1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please see 2 Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please 3 also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other 4 deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the 5 filing date.
6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. NO. 29,972
10 DANIEL M. MURRELL,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF CURRY COUNTY 13 Robert S. Orlik, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Santa Fe, NM 16 Francine A. Chavez, Assistant Attorney General 17 Albuquerque, NM
18 for Appellee
19 Liane E. Kerr 20 Albuquerque, NM
21 for Appellant
22 MEMORANDUM OPINION 1 CASTILLO, Chief Judge.
2 On appeal, Defendant raises claims of error relating to evidentiary rulings and
3 makes one claim of prosecutorial misconduct. We affirm.
4 BACKGROUND
5 On the night of September 25, 2008, officers from the Clovis Police Department
6 were dispatched to a residence in Clovis, New Mexico, after receiving a request for
7 immediate assistance from an unidentified female caller. At that time, Vickie Kirven,
8 her 21-year-old daughter Victoria Kirven, and Defendant—Victoria’s 43-year-old
9 boyfriend—all lived at the residence.
10 When they arrived at the home, the officers were initially told by Vickie that
11 the problems that precipitated the 911 call had been resolved. The officers observed
12 that Victoria’s appearance—she had a reddish contusion on the left side of her
13 face—and demeanor suggested otherwise. Victoria, who was crying and holding the
14 area of her face that was injured, explained that Defendant had assaulted her and
15 motioned with her head in a manner suggesting that she wished to speak with one of
16 the officers privately. Officer Paul Crowe escorted Victoria to a secluded portion of
17 the household.
18 Victoria provided the following explanation of events to Officer Crowe:
19 Defendant demanded sex, and Victoria either refused or responded too slowly and so
2 1 Defendant hit her. Defendant then threatened to “burn her bitch ass up” using
2 flammable material in a gas can, fondled her breast, and again demanded she remove
3 her clothing. She managed to escape to another room; however, Defendant followed
4 her, continued to verbally threaten her with violence, and finally tackled her onto a
5 toddler daybed which partially broke. Victoria picked up a piece of wooden railing
6 that had broken off the daybed and hit Defendant on the head with it.
7 Victoria expressed concern that Defendant might still be in the residence, but
8 the officers were unable to find him. Defendant was later charged with kidnapping,
9 attempt to commit criminal sexual penetration, assault with intent to commit a violent
10 felony against a household member, and battery against a household member.
11 At Defendant’s jury trial, Victoria and Officer Crowe testified and gave
12 accounts of the events of September 25, 2008, consistent with that described above.
13 Victoria’s mother also testified and stated the following: Defendant had gotten angry
14 about a joke, Victoria started fighting, the parties fell on the bed where Victoria
15 started hitting Defendant, and the bed broke. Either Victoria or her mother called the
16 police. Victoria’s mother said that she did not see anything that occurred in the
17 bedroom and that even though she felt threatened by Defendant, she did not tell this
18 to the police.
19 Defendant testified on his own behalf and gave a conflicting account. He
3 1 denied the allegation that he demanded sex from Victoria and then violently assaulted
2 her when she either rejected or responded too slowly to his demands. Rather, he
3 claimed that Victoria had been the aggressor. He explained that Victoria became
4 upset because she had learned that he had been with another woman, and she pushed
5 him onto the daybed, causing it to break. Victoria then picked up the piece of railing
6 and hit him, at which point he hit her back. Defendant explained that he fled the scene
7 because Victoria’s mother demanded that he leave. It was his position at trial that
8 Victoria lied about the events of the evening to get back at him for being unfaithful
9 to her.
10 The jury found Defendant guilty of false imprisonment, a lesser included
11 offense of kidnapping; attempted criminal sexual contact; and battery against a
12 household member. Defendant was acquitted of assault with intent to commit a
13 violent felony against a household member. He was sentenced on this matter and two
14 other outstanding criminal matters, and he appeals raising issues only as to the
15 convictions stemming from the incidents involving Victoria.
16 DISCUSSION
17 On appeal, Defendant raises three evidentiary issues. His remaining argument
18 concerns prosecutorial misconduct. We address these matters in turn.
19 I. Evidentiary Issues
4 1 A. The District Court’s Limit on Defendant’s Cross-examination of the 2 Victim Was not Error
3 Defendant claims that the district court erred in precluding him from asking
4 Victoria whether, at the time of trial, she was incarcerated on charges of assaulting the
5 other woman in Defendant’s life. Defendant appears to be making two arguments
6 here. In the first case, Defendant points to Victoria’s testimony on direct during
7 which she stated that she did not still do drugs. Defendant complains that by not
8 being allowed to “get out the fact that Victoria was in jail” during trial, the jury could
9 have inferred that she had cleaned up her act when in reality she was in jail and not
10 allowed to do drugs. In the second part of this argument, Defendant argues that
11 limiting his cross-examination regarding the pending charges prevented him from
12 developing his defense that Victoria’s accusations against him were lies based on her
13 jealousy of the other woman.
14 We turn to the transcript. On cross-examination, Victoria admitted that she
15 knew Officer Crowe from previous encounters when she had gotten in trouble.
16 Defendant then indicated that he wanted to question Victoria about a couple of
17 Victoria’s encounters for the purpose of impeachment. The State wanted to review
18 the specific encounters before the questions were asked, so the district court instructed
19 counsel to confer. A bench conference followed regarding the admissibility of this
20 evidence. The State explained its objection:
5 1 State: Okay. There are several counts. One’s burglary with 2 criminal damage, larceny; one’s breaking and entering, 3 battery, criminal damage. My argument is that these aren’t 4 crimes of dishonesty. These aren’t fraud, these aren’t 5 worthless checks. These are different types of crimes than 6 the ones that are contemplated by the prior bad acts that go 7 to impeaching somebody’s credibility . . . those ones have 8 crimes of dishonesty and these do not have that . . . 9 Court: Show me 10 State: . . . Burglary and larceny fit the crime. 11 Court: Of course they go to the crime. 12 State: What about this one? 13 Judge: Who has this one? 14 Defendant: Your honor, if I could just point out that the reason we want 15 to bring this in since it goes to her motive to make up a 16 story which is what they were fighting about in the first 17 place. She found out that he was sleeping with [the other 18 woman], she went and beat [the other woman] up and then 19 she denied that she knew about this in her interview and it 20 really goes to our defense that she’s a jealous woman.
21 The district court did allow Defendant to inquire for impeachment purposes about
22 those crimes involving moral turpitude but disallowed questions about the pending
23 criminal charges involving the other woman as going “a little far [afield].”
24 We observe that the brief in chief makes it appear that the charges regarding
25 moral turpitude were going “a little far afield.” This is not the case. Defendant was
26 allowed to question Victoria on the burglary and larceny charges. Although the brief
27 in chief states that Victoria denied the charges, this is not the case. When asked
28 whether she was aware that she had been charged with these two crimes, Victoria
29 stated that she understood that she had been “accused of it, not charged with it.” We
6 1 understand this answer to mean that Victoria understood that these charges were
2 pending. We bring this up because it is important that counsel for Defendant provide
3 accurate information in the brief. Hartman v. Texaco Inc., 1997-NMCA-032, ¶ 27,
4 123 N.M. 220, 937 P.2d 979 (“The appellate rules are designed . . . to obtain briefs
5 that provide this Court with an organized, accurate statement of the material necessary
6 to consider the issues raised on appeal . . . .”).
7 As to the argument, Defendant, in his brief in chief, fails to develop his
8 argument regarding the separate issue of Victoria’s incarceration. Headley v. Morgan
9 Mgmt. Corp., 2005-NMCA-045, ¶ 15, 137 N.M. 339, 110 P.3d 1076 (stating that this
10 Court will not review an argument that is inadequately developed). As to the claim
11 that Defendant was denied a fair trial because the district court proscribed his cross-
12 examination of Victoria regarding charges related to the other woman, Defendant uses
13 a shotgun approach and points to error based on Rules 11-403 NMRA, 11-404(B)
14 NMRA, 11-607 NMRA, and on a violation of due process and the Confrontation
15 Clause. The State argues that the evidence was properly excluded under Rule 11-
16 608(B) NMRA. The State also contends that in any case, it was cumulative, and
17 asserts that if there was an error, exclusion of this evidence was harmless.
18 The only argument advanced by Defendant that appears to apply to this issue
19 is a violation of the Confrontation Clause. “The Sixth Amendment to the United
7 1 States Constitution provides that, in criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the
2 right to confront the witnesses against him.” State v. Martinez, 1996-NMCA-109, ¶ 9,
3 122 N.M. 476, 927 P.2d 31 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The
4 Confrontation Clause is applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.
5 Id. The inability to cross-examine a witness about a motive to lie can offend the right
6 to meaningful confrontation. We agree with Defendant that the “right to fully
7 cross-examine, particularly when the evidence sought to be developed is such as
8 would allow inferences of motive to lie” is protected by the federal and state
9 constitutions. State v. Baldizan, 99 N.M. 106, 108, 654 P.2d 559, 561 (Ct. App.
10 1982). However, while defendants are entitled to a fair trial, they are not necessarily
11 entitled to a perfect one. State v. Barr, 2009-NMSC-024, ¶ 63, 146 N.M. 301, 210
12 P.3d 198. “Judges have wide discretion in controlling the proceedings before them
13 and a defendant is not entitled to a perfect trial.” State v. Henderson, 1998-NMSC-
14 018, ¶ 20, 125 N.M. 434, 963 P.2d 511.
15 Our standard of review for an evidentiary issue is well settled.
16 We examine the admission of evidence for abuse of discretion. 17 An abuse of discretion occurs when the ruling is clearly against the logic 18 and effect of the facts and circumstances of the case. We cannot say the 19 [district] court abused its discretion by its ruling unless we can 20 characterize it as clearly untenable or not justified by reason.
21 State v. Flores, 2010-NMSC-002, ¶ 25, 147 N.M. 542, 226 P.3d 641 (internal
8 1 quotation marks and citation omitted). However, “Confrontation Clause claims are
2 issues of law that we review de novo.” Martinez, 1996-NMCA-109, ¶ 14.
3 “[T]he Confrontation Clause does not give a defendant an absolute right to
4 cross-examine a witness[.]” State v. Stephen F., 2008-NMSC-037, ¶ 7, 144 N.M. 360,
5 188 P.3d 84. But the right to confront is a “critical limitation on the [district] court’s
6 discretion to exclude evidence.” Id. ¶ 31 (internal quotation marks and citation
7 omitted). When faced with an evidentiary question regarding the Confrontation
8 Clause, the district court should balance a defendant's right to cross-examine against
9 the risk factors associated with admission of the evidence—the probative value of the
10 evidence sought to be introduced against the risk its admission may entail. See State
11 v. Smith, 2001-NMSC-004, ¶ 19, 130 N.M. 117, 19 P.3d 254. The district court holds
12 broad discretion to impose reasonable limits on cross-examination to avoid
13 harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, endangering the witness, or
14 interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant. State v. Gonzales, 1999-
15 NMSC-033, ¶ 22, 128 N.M. 44, 989 P.2d 419. This discretion includes the mode of
16 interrogating witnesses. Rule 11-611(A) NMRA (describing the court's discretion in
17 controlling the trial including the mode of interrogating witnesses).
18 In this case, the district court determined that cross-examination on the pending
19 charges would stray too “far afield.” We assume this was the court’s determination
9 1 based on the balancing required under Rule 11-403. It appears that Defendant is
2 arguing that the district court erred in balancing prejudice versus probative value of
3 the information that would support Defendant’s theory that Victoria was lying about
4 the events of the evening in question because of her jealousy. The State counters that
5 permitting Victoria to be questioned on the pending charges would be prejudicial
6 because it would possibly subject her to incriminating herself. On appeal, Defendant
7 does not develop what he would have elicited had he been allowed to ask questions
8 about the other charges and how this prejudiced his case. In re Ernesto M., Jr., 1996-
9 NMCA-039, ¶ 10, 121 N.M. 562, 915 P.2d 318 (“An assertion of prejudice is not a
10 showing of prejudice.”). Accordingly, we see no error in the district court’s ruling.
11 Moreover, the district court’s ruling did not prevent Defendant from presenting
12 his defense. We agree with the State that additional evidence regarding Defendant’s
13 theory that Victoria lied because Defendant was seeing another woman would only
14 be cumulative, and therefore it was properly excluded. See State v. Lovato, 91 N.M.
15 712, 715, 580 P.2d 138, 141 (Ct. App. 1978) (concluding that the district court, in its
16 discretion, could properly exclude cumulative testimony). Defendant did not file a
17 reply brief, so there is no rebuttal to the State’s position. We look to the trial
18 transcript. During his testimony, Defendant established his theory—he testified that
19 he had been unfaithful with the other woman and that Victoria was upset. During
10 1 Victoria’s testimony, she admitted that she had written Defendant letters in which she
2 indicated that she was jealous of other women and directed Defendant not to talk to
3 them, but Victoria also denied being jealous based on any cheating on Defendant’s
4 part, and she stated that Defendant had told her that he had not cheated on her with the
5 other woman. When asked about a letter in which she had forgiven the other woman,
6 Victoria explained that she had forgiven her for something different. Clearly, the jury
7 was aware of Defendant’s theory that Victoria had a motive to lie based on his
8 infidelity. The jury was also aware that Victoria denied knowing about any
9 unfaithfulness on Defendant’s part. The district court’s ruling about the pending
10 charges did not preclude Defendant from presenting his defense to the jury. Based on
11 the arguments before us, we conclude that the district court properly excluded the
12 evidence of pending charges related to the other woman. Thus, there was no violation
13 of Defendant’s right to cross-examine a witness under the Confrontation Clause.
14 B. Defendant’s Argument Regarding Bad Acts Evidence is Inadequate
15 Defendant next claims that the district court erred in permitting the State to
16 inquire about Defendant’s past offenses. At trial, Defendant testified on his own
17 behalf. During cross-examination, the State asked Defendant whether he had
18 previously been convicted of any felony offenses. The State asked this question
19 despite the fact that it did not have certified copies of Defendant’s prior convictions
11 1 for purposes of impeachment. Defendant objected, and a bench conference ensued
2 during which Defendant argued that the State could not inquire about Defendant’s
3 criminal history if it lacked adequate records to prove Defendant’s convictions. The
4 court disagreed and ruled that the State could question Defendant about any previous
5 convictions that involved moral turpitude but could not impeach Defendant with those
6 convictions since the State did not have certified copies. The State proceeded to ask
7 Defendant whether he had been accused of several crimes of dishonesty in 2003 and
8 2004, including issuing worthless checks, committing fraud, and distributing
9 encumbered property, and also asked whether Defendant faced any other pending
10 criminal charges for offenses involving dishonesty. Defendant denied having been
11 charged in the manner the State described and stated that he had one criminal matter
12 pending, but then admitted that he was uncertain about his pending matters. The State
13 asked whether Defendant would be surprised to learn that he had four pending
14 criminal matters involving dishonesty to which Defendant stated that this did surprise
15 him.
16 We have reviewed the arguments underlying this particular evidentiary claim
17 numerous times, and we are unable to make sense of them. Defendant begins by
18 asserting that “[t]he [district] court’s admission of evidence of a past offense not
19 allowed by these rules was prejudicial error.” At no time, however, does Defendant
12 1 discuss or identify the specific evidentiary rule that was allegedly violated. Rather,
2 Defendant makes repeated allusions to Rule 11-403 and the issue of prejudice, refers
3 generally to the concept of “prior bad acts evidence,” and then makes a passing
4 reference to Rule 11-404 in a block quote. While we cannot be certain, it appears that
5 Defendant intended to argue that the State was precluded from questioning Defendant
6 about his criminal history without adequate proof of Defendant’s convictions. This
7 was the argument below, the heading on page sixteen of the brief in chief suggests that
8 this is the issue on appeal, and several unconnected sentences throughout this section
9 of the brief also indicate as much.
10 In our view, this argument implicates both Rule 11-609 NMRA and Rule 11-
11 608 and the New Mexico cases construing these rules including, but not limited to,
12 State v. Herrera, 102 N.M. 254, 259-60, 694 P.2d 510, 515-16 (1985), State v.
13 Robinson, 99 N.M. 674, 675-77, 662 P.2d 1341, 1342-44 (1983), State v. Casillas,
14 2009-NMCA-034, ¶¶ 43-44, 145 N.M. 783, 205 P.3d 830, and State v. Wyman, 96
15 N.M. 558, 559-60, 632 P.2d 1196, 1197-98 (Ct. App. 1981). Defendant, though, fails
16 to explain how these rules apply to the case before us, and thus he fails to present us
17 with adequate argument. As such, we decline to further review the matter. See
18 Headley, 2005-NMCA-045, ¶ 15 (stating that this Court will not review an argument
19 that is inadequately developed).
13 1 II. Prosecutorial Misconduct
2 Lastly, Defendant argues that prosecutorial misconduct occurred at trial. He
3 asks us to reverse his convictions and dismiss the charges. The parties do not agree
4 about the standard of review we apply to a claim for prosecutorial misconduct. This
5 disagreement is understandable. In State v. Trujillo, our Supreme Court stated the
6 following:
7 When an issue of prosecutorial misconduct is properly preserved 8 by a timely objection at trial, we review the [district] court’s ruling on 9 this issue under the deferential abuse of discretion standard because the 10 [district] court is in the best position to evaluate the significance of any 11 alleged prosecutorial errors. The [district] court’s determination of these 12 questions will not be disturbed unless its ruling is arbitrary, capricious, 13 or beyond reason.
14 2002-NMSC-005, ¶ 49, 131 N.M. 709, 42 P.3d 814 (internal quotation marks and
15 citation omitted). Subsequently, in State v. McClaugherty, 2008-NMSC-044, ¶ 39,
16 144 N.M. 483, 188 P.3d 1234, the Court stated that “a prosecutorial misconduct claim
17 presents a mixed question of law and fact. The appellate court will defer to the district
18 court when it has made findings of fact that are supported by substantial evidence and
19 reviews de novo the district court’s application of the law to the facts.” We need not
20 address this apparent inconsistency because, regardless of which standard applies, it
21 is clear to us that prosecutorial misconduct claims are subject to the rules of
22 preservation. See State v. Boergadine, 2005-NMCA-028, ¶ 30, 137 N.M. 92, 107 P.3d
14 1 532 (declining to review a claim of prosecutorial misconduct because the issue was
2 not preserved). Defendant has failed to indicate where and how the issue of
3 prosecutorial misconduct was preserved at trial. Our careful review of his arguments
4 leads us to the conclusion that the issue was never raised. The basis of Defendant’s
5 prosecutorial misconduct claim on appeal appears to be that the State should not have
6 asked Defendant about his prior convictions unless it had adequate proof of
7 Defendant’s criminal history. This argument is identical to Defendant’s second
8 evidentiary issue. Defendant did sufficiently object to preserve the evidentiary issue.
9 We cannot, however, construe Defendant’s evidentiary objection as an objection of
10 prosecutorial misconduct. See State v. Wildgrube, 2003-NMCA-108, ¶ 20, 134 N.M.
11 262, 75 P.3d 862 (discussing prosecutorial misconduct and stating that our rules of
12 preservation require a “specific and timely objection”).
13 When an issue is not preserved, this Court may raise the issue itself to consider
14 reversal. State v. Castro, 2002-NMCA-093, ¶ 2,132 N.M. 646, 53 P.3d 413. “When
15 the [district] court had no opportunity to rule on a claim of prosecutorial misconduct
16 because the defendant did not object in a timely manner, we review the claim on
17 appeal for fundamental error.” State v. Allen, 2000-NMSC-002, ¶ 95, 128 N.M. 482,
18 994 P.2d 728. “Prosecutorial misconduct rises to the level of fundamental error when
19 it is so egregious and had such a persuasive and prejudicial effect on the jury’s verdict
15 1 that the defendant was deprived of a fair trial.” Id. (internal quotation marks and
2 citations omitted). “The rule of fundamental error applies only if there has been a
3 miscarriage of justice, if the question of guilt is so doubtful that it would shock the
4 conscience to permit the conviction to stand, or if substantial justice has not been
5 done.” Castro, 2002-NMCA-093, ¶ 2 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
6 Here, we cannot say that the actions of the prosecutor were so egregious and
7 prejudicial as to have deprived Defendant of a fair trial. While it did not have certified
8 copies of Defendant’s prior convictions, the State had a good-faith basis for inquiring
9 about Defendant’s past convictions involving dishonesty, and the line of questioning
10 produced no prejudice against Defendant. Therefore, no fundamental error was
11 committed involving prosecutorial misconduct.
12 CONCLUSION
13 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Defendant’s convictions.
14 IT IS SO ORDERED.
15 __________________________________ 16 CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Chief Judge
16 1 WE CONCUR:
2 __________________________________ 3 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
4 __________________________________ 5 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge