[Cite as State v. Morris, 2012-Ohio-22.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO : : Appellate Case No. 24034 Plaintiff-Appellee : : Trial Court Case No. 09-CR-2159/1 v. : : D’ALCAPONE A. MORRIS : (Criminal Appeal from : (Common Pleas Court) Defendant-Appellant : : ...........
OPINION
Rendered on the 6th day of January, 2012.
.........
MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by ANDREW T. FRENCH, Atty. Reg. #0069384, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, Montgomery County Courts Building, P.O. Box 972, 301 West Third Street, Dayton, Ohio 45422 Attorneys for Plaintiff-Appellee
JEREMIAH J. DENSLOW, Atty. Reg. #0074784, First National Plaza, 130 West Second Street, Suite 1600, Dayton, Ohio 45402 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
HALL, J.
{¶ 1} D’Alcapone A. Morris appeals from his conviction and sentence on charges of
murder, aggravated burglary, aggravated robbery, and a firearm specification.1
1 A jury convicted Morris of several other charges, which the trial court merged into those set forth above 2
{¶ 2} The record reflects that a jury found Morris guilty following an April 2010
trial. The State’s evidence at trial established that on June 3, 2009, Morris and a companion,
Michael Guy, arranged to have a female, Nichelle White, drive them to purchase marijuana
from an individual named Richard Pogue. 2 Upon arriving at Pogue’s residence, they
discovered that he did not have the marijuana. Pogue agreed, however, to accompany them to
the home of Javon Buckman, who had marijuana available. White drove the three men to
Buckman’s house on Kingsley Avenue. Once there, Buckman would allow only two of them
to enter. As a result, Pogue and Guy went inside while Morris stayed outside.
{¶ 3} Inside the house, Buckman handed Guy some marijuana. Instead of paying,
Guy pulled out a revolver he earlier had obtained from Morris and ordered Buckman and
Pogue to the floor. As that was happening, Morris entered through the side door, punched
Buckman and Pogue in their faces, took the revolver from Guy, and declared that Buckman
and Pogue were about to die. With Guy standing in front of him and Morris standing behind
him, Buckman heard Morris cock the revolver and fire a single shot. Guy and Morris then
rifled through Buckman’s pockets before fleeing the scene in White’s waiting car. Pogue died
as a result of a point-blank gunshot wound to his back. During their investigation, police
identified Guy and Morris as suspects. They first located Guy, who led them to White. They
later found Morris hiding under insulation in the attic of his girlfriend’s house.
{¶ 4} Morris testified at trial and admitted being at Buckman’s house with Guy and
Pogue on the night in question. He admitted bringing a revolver with him but denied knowing
for purposes of sentencing. (Termination entry, Doc. #56). 2 Throughout the record, we have found Richard’s last name spelled “Pogue” and “Poe.” For purposes of consistency, we will refer to him herein as “Pogue.” 3
about a robbery. According to Morris, he entered the house after hearing or seeing commotion
inside and saw Guy brandishing the gun. He testified that he was attempting to get the gun
from Guy when it “went off.” The jury nevertheless convicted Morris of all charges against
him. The trial court imposed an aggregate sentence of thirty-five years to life in prison. Morris
then filed this timely appeal, advancing eight assignments of error.
{¶ 5} In his first assignment of error, Morris contends the trial court erred in denying
his motion to suppress an out-of-court photo identification by Buckman and allowing
Buckman to identify him at trial.
{¶ 6} With regard to the photo-identification issue, the record reflects that, as part of
his investigation, detective Michael DeBorde prepared six or seven photo spreads, with
Morris being pictured in one of them. In early June 2009, the detective showed the photo
spreads to Buckman, who was unable to identify anyone in any of them. (Trial transcript at
23). Approximately three weeks later, DeBorde and another detective showed Buckman
another six-person photo spread that included a different, more recent picture of Morris. At
that time, “Buckman indicated that he did not remember the photos from the [earlier]
photospread[s].” (Suppression ruling, Doc. 35 at 4). Buckman then “stated that the persons in
positions two and five looked a lot like the person who was at the residence on Kingsley on
June 3, 2009,” but he was uncertain. (Id.). One of the two pictures, in fact, was of Morris. At
trial, DeBorde reiterated, however, that Buckman was not “a hundred percent sure” either of
the two people had been present at the time of the shooting. (Trial transcript at 34). In his own
trial testimony, Buckman recalled that he told the detectives both pictures looked like “the
shooter” but he could not be sure. (Trial transcript at 423). Despite his inability to make a
positive identification when viewing the photo spreads, Buckman subsequently testified at 4
trial and provided an in-court identification of Morris as the shooter. (Id. at 400-401).
{¶ 7} On appeal, Morris contends the trial court should have suppressed all evidence
about the photo spreads shown to Buckman. Morris argues that it was unduly suggestive for
police to show Buckman two photo spreads containing his picture, one in early June 2009 and
one three weeks later. He points out that no other individual’s photograph was shown to
Buckman more than once. In its suppression ruling, the trial court rejected Morris’s argument,
reasoning:
{¶ 8} “Defendant argues that, as it relates to the two photo lineups shown to Mr.
Buckman, that Mr. Morris’ likeness was the only one in both arrays. However, Mr. Buckman
indicated to the detectives that he did not remember the [earlier] pictures. Further, he was not
shown one lineup on the first occasion, but instead was shown six to seven lineups, only one
of which contained a photograph of Morris. Given the length of time between the two
interviews with Mr. Buckman, and the differences in the two arrays containing Morris’
pictures, as well as the number of arrays shown to Mr. Buckman, the court cannot say that
there was anything suggestive in the manner or means employed with the lineups shown to
Mr. Buckman. There is nothing distinguishing or different about the two pictures of Mr.
Morris that would make them stand out or suggest that a witness was being directed to him.”
(Doc. #35 at 5-6).
{¶ 9} Upon review, we agree with the trial court that the photo-spread identification
process in which Buckman participated was not suggestive. Morris’s only argument is that
detective DeBorde showed Buckman two photo spreads containing his picture. As the trial
court noted, however, the pictures of Morris in the two photo spreads were different, the two
reviews were separated by approximately three weeks, and Buckman testified that he did not 5
remember the pictures in the earlier photo spreads when he reviewed the later one. Under
these circumstances, we find no error in the trial court’s determination that there was nothing
suggestive in the “manner or means employed with the lineups shown to Mr. Buckman.” That
being so, the disputed evidence was admissible and any remaining questions as to reliability
went to the weight of the identification rather than its admissibility. State v. Garrett,
Montgomery App. No. 22262, 2008-Ohio-3710, ¶13.
{¶ 10} With regard to Buckman’s positive in-court identification of him as the
shooter, Morris argues that this identification should have been disallowed because the prior,
out-of-court photo identification was “unduly suggestive and the identification was
unreliable.” We disagree. Morris did not object to the in-court identification and, therefore,
has waived all but plain error.
{¶ 11} We see no error, much less plain error, in allowing Buckman to identify Morris
at trial. For the reasons set forth above, we conclude that the out-of-court photo-identification
process was not suggestive. Moreover, the failure to make a positive pretrial identification
does not preclude a witness from making a later in-court identification. State v. Brown,
Montgomery App. No. 21540, 2007-Ohio-2098, ¶19. Buckman’s trouble identifying Morris
by reviewing photo spreads may have affected the weight of his in-court identification but not
its admissibility. Moreover, an in-person identification can have different parameters such as
height, weight, and a three-dimensional view that is not evident in a photograph.
Accordingly, the first assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 12} In his second assignment of error, Morris claims the trial court erred when it
allowed Nichelle White to testify that she overheard him say, just days after the shooting, that
he had been “born and raised to kill.” 6
{¶ 13} Morris asserts that the foregoing statement was irrelevant or, alternatively, that
its probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. We
disagree. The trial court acted within its discretion in finding the statement to be relevant.
Such a statement made by an accused killer two days after a killing in which he has been
implicated has a “tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the
determination of the action more probable * * * than it would be without the evidence.”
Evid.R. 401. Specifically, the statement is relevant to Morris’s identity as the killer. The trial
court also acted within its discretion in finding the probative value of the statement not
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Morris’s statement had
considerable probative value given that he made it shortly after a murder that he allegedly had
committed. The second assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 14} In his third assignment of error, Morris argues that his due process rights were
violated when Pogue’s mother testified about her surviving son and cried in front of the jury.
The record reflects that Terry Clark briefly testified about having two sons, Richard Pogue
and Quentin Clark, and identified their ages. Thereafter, the prosecutor showed Clark a picture
of the decedent and she identified him as Richard Pogue. The trial transcript reflects that
Clark was “crying” during this part of her testimony. Immediately after Clark identified her
deceased son, the trial court took a five-minute break. During that time, defense counsel
objected to the identification, arguing that Morris had offered to stipulate to identity.
{¶ 15} In response, the State denied that a stipulation had been offered. Moreover, the
prosecutor correctly noted that the State was not required to accept a stipulation. See, e.g.,
State v. Wilson (Oct. 12, 1994), Lorain App. No. 92CA005396. The prosecutor further argued
that Clark’s testimony was pertinent to the aggravated robbery charge because she described 7
missing jewelry and other items that her deceased son had worn the night of his death. The
trial court resolved the issue by instructing the jury to “disregard any display of emotion[.]”
{¶ 16} Upon review, we see no error in the trial court’s handling of the situation. As
an initial matter, Morris did not object to Clark’s testimony about having a
twenty-eight-year-old son named Quentin Clark. Therefore, he has waived all but plain error,
which does not exist. With regard to Clark’s identification of her deceased son’s picture, the
trial court acted within its discretion in giving a cautionary instruction, particularly when
defense counsel never requested a mistrial. The third assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 17} In his fourth assignment of error, Morris asserts that his convictions are against
the manifest weight of the evidence. Notably absent from his brief, however, is any specific
argument addressing the state of the evidence. After setting forth the standards governing a
manifest-weight challenge, Morris asserts, in conclusory fashion, “that the case before the
court presents exceptional circumstances in that the jury clearly lost its way when it found
[him] guilty of the herein charges.”
{¶ 18} We are unpersuaded that Morris’s convictions are against the manifest weight
of the evidence. Particularly in the absence of any argument from him on the issue, we do not
find that the evidence weighs heavily against his convictions. The State presented testimony
that fully supports his convictions for murder, aggravated burglary, aggravated robbery, and
a firearm specification. Accordingly, the fourth assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 19} In his fifth assignment of error, Morris maintains that the trial court erred in
allowing the prosecutor to elicit hearsay testimony identifying him as the shooter. Detective
Michael DeBorde of the Dayton Homicide Squad was assigned to investigate the death of 8
Richard Pogue. On the witness stand, the prosecutor directed DeBorde through the course of
his investigation, asking how the detective constructed several photo spreads, as well as when,
and how, the photo spreads were presented to Javon Buckman. DeBorde responded that he
initially showed Buckman six or seven photo spreads, one of which contained a 2008 picture
of the defendant. DeBorde included Morris’s picture because he had received the name
“D’Alcapone” through a “Crimestopper tip.” (Trial transcript at 608).3 Buckman was unable
to identify anyone in the photo spreads. At trial, the prosecutor asked DeBorde: “* * * [D]id
Mr. Buckman say that the shooter was not in any of those photo spreads?” The prosecutor
apparently used the term “shooter” to refer to the person Buckman already had testified fired
the shot inside his house that struck Richard Pogue.
{¶ 20} A couple weeks later, DeBorde constructed a photo spread containing a picture
of Michael Guy. Buckman identified Guy as the “darker and shorter individual that had come
into the house and pulled the gun on them, and then gave the gun over” to the defendant. (Id.
at 615). DeBorde then was asked about how he got to the defendant to obtain a more current
photograph for inclusion in another photo spread that Buckman eventually reviewed. The
following is the direct examination of detective DeBorde about a jailhouse interview with
Michael Guy:
{¶ 21} “Q. Now, you can’t help [sic] us what he said, but let me ask you, Detective,
did he identify the shooter, the individual–
{¶ 22} “[Defense Counsel] Objection.
{¶ 23} “The Court: Overruled. You can answer it if he did.
3 The defense objected to this answer to a question but has not raised the overruling of that objection as part of the fifth assignment of error. 9
{¶ 24} “Q. Correct. Not eliciting the statements, as I said, without telling us what
his answer was, did [Guy] tell you at that time, identify who the shooter was inside that house
on Kingsley Avenue?
{¶ 25} “A. He did.
{¶ 26} “Q. And was he offered anything in exchange for that information that he
provided in that interview?
{¶ 27} “A. He was not. A cup of water.
{¶ 28} “Q. Cup of water. Had he entered into any agreements with the state of Ohio
at any time in that interview?
{¶ 29} “A. He did not. We hadn’t even spoken to the state of Ohio at that time.
{¶ 30} “Q. In fact, did you even have a warrant for his arrest in reference to this case
at the time of that interview?
{¶ 31} “A. We did not.
{¶ 32} “Q. Now, again, you can’t tell us what he said, but let me just ask you, after
interviewing Michael Guy, who did you then try to seek out to interview?
{¶ 33} “A. Ms. Nichelle White, and eventually D’Alcapone Morris.” (Id. at
617-618).
{¶ 34} Morris contends the foregoing testimony is tantamount to DeBorde saying Guy
told him Morris was the shooter—which Morris contends would be inadmissible hearsay. We
disagree. Our interpretation of the question, in context, is that DeBorde was being asked
whether Guy provided the name of his accomplice, who the prosecutor was referring to as the
“shooter.” DeBorde merely testified that Guy “identified” the “shooter.” This testimony 10
apparently was not admitted for the truth of the matter, but rather to explain how the detective
proceeded to the next step in his investigation. In that respect, the testimony was not hearsay
at all. The testimony was carefully tailored to describe how DeBoard proceeded through his
investigation. DeBorde added that, after interviewing Guy, he tried to interview White and
Morris. DeBorde did not say that Guy identified Morris as the shooter, and such an inference,
in our view, is not as clear as appellant argues. It could be that Guy merely suggested to
DeBorde that White and Morris might have more or better information about the case.
{¶ 35} But our inquiry into whether the above questions and their answers should
have been admitted does not end with the determination that the testimony does not contain
hearsay.4 In State v. Sinkfield (Oct. 2, 1998), Montgomery App. No. 16277, a detective was
permitted to testify that he included Sinkfield’s photograph in a photo spread because police
had received an anonymous “Crimestoppers” tip that Sinkfield was a suspect. On review, this
Court cited as authority State v. Blevins (1987), 36 Ohio App.3d 147, for the proposition that
when out-of-court statements are admitted merely to explain a police officer’s conduct during
the course of an investigation, “[f]irst, the conduct to be explained must be ‘relevant,
equivocal, and contemporaneous’ with the out-of-court statements. Second, the out-of-court
statements must meet the standard of Evid.R. 403(A). Thus, even if the statements are
relevant to proving some fact other than the truth of the matter asserted, the evidence still
must be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the dangers of unfair
prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury.” Sinkfield, citing Blevins. The Tenth
District Court of Appeals has since expanded on Blevins to include a third criteria that “when
4 Appellant’s argument, and apparently the trial objection, is that the testimony elicits hearsay. It does not. But we continue with the analysis to describe the broader spectrum of case law affecting this kind of testimony. 11
the statements connect the accused with the crime charged, they should generally be
excluded.” State v. Humphrey, Franklin App. No. 07AP-837, 2008-Ohio-6302, ¶11.
{¶ 36} Here, the detective did not testify to any actual “statements” made by Michael
Guy. One must infer from the detective’s testimony, and subsequent actions, that Guy
identified D’Alcapone Morris as his accomplice. But, for the sake of this discussion, we will
assume that the testimony effectively contained a statement. That testimony was apparently
“relevant” to the issues at hand. Without context or some explanation, the actions of the
detective would be presented in a vacuum and would appear “equivocal.” And, the continued
course of the investigation was contemporaneous with the “statement.”
{¶ 37} The next two questions are whether the prejudicial effect of the testimony
outweighed the probative value and whether the “statements” should “generally be excluded.”
To put the “statement” testimony into perspective, Javon Buckman had already testified that
two men robbed him and Richard Pogue, and a shot was fired by the defendant. Buckman
hardly could have mistaken one of the robbers for the other. Guy was later described as 5'8" or
5'9" and 180 pounds. Morris was 4'11" and 100 pounds. Buckman identified Morris as the
one who had fired the shot and who had punched him in the face. Nichelle White already
testified that she had driven Morris, Guy, and “Red” (Richard Pogue) to Buckman’s house.
She saw Morris with the gun. At Buckman’s house on Kingsley Avenue, the three got out of
the car and went toward the house. Shortly thereafter, from her waiting car White heard
gunshots. Morris and Guy returned to her car and left. Morris said his hand “was broke” and
he had blood on his shirt. Later, Morris forensically was connected to the scene through
testimony that his DNA was in a bloodstain on the back of the T-shirt Javon Buckman was
wearing. Moreover, although clearly not evidence, in opening statements the jury heard 12
defense counsel disclose an expectation that Michael Guy would testify that D’Alcapone
Morris was the one who pulled out the gun and committed the robbery. Guy was on both the
State’s and the defense’s witness list but was not called by either. Given all of these
circumstances to evaluate, we cannot say that admission of the “statement” that Guy identified
his accomplice was an abuse of discretion.
{¶ 38} Assuming that we were to find an abuse of discretion, requiring exclusion of
the described testimony, we still would be faced with evaluating whether admission of the
testimony was harmless. All of the considerations in the previous paragraph go into that mix.
In addition, unlike in Sinkfield, the prosecutor did not argue that DeBorde’s testimony about
Guy leading him to Nichelle White and then to the defendant should be considered as
substantive evidence of the defendant’s guilt. To the contrary, the prosecutor argued: “You
can’t speculate as to the reason why [Guy] wasn’t called anymore than you can speculate as to
what he would have said if he came in and testified. * * * You can’t pretend you know what
he would say. * * * And that’s not evidence.” (Trial transcript at 832). Finally, Morris
testified himself. He acknowledged that he brought the gun to Buckman’s house because “I’m
a drug dealer. I–I carry a gun every day.” (Id. at 743). He testified that Guy committed the
robbery and he, Morris, tried to stop him by asking for the gun; and when Guy was reaching to
give Morris the gun it went off. (Id. at 752). Additionally, unlike in Sinkfield, the jury had not
been subjected to several “highly inflammatory and prejudicial” comments constituting
“prosecutorial misconduct” that was apparent in that case. Here we conclude that the
“statement” Guy made was, at most, harmless error beyond a reasonable doubt. For all of
these reasons, the fifth assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 39} In his sixth assignment of error, Morris contends the trial court erred when it 13
disallowed cross-examination of detective DeBorde about proffer and plea agreements
between Michael Guy and the State. Morris contends that cross-examination regarding such
agreements should have been allowed because the prosecutor had “opened the door” in her
prior questioning of DeBorde.
{¶ 40} Upon review, we see no error in the trial court’s ruling. The trial court allowed
defense counsel to cross-examine DeBorde about the fact that the State had entered into
proffer and plea agreements with Guy. The trial court reasoned, however, that unless Guy
actually testified (which he did not do) the particular substance of the agreements was not
relevant. We agree. The only apparent reason for seeking to cross-examine DeBorde about the
agreements was to impeach Guy’s credibility by establishing bias or interest. But Guy’s
credibility was not at issue because he did not testify. Accordingly, the sixth assignment of
error is overruled.
{¶ 41} In his seventh assignment of error, Morris claims the trial court erred in
allowing the prosecutor to elicit hearsay testimony from detective DeBorde about Javon
Buckman identifying Morris as the shooter.
{¶ 42} Once again, we disagree. Buckman’s statement to DeBorde identifying Morris
as the shooter met the requirements for admissibility under Evid.R. 801(D)(1)(c) and R.C.
2945.55. Under the evidence rule, a statement is not hearsay if “[t]he declarant testifies at trial
or hearing and is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement, and the statement is *
* * one of identification of a person soon after perceiving the person, if the circumstances
demonstrate the reliability of the prior identification.” Here Buckman, the declarant, testified
at trial and was subject to cross-examination about his identification. His statement to
DeBorde identifying Morris as the shooter was made shortly after the shooting. Finally, 14
circumstances corroborated the reliability of Buckman’s statement to DeBorde, including
Buckman’s own in-court identification of Morris as the shooter. Buckman’s statement to
DeBorde likewise satisfied R.C. 2945.55, which provides: “When identification of the
defendant is an issue, a witness who has on previous occasion identified such person may
testify to such previous identification. Such identification may be proved by other witnesses.”
(Emphasis added). As noted above, Buckman previously had identified Morris as the shooter.
Therefore, the State was permitted to prove this identification through another witness such as
DeBorde. See, e.g., State v. Levingston, Hamilton App. No. C-090235, 2011-Ohio-1665,
¶24-25. The seventh assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 43} In his eighth assignment of error, Morris argues that the trial court erred in
allowing the prosecutor to elicit hearsay testimony from DeBorde identifying Michael Guy as
the person who had paid Nichelle White forty dollars for a ride. We reject this argument for
much the same reason we overruled the seventh assignment of error. White testified at trial
and was subject to cross-examination. Her statement to DeBorde identifying Guy as the
person who had paid her forty dollars for a ride on the night of the shooting was made shortly
after the incident. DeBorde’s testimony about White’s statement also was corroborated by her
own in-court testimony that Guy paid her forty dollars to serve as the driver. At a minimum,
White’s statement to DeBorde identifying Guy as the person who had paid her forty dollars
met the requirements for admissibility under Evid.R. 801(D)(1)(c). 5 Finally, even if
DeBorde’s testimony on this issue did constitute inadmissible hearsay, we would find its
5 Parenthetically, we note that R.C. 2945.55 does not appear to apply to White’s identification of Guy as the person who had paid her forty dollars because Guy is not the defendant here. Unlike Evid.R. 801(D)(1)(c), the statute is limited to “identification of the defendant.” 15
admission harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Testimony about the forty dollars was
relatively insignificant, and White herself testified that Guy had paid her. Accordingly, the
eighth assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 44} Based on the reasoning set forth above, the judgment of the Montgomery
County Common Pleas Court is affirmed.
..............
GRADY, P.J., concurs.
DONOVAN, J., concurs in judgment only.
Copies mailed to:
Mathias H. Heck, Jr. Andrew T. French Jeremiah J. Denslow Hon. Mary K. Huffman