determining
13 whether a conflict exists.
2 14 We note that the case management pilot rule that was promulgated by the 15 Supreme Court contains an identical provision, stating that existing case law on 16 criminal procedure continues to apply barring some conflict with the local rule. Here, 17 the special calendar rule was promulgated by the Second Judicial District Court, and 18 while our district courts would not generally possess such authority, the special 19 calendar rule was promulgated at the direction of, and largely tracks, the case 20 management pilot rule enacted by Supreme Court order.
4 1 I. Special Calendar Rule
2 {8} The local rule creates clear and limited time frames for the progression of
3 criminal cases in the Second Judicial District Court. The provisions of the local rule,
4 which was amended in 2016, see LR2-400 NMRA (2014) (recompiled and amended
5 as LR2-308 NMRA), require that cases filed in the Second Judicial District Court
6 after June 30, 2014, are subject to the requirements of the local rule, while cases filed
7 on or before June 30, 2014, are placed on a special calendar. See LR2-400(L) (2014).
8 The time frames and requirements of the special calendar were established by an
9 order of the Second Judicial District Court and are found in LR2-400.1. Given that
10 Defendant was indicted on March 19, 2014, this case is subject to the requirements
11 of the special calendar rule. See LR2 400(L) (2014). While the special calendar rule
12 tracks, in large part, the provisions of the local rule, LR2-400.1 contains some notable
13 distinctions for dealing with older, and perhaps more complex, cases.
14 A. Discovery Provisions
15 {9} Pursuant to the special calendar rule, the parties are required to make available
16 all discovery required by Rule 5-501(A) NMRA within ten days of the February 2,
17 2015 effective date for the rule, unless already disclosed. LR2-400.1(D). In addition
18 to disclosures required by Rule 5-501(A), the parties are required to provide “phone
19 numbers and e-mail addresses of witnesses if available, copies of documentary
5 1 evidence, and audio, video, and audio-video recordings made by law enforcement
2 officers or otherwise in possession of the state, and a ‘speed letter’ authorizing the
3 defendant to examine physical evidence in the possession of the state.” LR2-
4 400(D)(1) (2014). The special calendar rule defines evidence in possession of the
5 state to include “[e]vidence in the possession of a law enforcement agency or other
6 government agency[.]” LR2-400.1(D)(3). The special calendar rule allows a party to
7 request to “withhold specific contact information if necessary to protect a victim or
8 a witness.” LR2-400.1(D)(1). However, “the party seeking the order shall arrange for
9 a witness interview or accept at its business offices a subpoena for purposes of
10 deposition[.]” LR2-400.1(D)(1). Pursuant to the special calendar rule, the district
11 court must impose sanctions for discovery violations. LR2-400.1(D)(4) (“If either
12 party fails to comply with any of the provisions of this section, the court shall impose
13 sanctions, which may include dismissal of the case with or without prejudice,
14 prohibiting the party from calling a witness or introducing evidence, monetary
15 sanctions against either the attorney or the attorney’s agency, or any other sanction
16 deemed appropriate by the court.” (emphasis added)).
17 B. Deadlines and Extensions
18 {10} Pursuant to the special calendar rule, the deadlines for cases are established
19 by a scheduling order that takes into consideration the following: “the complexity of
6 1 the case”; “whether the defendant is in custody, provided custody weighs in favor of
2 shorter deadlines, regardless of the complexity of the case”; “length of time the case
3 has been pending”; “whether the case is presently ready for trial”; and “the
4 availability of trial dates on the [c]ourt’s docket.” LR2-400.1(I)(3). A scheduling
5 conference is required to be held within 120 days of the special calendar rule’s
6 February 2, 2015 effective date, LR2-400.1(I), and a scheduling order is required to
7 be entered within ten days of the scheduling conference. See LR2-400.1(J). Because
8 the special calendar governs cases that were pending for over seven months prior to
9 enactment of the rule, the special calendar rule contains a provision that allows the
10 parties to stipulate to a previously entered scheduling order or to submit a stipulated
11 scheduling order for approval by the district court. See LR2-400.1(J)(1). The
12 deadlines contained in the scheduling order can be extended “[f]or good cause shown
13 . . . for a period of twenty . . . days, so long as the extension does not result in an
14 extension of the trial date.” LR2-400.1(J)(3). “If a party fails to comply with any
15 provision of the scheduling order, the court shall impose sanctions as the court
16 determines is appropriate in the circumstances, such as suppression, exclusion,
17 dismissal, monetary sanctions against either the attorney or the attorney’s government
18 agency, or any other sanction deemed appropriate by the [c]ourt.” LR2-400.1(J)(4)
19 (emphasis added). An extension of the trial date of no more than forty-five days is
7 1 only permitted upon a “showing of good cause which is beyond the control of the
2 parties or the court.” LR2-400.1(P). Any further extensions must be supported by
3 exceptional circumstances and approved by the chief judge of the Second Judicial
4 District Court; otherwise, if the trial cannot be held on the date scheduled, dismissal
5 with prejudice is required. See LR2-400.1(P).
6 II. Limitations on the District Court’s Exercise of Discretion
7 {11} As noted above, the special calendar rule requires sanctions for violations of
8 discovery obligations, see LR2-400.1(D)(4), and violations of deadlines established
9 in the scheduling order, see LR2-400.1(J)(4). While sanctions are mandatory under
10 the special calendar rule, the type of sanction is left to the discretion of the district
11 court judge to determine what is appropriate in the given circumstance. Although the
12 special calendar rule provides examples of the type of sanctions available, including
13 the exclusion of witnesses, our New Mexico Supreme Court has placed limitations
14 on the district court’s ability to exclude witnesses absent clear criteria.
15 {12} In Harper, our Supreme Court held that “the exclusion of a witness is improper
16 absent an intentional refusal to comply with a court order, prejudice to the opposing
17 party, and consideration of less severe sanctions[.]” 2011-NMSC-044, ¶ 15. In
18 reaching this determination, our Supreme Court noted that “[a] court has the
19 discretion to impose sanctions for the violation of a discovery order that results in
8 1 prejudice to the opposing party” but that “[e]xtreme sanctions such as dismissal are
2 to be used only in exceptional cases.” Id. ¶ 16 (internal quotation marks and citation
3 omitted). Our Supreme Court pointed out that “[t]he trial court should seek to apply
4 sanctions that affect the evidence at trial and the merits of the case as little as
5 possible.” Id. (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). Moreover,
6 our Supreme Court stated that “the refusal to comply with a district court’s discovery
7 order only rises to the level of exclusion or dismissal where the [s]tate’s conduct is
8 especially culpable, such as where evidence is unilaterally withheld by the [s]tate in
9 bad faith, or all access to the evidence is precluded by [s]tate intransigence.” Id. ¶ 17.
10 And, that “even when a party has acted with a high degree of culpability, the severe
11 sanctions of dismissal or the exclusion of key witnesses are only proper where the
12 opposing party suffered tangible prejudice.” Id. ¶ 19; see id. ¶ 16 (stating that
13 “[p]rejudice must be more than speculative; the party claiming prejudice must prove
14 prejudice—it is not enough to simply assert prejudice”). Finally, our Supreme Court
15 stated that “prejudice does not accrue unless the evidence is material and the
16 disclosure is so late that it undermines the defendant’s preparation for trial.” Id. ¶ 20.
17 Therefore, to reiterate, Harper requires that in order for the district court to exclude
18 material witnesses there must be: (1) “an intentional refusal to comply with a court
19 order,” (2) “prejudice to the opposing party,” and (3) “consideration of less severe
9 1 sanctions[.]” Id. ¶ 15. It is the latter requirement on which we focus our attention
2 herein.
3 III. No Conflict Exists Under Specific Facts of This Case
4 {13} Having considered the provisions of the special calendar rule and the
5 requirements of Harper, we conclude that under the facts of the present case no
6 conflict is presented and, therefore, Harper still limits the district court’s ability to
7 exclude witnesses. In reaching this determination, we do not disregard the special
8 calendar rule’s requirement that sanctions be imposed for failure to comply with the
9 time requirements of the special calendar rule. See LR2-400.1(J)(4). However, we
10 note that a lesser sanction was still available to the district court—namely, dismissal
11 without prejudice. Thus, we conclude that when the district court has a course of
12 action before it that allows it to choose a sanction other than exclusion of witnesses
13 that will still remedy the violation and, therefore, comply with the special calendar
14 rule, under those circumstances a conflict between the special calendar rule and
15 Harper does not exist.
16 {14} Defendant contends that the conflict between Harper and the new case
17 management provisions runs much deeper, as the two represent fundamentally
18 different approaches. Defendant argues that “[b]y requiring sanctions for every
19 discovery violation . . . the special calendar rule conflicts with all statewide rules of
10 1 criminal procedure and existing case law.” (Emphasis added.) Defendant points out
2 that prior to the implementation of these new case management rules in the Second
3 Judicial District Court, the imposition of sanctions was discretionary, and the exercise
4 of that discretion was curtailed by “rigid” case law. Defendant contends that the
5 special calendar rule is intended to be much more flexible and provide the district
6 court with broader discretion in imposing sanctions.
7 {15} While Defendant offers one interpretation of the breadth of the case
8 management provisions found in the local rule and special calendar rule, we decline
9 to take such an approach in reconciling the new requirements in the Second Judicial
10 District with prior case law. In applying the textual directive contained in the local
11 rule and LR2-400.1(A), we remain acutely aware of our role as an intermediate
12 appellate court. When we must choose between an approach that would upend
13 Supreme Court case law, such as Harper, and possibly, as Defendant argues, “all
14 statewide rules of criminal procedure and existing case law,” and an approach that
15 allows us to continue to apply both Supreme Court precedent and the new case
16 management provisions, in an abundance of caution we will choose the latter.
17 (Emphasis added.) Thus, we interpret the special calendar rule’s use of broad strokes
18 in discussing sanctions to allow for the continued application of Harper where a
11 1 lesser sanction can still remedy the prejudice caused by the failure to comply, rather
2 than declare Harper inapplicable in only the Second Judicial District Court.
3 {16} Because we conclude that Harper still applies under the circumstances of this
4 case, we also hold that the district court abused its discretion in excluding witnesses
5 without first ensuring that the Harper criteria were met. Defendant reminds us that
6 our review of the district court’s imposition of sanctions is for an abuse of discretion,
7 and that, in order to reverse, we must conclude that the district court’s sanction order
8 was “clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances of the case”
9 and “clearly untenable or not justified by reason.” See Wilde v. Westland Dev. Co.,
10 2010-NMCA-085, ¶ 30, 148 N.M. 627, 241 P.3d 628 (internal quotation marks and
11 citation omitted). Defendant reminds us also that this is a highly deferential standard
12 and that we presume correctness in the district court’s rulings. While Defendant is
13 correct in his recitation of our standard of review, Harper makes clear what
14 constitutes an abuse of discretion in this context. 2011-NMSC-044, ¶ 27 (“Under the
15 circumstances of this case, failure to impose a less severe sanction, together with the
16 lack of any proof of prejudice to [the defendant] or an intentional refusal to obey the
17 district court’s discovery directive, constituted an abuse of discretion.”). According
18 to Harper, “exclusion of witnesses requires an intentional violation of a court order,
19 prejudice to the opposing party, and consideration of less severe sanctions[.]” Id. ¶ 2
12 1 (emphasis added). Given that the district court did not ensure that these criteria were
2 met, we conclude that the district court abused its discretion. See N.M. Right to
3 Choose/NARAL v. Johnson, 1999-NMSC-028, ¶ 7, 127 N.M. 654, 986 P.2d 450
4 (“[W]e may characterize as an abuse of discretion a discretionary decision that is
5 premised on a misapprehension of the law.” (alteration, internal quotation marks, and
6 citation omitted).
7 {17} Finally, while we rely on the availability of dismissal without prejudice as a
8 means by which the district court may remedy the harm caused by the state’s failure
9 to comply with the requirements of the special calendar rule, and adhere to Harper,
10 we have not concluded that this is the only course of action available to the district
11 court. We therefore reverse the district court’s order excluding witnesses because the
12 district court does not appear to have considered the Harper criteria in rendering its
13 decision, but leave open the possibility under Harper that the district court
14 may—under the facts of this case—fashion an appropriate lesser sanction that
15 remedies the harm caused by the state’s action and acts to deter future violations by
16 the state—which may include, among other possibilities, dismissal without prejudice.
17 {18} Defendant asserts that dismissing the case without prejudice as a sanction
18 results in additional prejudice to Defendant because it “start[s] the entire process over
19 from the beginning with yet another grand jury proceeding, likely followed by pretrial
13 1 discovery and motion practice.” Defendant also asserts that utilizing dismissals
2 without prejudice as a sanction, rather than exclusion, will provide an incentive for
3 prosecutors to miss deadlines in an attempt to get a new judge or in an attempt to get
4 more time. We note, however, that upon refiling the district court may issue a
5 scheduling order that provides for even less time than that allotted under LR2-400 to
6 complete discovery and pretrial motions. See LR2-308(G)(5) (“Additional
7 requirements may be included in the scheduling order at the discretion of the assigned
8 judge and the judge may alter any of the deadlines described in Subparagraph (G)(4)
9 of this rule to allow for the case to come to trial sooner.”). Thus, given the short time
10 constraints of the local rule and the ability of the district court to make those time
11 constraints even shorter, it is possible for cases to be dismissed without prejudice,
12 reindicted, and tried in less time than cases that were prosecuted prior to the
13 enactment of the local rule— satisfying both the purpose of the local rule and
14 allowing defendants to still avoid oppressive delay. To the extent Defendant contends
15 that prosecutors will use dismissals without prejudice to their advantage—to procure
16 more time or a different judge—prosecutors would be well-advised to avoid such
17 behavior. Not only would this establish intentional bad faith conduct on the part of
18 the prosecutor and satisfy at least one of the Harper criteria, but “[i]f the case has
19 been re-filed following an earlier dismissal, dismissal with prejudice is the
14 1 presumptive outcome for a repeated failure to comply with th[e] rule[.]” LR2-
2 308(I)(2). Thus, given the extreme restrictions on continuances contained in the local
3 rule, a dismissal without prejudice would permit new deadlines to be established,
4 allowing Defendant the opportunity to still have meaningful process by interviewing
5 the witnesses against him, while still serving as a warning to the State that further
6 failures to adhere to the requirements of the local rule may result in the State being
7 barred from prosecuting Defendant.3
8 {19} Based on the foregoing, we reverse the district court’s order excluding
9 witnesses and remand for consideration of the Harper criteria and imposition of an
10 appropriate sanction.
11 {20} IT IS SO ORDERED.
12 _________________________________ 13 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge
3 14 We note that this avenue is curtailed to some degree by the revisions to the 15 local rule. See LR2-308(I)(4) (prohibiting the sanction of dismissal, with or without 16 prejudice, where “the state proves by clear and convincing evidence that the 17 defendant is a danger to the community” and “the failure to comply with th[e] rule is 18 caused by extraordinary circumstances beyond the control of the parties”).
15 1 WE CONCUR:
2 _________________________________ 3 LINDA M. VANZI, Chief Judge
4 _________________________________ 5 JULIE J. VARGAS, Judge