LAND, J.
Defendant, indicted for murder, was found guilty as charged without capital punishment, and was sentenced to the penitentiary for life. . . . ■ .
He has appealed from the conviction and sentence, and presents to this court for review nine bills of exceptions.
Bill No. 1.
The district attorney, on direct examination, propounded the following question to a state witness; “I ask you this, if any of these three parties in the restaurant j.ust before the shooting, Maggie Crumpton, or Ruth Jackson, or Marguerite Smith, was in there, tell me which one it was?”
The objection by defendant’s counsel to this' question as leading is without merit, as the question does not suggest any particular answer. The witness had previously testified that there were several parties in the room, and his answer to the question was that “Marguerite Smith was the only one in there that I could see.”
Bill No. 2.
The district attorney, on direct examination, propounded the following two questions to, a state witness: “Now, I am going to ask you this, you didn’t tell the coroner’s jury about it when you were asked by me, and the coroner and others were trying.to investigate-this, about this hoy, telling him to drop the gun three times.”
The next' question was: “I am going to ask you if you didn’t make this statement: T was running when the' gun fired and didn’t see him’ ?”
These questions were objected to by defendant’s counsel on the ground that it was an attempt on the part of the district attorney to impeach his own witness, without any foundation having been laid.
In the per curiam to this bill, the trial judge states: “These questions were admissible as the witness was unwilling, hostile, and the State pled surprise, and .under such
condition was entitled to ask leading questions.”
Tlie ruling is correct. It is provided in Code of Criminal Procedure, art. 487, that: “No one can impeach his own witness, unless he have been taken by surprise by the testimony of such witness, or unless the witness show hostility toward him, and, even then, the impeachment must be limited to evidence of prior contradictory statements.”
It is also well settled that, where a party is bona fide surprised at the .unexpected testimony of the witness whom he has voluntarily called, he may be permitted to interrogate him as to previous declarations inconsistent with the testimony given, the object being to test the witness’s recollection, and lead him, if mistaken, to review what he has said. To ask a witness a question for the purpose of refreshing his memory is not to impeach him. Marr’s Crim. Juris., vol. 2, p. 991, § 648, par. 3.
Bill No. 3.
Defendant’s counsel, on cross-examination of a state witness, asked the following questions: “Percy, you say that almost immediately after the shooting that Portee, the wounded negro, ran over to your house and asked if you had a flash-light or watch to look for his gun and cap? A. Tes, sir.
“At the same time, just immediately following the shooting, I will ask you if it is not a fact that this same Portee didn’t ask you that night, a period of four or five minutes after the shooting, if he had not killed Sonnie Nash?”
To these questions the district attorney objected on the grounds that the testimony sought to he elicited is hearsay, irrelevant, immaterial, and no part of the res gestae;. and that counsel for defendant, in stating that the question was asked witness in 4 or 5 minutes after the shooting, has assumed a state of facts not shown to exist.
The objection was sustained by the trial judge, first,' for the reason that the question assumed a state of facts not shown to exist, since the witness had testified that, some 20 or 30 minutes after the shooting, the wounded negro, Portee, came to his house and asked for a searchlight; and, secondly, for the reason that the testimony, attempted to be introduced, was clearly hearsay and not a part of the res gestee; that the witness, Portee, could probably have been obtained by the state or the defense, if due diligence had been used; and that the defense could, then have placed Portee on the stand to testify as to what he did and said, if same was admissible at all.
The ruling of the trial judge was correct for two reasons: First, it is not permissible, in interrogating a witness, to attribute to him a statement not made by the witness as the ■basis of the question propounded to him.
In the second place, it appears, from the per curiam to this bill, that some 20 or 30 minutes had elapsed after the wounding of Portee, at whom the accused had intentionally fired, and after the killing by the accused of the deceased, Irvin Franklin, a bystander, before Portee had any communication with the state witness, Percy, who was under cross-examination by counsel for defendant.
As defined in the Code of Criminal Procedure, art. 447: “Res gestee are events speaking for themselves under the immediate pressure of the occurrence, through the instructive [instinctive], impulsive and spontaneous words and acts of the participants, and not the words of the participants when narrat
ing the events. What forms any part of the res gestae is always admissible in evidence.”
To make declarations a part of the res gestee they must he contemporaneous with the main fact, not, however, precisely concurrent in point of time. Time does not absolutely and alone determine whether a statement is or is not a part of the res gestae — that is decided by the circumstances of each case — and no inflexible rules as to the length of the interval between the act and declarations of the parties can be formulated. Marr’s Crim. Ju-ris., vol. 2, p. 877.
As illustrations of the above rule: “A declaration made by a party shot at the time he was shot, or within a few seconds thereafter, or within the time it took witness to run 440 feet, or to walk rapidly about a half a block, ■or within two minutes, or within ten minutes is a part of the res gestae; but a declaration by deceased ten minutes after the fatal wound was inflicted, and seventy yards from the place where inflicted, charging that the accused had shot him, is not. * * * When, nine or ten minutes after the shooting, the wounded man having been taken to a physician a distance of 300 to 400 yards, the physician said to him: ‘Before I put my hands on you, who did the shooting?’ the statement of of the wounded man in response to this injunction was not the events speaking through him, but he speaking about the events, and therefore no part of the res gestae.” Marr’s ■Crim. Juris., vol. 2, p. 878.
The same rule must apply to any statement or communication made by Portee to the state witness, Percy, 20 or 30 minutes after the shooting. The ruling of the trial judge is correct, in sustaining the objection of the district attorney that the evidence sought to be elicited is hearsay and not a part of the res gestae.
Bill No. 4.
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LAND, J.
Defendant, indicted for murder, was found guilty as charged without capital punishment, and was sentenced to the penitentiary for life. . . . ■ .
He has appealed from the conviction and sentence, and presents to this court for review nine bills of exceptions.
Bill No. 1.
The district attorney, on direct examination, propounded the following question to a state witness; “I ask you this, if any of these three parties in the restaurant j.ust before the shooting, Maggie Crumpton, or Ruth Jackson, or Marguerite Smith, was in there, tell me which one it was?”
The objection by defendant’s counsel to this' question as leading is without merit, as the question does not suggest any particular answer. The witness had previously testified that there were several parties in the room, and his answer to the question was that “Marguerite Smith was the only one in there that I could see.”
Bill No. 2.
The district attorney, on direct examination, propounded the following two questions to, a state witness: “Now, I am going to ask you this, you didn’t tell the coroner’s jury about it when you were asked by me, and the coroner and others were trying.to investigate-this, about this hoy, telling him to drop the gun three times.”
The next' question was: “I am going to ask you if you didn’t make this statement: T was running when the' gun fired and didn’t see him’ ?”
These questions were objected to by defendant’s counsel on the ground that it was an attempt on the part of the district attorney to impeach his own witness, without any foundation having been laid.
In the per curiam to this bill, the trial judge states: “These questions were admissible as the witness was unwilling, hostile, and the State pled surprise, and .under such
condition was entitled to ask leading questions.”
Tlie ruling is correct. It is provided in Code of Criminal Procedure, art. 487, that: “No one can impeach his own witness, unless he have been taken by surprise by the testimony of such witness, or unless the witness show hostility toward him, and, even then, the impeachment must be limited to evidence of prior contradictory statements.”
It is also well settled that, where a party is bona fide surprised at the .unexpected testimony of the witness whom he has voluntarily called, he may be permitted to interrogate him as to previous declarations inconsistent with the testimony given, the object being to test the witness’s recollection, and lead him, if mistaken, to review what he has said. To ask a witness a question for the purpose of refreshing his memory is not to impeach him. Marr’s Crim. Juris., vol. 2, p. 991, § 648, par. 3.
Bill No. 3.
Defendant’s counsel, on cross-examination of a state witness, asked the following questions: “Percy, you say that almost immediately after the shooting that Portee, the wounded negro, ran over to your house and asked if you had a flash-light or watch to look for his gun and cap? A. Tes, sir.
“At the same time, just immediately following the shooting, I will ask you if it is not a fact that this same Portee didn’t ask you that night, a period of four or five minutes after the shooting, if he had not killed Sonnie Nash?”
To these questions the district attorney objected on the grounds that the testimony sought to he elicited is hearsay, irrelevant, immaterial, and no part of the res gestae;. and that counsel for defendant, in stating that the question was asked witness in 4 or 5 minutes after the shooting, has assumed a state of facts not shown to exist.
The objection was sustained by the trial judge, first,' for the reason that the question assumed a state of facts not shown to exist, since the witness had testified that, some 20 or 30 minutes after the shooting, the wounded negro, Portee, came to his house and asked for a searchlight; and, secondly, for the reason that the testimony, attempted to be introduced, was clearly hearsay and not a part of the res gestee; that the witness, Portee, could probably have been obtained by the state or the defense, if due diligence had been used; and that the defense could, then have placed Portee on the stand to testify as to what he did and said, if same was admissible at all.
The ruling of the trial judge was correct for two reasons: First, it is not permissible, in interrogating a witness, to attribute to him a statement not made by the witness as the ■basis of the question propounded to him.
In the second place, it appears, from the per curiam to this bill, that some 20 or 30 minutes had elapsed after the wounding of Portee, at whom the accused had intentionally fired, and after the killing by the accused of the deceased, Irvin Franklin, a bystander, before Portee had any communication with the state witness, Percy, who was under cross-examination by counsel for defendant.
As defined in the Code of Criminal Procedure, art. 447: “Res gestee are events speaking for themselves under the immediate pressure of the occurrence, through the instructive [instinctive], impulsive and spontaneous words and acts of the participants, and not the words of the participants when narrat
ing the events. What forms any part of the res gestae is always admissible in evidence.”
To make declarations a part of the res gestee they must he contemporaneous with the main fact, not, however, precisely concurrent in point of time. Time does not absolutely and alone determine whether a statement is or is not a part of the res gestae — that is decided by the circumstances of each case — and no inflexible rules as to the length of the interval between the act and declarations of the parties can be formulated. Marr’s Crim. Ju-ris., vol. 2, p. 877.
As illustrations of the above rule: “A declaration made by a party shot at the time he was shot, or within a few seconds thereafter, or within the time it took witness to run 440 feet, or to walk rapidly about a half a block, ■or within two minutes, or within ten minutes is a part of the res gestae; but a declaration by deceased ten minutes after the fatal wound was inflicted, and seventy yards from the place where inflicted, charging that the accused had shot him, is not. * * * When, nine or ten minutes after the shooting, the wounded man having been taken to a physician a distance of 300 to 400 yards, the physician said to him: ‘Before I put my hands on you, who did the shooting?’ the statement of of the wounded man in response to this injunction was not the events speaking through him, but he speaking about the events, and therefore no part of the res gestae.” Marr’s ■Crim. Juris., vol. 2, p. 878.
The same rule must apply to any statement or communication made by Portee to the state witness, Percy, 20 or 30 minutes after the shooting. The ruling of the trial judge is correct, in sustaining the objection of the district attorney that the evidence sought to be elicited is hearsay and not a part of the res gestae.
Bill No. 4.
The same ruling also applies to this bill, in which defendant’s counsel asked a state witness “to state if it is not a fa.ct that Portee stated to you next morning and wanted to know if he had hit or killed the man he had shot at Winnfield (meaning the defendant) the night before.”
Fourteen hours had elapsed since the shooting, and Portee was then in the town of Hodge, at the time the alleged statement was made.
Bill No. 5.
It is stated in this bill that: “The witness Bryant Sholars, sheriff, having been interrogated by the State and having replied in answers to questions by the State that the defendant told him he left town that night and went up above Ruston (meaning the night of the homicide), was asked the following question on cross-examination, after having testified that the defendant surrendered the next day: ‘Mr. Sholars, did Sonny Nash tell you why he left that night?’ ”
The trial judge sustained the objection of the district attorney to the question on the ground that it is irrelevant and immaterial, and a self-serving declaration, and not a part of the res gestee.
Then the following question was propounded to the witness by counsel for defense: “I will ask you if at the same time the defendant, negro, did not tell you that the reason he left town was that when he found out that he had actually killed one of his best friends it unnerved him and in such suspense he did not know just what to do, and as soon as he got out of town a little while and thought it out he immediately returned and surrendered?”
The same objection was made to this question, followed by the same ruling.
In the per curiam to' ■ this hill, the trial judge states -that:, ‘“The objection to this question was sustained as the Court- was of the opinion that the-question was irrelevant and immaterial, and a self-serving declaration, and no part of the res geste as more than twenty-fo.ur hours had intervened since the shooting and the time that the questions refer, to.”.
The court also held that the defendant had a right to explain flight by any competent testimony.
The general rule is that the declarations of an accused in his own behalf are inadmissible, but to this general rule there are exceptions, for' example, when they are'part of the res geste, or shown to be connected with his confession testified to by another witness. Marr’s Crim. Juris, vol. 2, p. 844, § 550.
Manifestly, the reason why defendant returned and surrendered, after going to another town, is not a part of the res geste. The trial judge, having found that such reason was based upon a self-serving declaration, in which we concur, properly sustained the objection to the question. This ruling did hot deprive defendant of the right to explain his flight by any competent testimony.
Bill No. 6.
■ Counsel for defense, on direct examination, propounded to a witness for defendant the following question: “I will ask you to state what Portee said there in your presence while he was in great pain and agony and just after the shooting?”
In the next question propounded to the witness, he was asked if Portee said that he knew he had shot at defendant, but did not know whether or not he had killed him.
. -These questions were objected to as eliciting hearsay,-and evidence not a part of the res geste. The objection was sustained by the trial judge, who states that more than an hour had intervened between the time of the shooting and the time to which these questions refer.
The ruling was correct for the reasons already assigned under bill No. 3.
Bill No.
7.
Counsel for defendant asked a deferisé witness what statement Portee had made while he was at the doctor’s office, and also what statement he had made while he was in an automobile on his way to the doctor’s office.
It appears that 50 or 60 minutes had elápsed from the time of the shooting to the time tó which the questions relate. The objection' to these questions as eliciting hearsay, and evidence forming no part of the res geste, was properly sustained by the trial judge. "
BiU No. 8.
A defense witness was asked by counsel for defendant if, on the night of the homicide, he had heard defendant make inquiry, for. an officer, town marshal, at the place of business of Mary Scott. This question was objected to by the state as. a self-serving declaration, and this objection was sustained by the court, on the ground that the testimony was not admissible because it was irrelevant, immaterial, hearsay, and self-serving.
It appears, from the per curiam to this bill, that more than 40 minutes had intervened between the time of the inquiry for the officer, and the time of the killing, and that Mary Scott later was placed on the stand by defencb ant and testified, without objection, that some time during the night, before the killing, defendant did come to her place of business and inquired if she had seen Mr. Jolly, the town marshal.
The bill is without merit.
■ Bill No. 9.
This bill was reserved to the overruling of a motion for new trial, based on the ground that the verdict is contrary to the law and the evidence; upon the ground of the absence of the witness, Portee, who was not summoned at all by defendant; and upon the ground of the alleged finding of newly discovered evidence.
The trial judge, in overruling the motion for new trial, was of the opinion that due diligence had not been used by defendant to secure the presence of Portee; that, by the exercise of due diligence, all of the alleged newly discovered evidence could have been obtained before conviction, as the witnesses, the defendant, and defendant’s counsel all resided in the town of Winnfield; and that the verdict was amply justified by the evidence adduced at the trial.
We find no good reason for taking a different view of the matter.
We note that no brief on the part of defendant has been filed.
The conviction and sentence are affirmed.