[Cite as State v. Murphy, 2018-Ohio-1063.] IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-170390 TRIAL NO. C-17CRB-12256 Plaintiff-Appellee, : O P I N I O N. vs. :
RYAN K. MURPHY, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Municipal Court
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: March 23, 2018
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Paula E. Adams, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and Demetra Stamatakos, Assistant Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellant. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
C UNNINGHAM , Judge.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Ryan K. Murphy appeals his conviction for
canoeing on the Little Miami River without a life jacket in the vessel, in violation of
R.C. 1547.25 (A)(2), a fourth-degree misdemeanor.
{¶2} Murphy was unrepresented at his arraignment, at which time he
pleaded not guilty and was informed of the maximum penalty for the offense. He
told the court he was undecided if he would obtain trial counsel, and he remained
undecided when he appeared a few weeks later for a nonjury trial. The trial was
continued, and when Murphy appeared after the continuance, he stated a desire to
waive his right to an attorney and then signed a waiver-of-counsel form. After an
inquiry, the trial court accepted the waiver. Murphy proceeded without counsel, was
found guilty, and was fined $100.
{¶3} In his sole assignment of error, Murphy argues that he did not
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive his Sixth Amendment right to trial
counsel. Because the record demonstrates that Murphy effectively waived his
constitutional right to trial counsel, we affirm his conviction.
{¶4} Whether Murphy waived his right to counsel is an issue that we
review de novo. State v. Nelson, 2016-Ohio-8064, 75 N.E.3d 785, ¶ 17 (1st Dist.). An
effective waiver of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel must be voluntary,
knowing, and intelligent. State v. Gibson, 45 Ohio St.2d 366, 345 N.E.2d 399 (1976),
paragraph one of the syllabus. The trial court conducting the trial where the
defendant wishes to waive his right to counsel is required to make a sufficient inquiry
“to determine whether [the] defendant fully understands and intelligently
relinquishes” that right. Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus.
2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶5} In State v. Vordenberge, 148 Ohio App.3d 488, 2002-Ohio-1612, 774
N.E.2d 278 (1st Dist.), this court discussed the general principles involved when
determining if a waiver of counsel passes “constitutional muster.” Id. at ¶ 12. We
stated that
for an effective waiver of the right to counsel, the defendant must have
“some sense of the magnitude of the undertaking and the hazards
inherent in self-representation.” See State v. Ebersole, 107 Ohio
App.3d 228, 294, 668 N.E.2d 934 (1999), quoting State v. Weiss, 92
Ohio App.3d 681, 685, 637 N.E.2d 47 (1993). For the trial court to
provide an effective waiver of counsel, it should candidly and
thoroughly discuss with the defendant “ ‘the nature of the charges, the
statutory offenses included with them, the range of allowable
punishments thereunder, possible defenses to the charges and
circumstances in mitigation thereof, and all other facts essential to a
broad understanding of the whole matter.’ ” See State v. Watson, 132
Ohio App.3d 57, 64, 724 N.E.2d 469 (8th Dist.1998), quoting Von
Moltke v. Gilles, 332 U.S. 708, 724, 68 S.Ct. 316, 92 L.Ed. 309 (1948);
State v. McCray, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-840426, 1985 WL 6717
(Mar. 27, 1985).
Vordenberge at ¶ 12.
{¶6} This court recognized also that a defendant must know the
disadvantages of self-representation, and stated that the trial court “must inform the
defendant that ‘he will be required to follow the same rules of procedure and
evidence which normally govern the conduct of a trial.’ ” Id., quoting State v. Doane,
69 Ohio App.3d 638, 646-647, 591 N.E.2d 735 (11th Dist.1990).
3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶7} The best way for the trial court to insure the defendant understands
the perils of self-representation, and that this understanding is reflected in the
record, is for the trial court to specifically warn the defendant of the technical
difficulties he will encounter when acting as his own counsel. But it is not the only
way. See United States v. Hafen, 726 F.2d 21, 26 (1st Cir.1984). The focus is on what
the defendant knew and understood, and the record must establish that the
defendant “ ‘knows what he is doing and his choice is made with eyes open.’ ”
Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835, 95 S.Ct. 2525, 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975),
quoting Adams v. United States ex rel. McCann, 317 U.S. 269, 279, 63 S.Ct. 236, 87
L.Ed. 268 (1942). See also State v. Johnson, 112 Ohio St.3d 210, 2006-Ohio-6406,
858 N.E.2d 1144, ¶ 102-103.
{¶8} Thus, there is no set “formula or script” for the court to follow when
ascertaining if there has been a valid waiver of counsel. Iowa v. Tovar, 541 U.S. 77,
88, 124 S.Ct. 1379, 158 L.Ed.2d 209 (2004). An intelligent waiver of counsel “will
depend on a range of case-specific factors, including the defendant’s education or
sophistication, the complex or easily grasped nature of the charge, and the stage of
the proceeding.” Id. See State v. Obermiller, 147 Ohio St.3d 175, 2016-Ohio-1594,
63 N.E.3d 93, ¶ 30, quoting Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82
L.Ed. 1461 (1938) (“Whether a defendant’s choice was made with eyes open typically
‘depend[s], in each case, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding
that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.’ ”).
Ultimately, whether the waiver was constitutionally valid must be decided on a case-
by-case basis. Vordenberge, 148 Ohio App.3d 488, 2002-Ohio-1612, 774 N.E.2d
278, at ¶ 12.
4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶9} Here, the transcripts show that the trial court informed Murphy that
he was charged with operating a boat without a life jacket aboard, a fourth-degree
misdemeanor violation of R.C. 1547.25. Murphy told the trial court of his defense to
this simple offense—“I [] know you don’t have to wear a life jacket in a boat.” The
transcripts also show the court advised Murphy that he had the right to be
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[Cite as State v. Murphy, 2018-Ohio-1063.] IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-170390 TRIAL NO. C-17CRB-12256 Plaintiff-Appellee, : O P I N I O N. vs. :
RYAN K. MURPHY, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Municipal Court
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: March 23, 2018
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Paula E. Adams, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and Demetra Stamatakos, Assistant Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellant. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
C UNNINGHAM , Judge.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Ryan K. Murphy appeals his conviction for
canoeing on the Little Miami River without a life jacket in the vessel, in violation of
R.C. 1547.25 (A)(2), a fourth-degree misdemeanor.
{¶2} Murphy was unrepresented at his arraignment, at which time he
pleaded not guilty and was informed of the maximum penalty for the offense. He
told the court he was undecided if he would obtain trial counsel, and he remained
undecided when he appeared a few weeks later for a nonjury trial. The trial was
continued, and when Murphy appeared after the continuance, he stated a desire to
waive his right to an attorney and then signed a waiver-of-counsel form. After an
inquiry, the trial court accepted the waiver. Murphy proceeded without counsel, was
found guilty, and was fined $100.
{¶3} In his sole assignment of error, Murphy argues that he did not
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive his Sixth Amendment right to trial
counsel. Because the record demonstrates that Murphy effectively waived his
constitutional right to trial counsel, we affirm his conviction.
{¶4} Whether Murphy waived his right to counsel is an issue that we
review de novo. State v. Nelson, 2016-Ohio-8064, 75 N.E.3d 785, ¶ 17 (1st Dist.). An
effective waiver of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel must be voluntary,
knowing, and intelligent. State v. Gibson, 45 Ohio St.2d 366, 345 N.E.2d 399 (1976),
paragraph one of the syllabus. The trial court conducting the trial where the
defendant wishes to waive his right to counsel is required to make a sufficient inquiry
“to determine whether [the] defendant fully understands and intelligently
relinquishes” that right. Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus.
2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶5} In State v. Vordenberge, 148 Ohio App.3d 488, 2002-Ohio-1612, 774
N.E.2d 278 (1st Dist.), this court discussed the general principles involved when
determining if a waiver of counsel passes “constitutional muster.” Id. at ¶ 12. We
stated that
for an effective waiver of the right to counsel, the defendant must have
“some sense of the magnitude of the undertaking and the hazards
inherent in self-representation.” See State v. Ebersole, 107 Ohio
App.3d 228, 294, 668 N.E.2d 934 (1999), quoting State v. Weiss, 92
Ohio App.3d 681, 685, 637 N.E.2d 47 (1993). For the trial court to
provide an effective waiver of counsel, it should candidly and
thoroughly discuss with the defendant “ ‘the nature of the charges, the
statutory offenses included with them, the range of allowable
punishments thereunder, possible defenses to the charges and
circumstances in mitigation thereof, and all other facts essential to a
broad understanding of the whole matter.’ ” See State v. Watson, 132
Ohio App.3d 57, 64, 724 N.E.2d 469 (8th Dist.1998), quoting Von
Moltke v. Gilles, 332 U.S. 708, 724, 68 S.Ct. 316, 92 L.Ed. 309 (1948);
State v. McCray, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-840426, 1985 WL 6717
(Mar. 27, 1985).
Vordenberge at ¶ 12.
{¶6} This court recognized also that a defendant must know the
disadvantages of self-representation, and stated that the trial court “must inform the
defendant that ‘he will be required to follow the same rules of procedure and
evidence which normally govern the conduct of a trial.’ ” Id., quoting State v. Doane,
69 Ohio App.3d 638, 646-647, 591 N.E.2d 735 (11th Dist.1990).
3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶7} The best way for the trial court to insure the defendant understands
the perils of self-representation, and that this understanding is reflected in the
record, is for the trial court to specifically warn the defendant of the technical
difficulties he will encounter when acting as his own counsel. But it is not the only
way. See United States v. Hafen, 726 F.2d 21, 26 (1st Cir.1984). The focus is on what
the defendant knew and understood, and the record must establish that the
defendant “ ‘knows what he is doing and his choice is made with eyes open.’ ”
Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835, 95 S.Ct. 2525, 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975),
quoting Adams v. United States ex rel. McCann, 317 U.S. 269, 279, 63 S.Ct. 236, 87
L.Ed. 268 (1942). See also State v. Johnson, 112 Ohio St.3d 210, 2006-Ohio-6406,
858 N.E.2d 1144, ¶ 102-103.
{¶8} Thus, there is no set “formula or script” for the court to follow when
ascertaining if there has been a valid waiver of counsel. Iowa v. Tovar, 541 U.S. 77,
88, 124 S.Ct. 1379, 158 L.Ed.2d 209 (2004). An intelligent waiver of counsel “will
depend on a range of case-specific factors, including the defendant’s education or
sophistication, the complex or easily grasped nature of the charge, and the stage of
the proceeding.” Id. See State v. Obermiller, 147 Ohio St.3d 175, 2016-Ohio-1594,
63 N.E.3d 93, ¶ 30, quoting Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82
L.Ed. 1461 (1938) (“Whether a defendant’s choice was made with eyes open typically
‘depend[s], in each case, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding
that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.’ ”).
Ultimately, whether the waiver was constitutionally valid must be decided on a case-
by-case basis. Vordenberge, 148 Ohio App.3d 488, 2002-Ohio-1612, 774 N.E.2d
278, at ¶ 12.
4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶9} Here, the transcripts show that the trial court informed Murphy that
he was charged with operating a boat without a life jacket aboard, a fourth-degree
misdemeanor violation of R.C. 1547.25. Murphy told the trial court of his defense to
this simple offense—“I [] know you don’t have to wear a life jacket in a boat.” The
transcripts also show the court advised Murphy that he had the right to be
represented by an attorney; that, if he qualified, he could have the court appoint an
attorney for him at no expense; and that there may be defenses to the charges that
Murphy was not aware of due to his lack of legal training.
{¶10} Further, the court warned Murphy that there were potential “negative
consequences” of self-representation and that the court was not permitted to give
him any “legal advice.” Although the court did not specifically explain to Murphy
that he would be required to follow the same rules of procedure and evidence that
normally govern the conduct of a trial, Murphy told the court that he previously had
been represented by public defenders and opined that “[t]hey don’t really help.”
Thus, the trial court was aware that Murphy had experience with the courts and he
knew the role and challenges of defense counsel.
{¶11} Murphy, who had been told that he could go to jail for 30 days,
clearly understood the negative consequences that could result from his waiver of
counsel, informing the court at one point that he was not opposed to going to jail “for
a couple days” to “save money.” Finally, Murphy repeatedly told the court that he
understood the right he was waiving and the implications of the waiver.
{¶12} Notwithstanding this record, Murphy argues that this case is
analogous to State v. Obermeyer, 152 Ohio App.3d 360, 2003-Ohio-1741, 787 N.E.2d
729 (1st Dist.). In Obermeyer, the defendant was charged with interference with
custody, in violation of R.C. 2919.23. Id. at ¶ 1. He signed a waiver of counsel and
5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
entered a no contest plea that the trial court accepted. Id. at ¶ 3. The trial court,
however, “did not discuss with Obermeyer the nature of the charge, the statutory
offense, the range of allowable punishments, including the maximum sentence for
the offense, or any possible defenses available to Obermeyer.” Id. at ¶ 8. And the
court “failed to thoroughly investigate whether Obermeyer had an understanding of
the entire matter and an awareness of the hazards of representing himself.” Id.
When faced with that record, we held, as the state had conceded, that Obermeyer had
not validly waived his right to counsel.
{¶13} This court’s focus in Obermeyer was on the trial court’s failures when
inquiring about Obermeyer’s knowledge and understanding of the right he was
waiving and the burden he was facing, and there was no discussion of anything in the
record that otherwise demonstrated Obermeyer’s knowledge and understanding of
the right he was waiving. As the state argues, the facts of this case are easily
distinguished from Obermeyer.
{¶14} The determinative facts show that Murphy had told the court of his
experience in the court system, expressed his appreciation of the charges that
comprised a violation of R.C. 1547.25, and told the court of his defense. Murphy
further acknowledged that he was facing a jail term, knew the role of counsel, and
had some appreciation of the hazards inherent in self-representation. The trial
court’s inquiry to determine whether Murphy fully understood and intelligently
relinquished his right to counsel, when coupled with these other facts, was sufficient
to demonstrate a valid waiver.
{¶15} Accordingly, we overrule the assignment of error and affirm the trial
court’s judgment.
Judgment affirmed.
6 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
M OCK , P.J., and M YERS , J., concur.
Please note: The court has recorded its own entry this date.