The Chief Justice.
The indictment charges the defendants with the creation of a nuisance, by erecting a building upon the public highway, and continuing it there'; and also by placing cars in the public highway, and suffering them to remain therein. The single question presented for the consideration of the couit is, whether a corporation aggregate is liable to be proceeded against by indictment for 'any offence committed by active means or by an affirmative act, which must of necessity be charged to have been done vi et armis.
The law is well settled, that a corporation aggregate is liable to indictment. It is said, indeed, by Blackstone, that a corporation cannot commit treason, felony, or other crime, in its corporate capacity, citing the case of Sutton’s Hospital, 10 Coice 32. The original authority is simply, that a corporation cannot commit treason. While it is conceded that a corporation cannot, from its nature, be guilty of treason, felony, or other crime involving malus animus in its commission, it is believed that there is no authority, ancient or modern, which denies the liability of a corporation aggregate to indictment, except an anonymous case, said to have been decided by Chief Justice Holt, in the Court of King’s Bench, in the 13 Will. 3 (1701.) The case is reported, in 12 Mod. 559, briefly as follows : “Note per Holt, Chief Justice. A corporation is not indictable, but the particular members of it are.” It may well be doubted ■whether this is not one of those cases which extorted from Lord Holt the bitter complaint of his reporters, “ that the stuff which they published would make posterity think ill of his understanding, and that of his brethren on the bench.” Aside from the apochryphal character of the report, it is hardly credible that so learned and accurate a judge as Lord Holt should have laid down the broad proposition imputed to him by his reporter. It is certain that while he was chief justice of the King’s Bench, there were cases before that court of indictments against quasi corporations for neglect to repair roads and bridges.
Regina v. The County of Wilts, 1 Salk. 359 ; The Queen v. The Inhabitants of Cluworth, 6 Mod. 163, S. C.; 1 Salk. 359, and in the Queen v. Saintiff, 6 Mod. 255, Lord Holt [365]*365himself held, that if a common footway be in decay, an indictment must of necessity lie for it, because an action will not lie without a special damage. It seems to be true, moreover, as was stated by Talfourd, Sergeant Arguendo, in the 'Queen v. Railway Co., 3 Queen’s Bench 227, that although there was at that time no direct authority in England for the position, that a corporation aggregate is indictable in the corporate name, yet the course of precedents has been uniform for centuries, and the doctrine has frequently been taken for granted, both in arguments and by the judges. The case of Langforth Bridge Cro. Car. 365 (1635); Regina v. The Inhabitants of the County of Wilts, 1 Salk. 359 (1705); The King v. Inhabitants of the West Riding of Yorkshire, 2 Blac. Rep. 685 (1770); Rex v. The Inhabitants of Great Boughton, 5 Burr. 2700 (1771); The King v. The Inhabitants of Clifton, 5 D. & E. 499 (1794); Rex v. The Corporation of Liverpool, 3 East 86 (1802); Rex v. Mayor of Stratford upon Avon, 14 East 348 (1811); Rex v. The City of Gloucester, Dougherty’s Crown Cire. Ass. 259.
Notwithstanding the frequent instances to be found in the books of indictments against aggregate corporations for neglect of duty imposed by law, the liability of a corporation to indictment was not expressly adjudicated in Westminster Hall until the very recent ease of The Queen v. The Birmingham, and Gloucester Railway Co., 9 Car. & Payne 469, 3 Queen’s Bench 223. In that case, it was directly adjudged that a corporation aggregate may be indicted by their corporate name for disobedience to an order of justices requiring such corporation to execute works pursuant to a statute.
The same principle has been repeatedly recognized in the American courts, both before and since the decision in The Queen v. The Birmingham and Gloucester Railway Company. Mower v. Leicester, 9 Mass. 250; Howard v. North Bridgewater, 16 Pick. 190; The Susquehanna and Bath Turnpike Co. v. The People, 15 Wend. 267; Freeholders v. Strader, 3 Harr, 108.
In this state, there is an express legislative recognition of the liability of corporations to indictment. The act of Eebru[366]*366ary 10, 1837, (Rev. Stat. 999) provides a mode of compelling the appearance of corporations to indictments, and of enforcing sentence upon conviction. It is not understood that the counsel for the defence question or deny the liability of a corporation aggregate to indictment. The question discussed upon the argument was, not whether a corporation aggregate may be indicted, but for. what offence it may be indicted, or what offence a corporation aggregate may in its corporate capacity commit.
It is insisted, that although a corporation is liable to indictment for neglect of duty or mere nonfeasance, it cannot be indicted for any offence requiring for its commission a direct and positive act. I ani aware of but two cases in which this question has been directly presented for judicial decision. In the case of The State v. The Great Works Milling and Man. Co., 20 Maine Rep. 41, the defendants were indicted for a nuisance in the erection of a dam across the Penobscot river. At June term, 1841, the Supreme Court of Maine decided that the indictment could not be sustained, on the ground that where a crime or misdemeanor is committed by any positive or affirmative act, under color of corporate authority, the individuals acting, and not the corporation, should be indicted.
In The Queen v. The Great North of England Railway Co., 9 Queen’s Bench 315, the defendants were indicted for cutting through and obstructing a highway, by works performed in a course not conformable to the powers conferred on the company by act of parliament. The indictment, after solemn argument and deliberate advisement, was sustained by the unanimous opinion of the Court of Queen’s Bench, the court thus sustaining the principle, that a corporation aggregate may be indicted for a misfeasance.
These two authorities being directly in conflict, it may be necessary to consider the principle involved in the inquiry. It being conceded that an indictment will lie against a corporation aggregate for a nonfeasance, or for any cause whatever, all preliminary and formal objections arising out .of the invisibility and intangibility of the body aggregate, the [367]*367impossibility of arresting it, its inability to appear, its incapacity for punishment, and the injustice of punishing innocent stockholders for the acts of others, are at once disposed of. These objections apply, it is obvious, with equal force to indictments for acts of nonfeasance. If they are invalid as to the one, they are equally so as to the other.
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The Chief Justice.
The indictment charges the defendants with the creation of a nuisance, by erecting a building upon the public highway, and continuing it there'; and also by placing cars in the public highway, and suffering them to remain therein. The single question presented for the consideration of the couit is, whether a corporation aggregate is liable to be proceeded against by indictment for 'any offence committed by active means or by an affirmative act, which must of necessity be charged to have been done vi et armis.
The law is well settled, that a corporation aggregate is liable to indictment. It is said, indeed, by Blackstone, that a corporation cannot commit treason, felony, or other crime, in its corporate capacity, citing the case of Sutton’s Hospital, 10 Coice 32. The original authority is simply, that a corporation cannot commit treason. While it is conceded that a corporation cannot, from its nature, be guilty of treason, felony, or other crime involving malus animus in its commission, it is believed that there is no authority, ancient or modern, which denies the liability of a corporation aggregate to indictment, except an anonymous case, said to have been decided by Chief Justice Holt, in the Court of King’s Bench, in the 13 Will. 3 (1701.) The case is reported, in 12 Mod. 559, briefly as follows : “Note per Holt, Chief Justice. A corporation is not indictable, but the particular members of it are.” It may well be doubted ■whether this is not one of those cases which extorted from Lord Holt the bitter complaint of his reporters, “ that the stuff which they published would make posterity think ill of his understanding, and that of his brethren on the bench.” Aside from the apochryphal character of the report, it is hardly credible that so learned and accurate a judge as Lord Holt should have laid down the broad proposition imputed to him by his reporter. It is certain that while he was chief justice of the King’s Bench, there were cases before that court of indictments against quasi corporations for neglect to repair roads and bridges.
Regina v. The County of Wilts, 1 Salk. 359 ; The Queen v. The Inhabitants of Cluworth, 6 Mod. 163, S. C.; 1 Salk. 359, and in the Queen v. Saintiff, 6 Mod. 255, Lord Holt [365]*365himself held, that if a common footway be in decay, an indictment must of necessity lie for it, because an action will not lie without a special damage. It seems to be true, moreover, as was stated by Talfourd, Sergeant Arguendo, in the 'Queen v. Railway Co., 3 Queen’s Bench 227, that although there was at that time no direct authority in England for the position, that a corporation aggregate is indictable in the corporate name, yet the course of precedents has been uniform for centuries, and the doctrine has frequently been taken for granted, both in arguments and by the judges. The case of Langforth Bridge Cro. Car. 365 (1635); Regina v. The Inhabitants of the County of Wilts, 1 Salk. 359 (1705); The King v. Inhabitants of the West Riding of Yorkshire, 2 Blac. Rep. 685 (1770); Rex v. The Inhabitants of Great Boughton, 5 Burr. 2700 (1771); The King v. The Inhabitants of Clifton, 5 D. & E. 499 (1794); Rex v. The Corporation of Liverpool, 3 East 86 (1802); Rex v. Mayor of Stratford upon Avon, 14 East 348 (1811); Rex v. The City of Gloucester, Dougherty’s Crown Cire. Ass. 259.
Notwithstanding the frequent instances to be found in the books of indictments against aggregate corporations for neglect of duty imposed by law, the liability of a corporation to indictment was not expressly adjudicated in Westminster Hall until the very recent ease of The Queen v. The Birmingham, and Gloucester Railway Co., 9 Car. & Payne 469, 3 Queen’s Bench 223. In that case, it was directly adjudged that a corporation aggregate may be indicted by their corporate name for disobedience to an order of justices requiring such corporation to execute works pursuant to a statute.
The same principle has been repeatedly recognized in the American courts, both before and since the decision in The Queen v. The Birmingham and Gloucester Railway Company. Mower v. Leicester, 9 Mass. 250; Howard v. North Bridgewater, 16 Pick. 190; The Susquehanna and Bath Turnpike Co. v. The People, 15 Wend. 267; Freeholders v. Strader, 3 Harr, 108.
In this state, there is an express legislative recognition of the liability of corporations to indictment. The act of Eebru[366]*366ary 10, 1837, (Rev. Stat. 999) provides a mode of compelling the appearance of corporations to indictments, and of enforcing sentence upon conviction. It is not understood that the counsel for the defence question or deny the liability of a corporation aggregate to indictment. The question discussed upon the argument was, not whether a corporation aggregate may be indicted, but for. what offence it may be indicted, or what offence a corporation aggregate may in its corporate capacity commit.
It is insisted, that although a corporation is liable to indictment for neglect of duty or mere nonfeasance, it cannot be indicted for any offence requiring for its commission a direct and positive act. I ani aware of but two cases in which this question has been directly presented for judicial decision. In the case of The State v. The Great Works Milling and Man. Co., 20 Maine Rep. 41, the defendants were indicted for a nuisance in the erection of a dam across the Penobscot river. At June term, 1841, the Supreme Court of Maine decided that the indictment could not be sustained, on the ground that where a crime or misdemeanor is committed by any positive or affirmative act, under color of corporate authority, the individuals acting, and not the corporation, should be indicted.
In The Queen v. The Great North of England Railway Co., 9 Queen’s Bench 315, the defendants were indicted for cutting through and obstructing a highway, by works performed in a course not conformable to the powers conferred on the company by act of parliament. The indictment, after solemn argument and deliberate advisement, was sustained by the unanimous opinion of the Court of Queen’s Bench, the court thus sustaining the principle, that a corporation aggregate may be indicted for a misfeasance.
These two authorities being directly in conflict, it may be necessary to consider the principle involved in the inquiry. It being conceded that an indictment will lie against a corporation aggregate for a nonfeasance, or for any cause whatever, all preliminary and formal objections arising out .of the invisibility and intangibility of the body aggregate, the [367]*367impossibility of arresting it, its inability to appear, its incapacity for punishment, and the injustice of punishing innocent stockholders for the acts of others, are at once disposed of. These objections apply, it is obvious, with equal force to indictments for acts of nonfeasance. If they are invalid as to the one, they are equally so as to the other.
But it is said, that although a corporation may omit to perform acts made obligatory upon it by law, and thus be liable for nonfeasance, yet lrotn its very nature it cannot use force, and therefore cannot commit any act involving force, and which must be charged to have been committed vi et armis. This argument rests entirely upon the disability of the corporation to commit any act of trespass or positive wrong, and applies to its capacity to commit civil as well as criminal injuries. It is the very argument by which it was sought to be established that no action for a trespass or tort would lie against a corporation. But it has been well said, that if a corporation has itself no hands with which to strike, it may employ the bands of others; and it is now perfectly well settled, contrary to the ancient authorities, that a corporation is liable civiliter for all torts committed by its servants or agents by authority of the corporation, express or implied. Thus it is liable in trover. Tarborough v. The Bank of England, 16 East 6; Duncan v. The Surrey Canal, 3 Stark. 50; Foster v. The Essex Bank, 17 Mass. 503; Beach v. The Fulton Bank, 7 Cowen 485. In case for indirect injuries resulting from tortious acts as well as from negligence — Bridge v. The Grand Junction Railway Co., 3 Mees. & W. 244; The Chesmut Hill Turnpike Co. v. Rutter, 4 Serg. & Rawle 6; Thayer v. Boston, 19 Pick. 511; Bailey v. The Mayor of New York, 3 Hill 531; S. C. (in error), 2 Denio 433; Baptist Church v. Schenectady and Troy Railroad, 5 Barbour’s Supreme Court R. 79 ; Wilson v. The Rockland, Manufacturing Co., 2 Harring’s R. 67; In trespass quare clausum fregit — Bloodgood v. The Mohawk and H. Railroad Co., 14 Wend. 54, S. C., 18 Wend. 9 ; Thatcher v. The Dartmouth Bridge Co., 18 Pick. 501; The Seneca Railroad Co. v. The Auburn and R. Railroad Co., 5 Hill 170; Van Wormer v. The Mayor of Alba[368]*368ny, 15 Wend. 262. In trespass vi et armis to personal property — Maund v. Monmouthshire Canal Co., 4 Man. & Gran. 452; Hay v. Cohoes Co., 3 Barbour’s Sup. Co. R. 42; Whiteman’s Executors v. The Wil. and Susq. Railroad Co., 2 Harring’s R. 514. And in ejectment — Dater v. The Troy Railroad and Turnpike Co., 2 Hill 631.
So a corporation may be guilty of a disseisin. Second Precinct v. Catholic Cong., 23 Pick. 140; Proprietors of the Canal Bridge v. Gordon, 1 Pick. 296 ; and even of an assault and false imprisonment. Eastern Counties Railway Co. v. Brown, 2 Law and Eq. 406.
These cases have all arisen within the present century, and are certainly in conflict with the ancient doctrine, as laid -down by the'venerable sages of the law, if not by the authority of the courts. Liber Ass. fol. 100, pl. 67 ; Brooke’s Ab. “ Corporations,” 43, “ Trespass,” 239; Com. Dig. “ Corporations,” F. 19, “ Pleader ” 2 B.; 2 Impeys Prac. 675 ; 2 Sell. Pr. 78 ; Viner’s Ab. “ Corporations,” P. § 2, 2 § 15 ; 1 Saund. P. & E. 386 ; 1 Bl. Com. 476 ; 1 Wooddeson’s Lee. 296 ; and 8 East 230, per Lawrence, J.
The earlier authorities, denying the liability of corporations civiliter for torts, are nearly all traceable to the dictum of Chief Justice Thorpe, in Liber Ass. 100, pl. 67, that “a writ of trespass lies not against a commonalty, for, he said, a man shall never have a capias or exigent against a commonalty.” From this view of the law, it would seem that the difficulty in holding corporations liable civiliter for their tortious acts was originally supposed to consist not in the inability of the corporations to commit the wrong, but in the incapacity of the courts to administer the remedy.
The result-of the modern cases is, that a corporation is liable civiliter for torts committed by its servants or agents precisely as a natural person; and that it is liable as a natural person for the acts of its agents done by its authority, express or implied, though there be neither a written appointment under seal, nor a vote of the corporation constituting the agency or authorizing the act. The doctrine is founded on sound principle, and applies, so far at least as the present objection is con[369]*369cerned, as well to the criminal as to the civil liability of the corporation.
It is further objected, that a corporation aggregate cannot be liable to indictment for any crime, because the commission of the criminal act is not warranted by their corporate powers. This argument, pushed to its legitimate conclusion, would exempt a corporation from all liability for wrongs, civil as well as criminal. It is most aptly answered by Mr. Biuney, in his argument in The Chestnut Hill Turnpike Co. v. Rutter 6 Binney 12. “ According to the doctrine contended for, if t,hey do an act within the scope of their corporate powers it is legal, and they are not answerable for the consequences. If the act be not within the range of their corporate powers, they had no right by law to do it: it was not one of the objects for which they were incorporated, and therefore it is no act of the corporation at all. This doctrine leads to absolute impunity for every species of wrong, and can never be sanctioned by any court of'justice.”
But why should corporations be held liable for nonfeasance, and not for misfeasance f why for neglect of duty, and not for violation of law? The startling incongruity of allowing the exemption, is (as was said by Lord Denman, in The Queen v. The Great North of England Railway Company,) one strong argument against it.
It is said, again, that the individuals who concur in making the order or in doing the work are individually responsible. And so is every servant or agent by whose agency a tort is committed, but it has never been supposed that the principal is therefore exempt from liability. On the contrary, the principle and the policy of the law has ever been to look to the principal rather than to the mere agent; and in the case of corporations, it is the clear dictate of sound law not only, but of public policy, to look rather to the corporation at whose instance and for whose benefit the wrong is perpetrated, than to the individual directors by whose order the wrong was done, who may be entirely unknown, or to the laborers by -whom the work was performed, who, in a great majority of cases, would be alike unknown and irresponsible.
[370]*370It is true that there are crimes (perjury for example) of which a corporation cannot, in the nature of things, be guilty. There are other crimes, as treason and murder, for which the punishment imposed by law cannot be inflicted upon a corporation. Nor can they be liable for any crime of- which a corrupt intent or malus animus is an essential ingredient. But the creation of a mere nuisance involves no such element. It is totally immaterial whether the person erecting the nuisance does it ignorantly or by design, with a good intent or an evil intent; and there is no reason why for such an offence a corporation should not be indicted.
There is a strong reason, which does not seem to have been adverted to in the reported cases, why the corporation, and not the individual directors or laborers, should be indicted for the creation of a nuisance. The principal object of an indictment for a nuisance, is to compel it to be abated; and regularly a part of the judgment upon conviction is, that the nuisance be abated. 1 Hawk. P. C., ch. 75, § 14; Queen v. The Inhabitants of Chuworth, 1 Salk. 358, S. C.; 6 Mod. 234; 1 Chit. Crim. Law 716 ; The King v. Stead, 8 D. & E. 142; Commonweallh v. Wright, Angell on Tidewaters 222.
A similar judgment was rendered in the case of The State v. King, in the Passaic Oyer and Terminer, which has since been affirmed in the Court of Errors aft cl Appeals. If the rights of the corporation are to be concluded by the judgment, as in the present case, a valuable building, erected by the company at great cost for their own convenience, is to be ordered to be torn down as an. encroachment upon the highway, there is peculiar propriety in making the corporation itself a party, and giving it an opportunity of being heard in defence. To condemn the property of the corporation to destruction upon an indictment, against an irresponsible individual who was employed in the construction of the work, but who has no interest in the company, and who perhaps is hostile to its interests, savors strongly of the injustice of condemning them unheard. And it is not clear how the sentence is to be executed against the corporation, who are in possession, and in no sense parties to the proceeding.
[371]*371I am of opinion that the judgment below should be affirmed.
Nevius, J. This is an indictment, found by the grand jury of the county of Morris, against the plaintiffs in error, who are an incorporated railroad company, upon which they were convicted before the Court of Oyer and Terminer and General Jail Delivery of that county.
The indictment contains two counts. The first charges them with erecting and maintaining a building upon a certain public highway, and thereby creating a nuisance and obstruction to the free use of said highway. The second charges them with obstructing said highway upon divers days, and for certain periods of time on each day, by permitting and suffering their train of cars to stand upon it, and thereby injuriously and unlawfully impeding and preventing the travel, &c., to the great damage and common nuisance, &c.
It is not denied in the argument, nor can it be, that an indictment will lie for the erection or continuance of a puisance or unlawful obstruction, on a public highway. All common and public nuisances, which aggrieve, annoy or impair the common rights of the community, may be punished criminally by indictment. The offence charged in this indictment is of that character, a public and common nuisance, and undeniably an indictable offence, if committed by an individual. But it is here insisted, that an incorporated company, as such, cannot he indicted for any positive and affirmative act, which in its nature must be the act of an individual, and committed with force. The principle being admitted, that the person who erects a public nuisance may be indicted for it, let us inquire whether an. artificial person, or an incorporated company, in their corporate capacity, can erect or maintain, and continue a public nuisance. For if they can, ex vi termini, they may be indicted. It requires no great ingenuity to show that a company, as such, may be guilty of a public nuisance. A canal company, acting within the scope of its chartered rights, constructs a canal across a public highway or road, but neglects to erect a bridge for the accommodation of the public travel; such canal becomes a nuisance, as well by the act, as by the ‘neglect of the [372]*372•company. So if a railroad company erects an embankment across a public highway, which by law they may be authorized to do, or make a deep excavation across such road, without providing the means for the public to pass over, such embankment or excavation becomes a nuisance, and the company criminally responsible for it. So in the case before us, the plaintiffs in error, having a right to erect buildings for the transaction of their business, by their own act, or the act of their agents under their direction, erect a building on a public highway, where by law they have no right to erect it, it becomes a public nuisance. And there would be little“justiee in proceeding against the agent or servant of the company, and subjecting him to fine and imprisonment, for an.act which he may have performed in good faith, and suffering his employers not only to escape punishment, but leaving them in the enjoyment of all the profits and advantages of their illegal erection.
But it was urged in the argument, that a corporation, as such, cannot commit-crime; that it cannot be guilty of a battery or murder. Be it so; yet it will not follow that it may not be guilty of erecting a'nuisance, or continuing one already erected, which it has become their legal duty to abate. So a single individual cannot be indicted for a riot, yet if he associates himself with others to commit one, all may be indicted.
In Angelí & A. on Corporations, page 396, in answer to the remark, “That a corporation is not indictable, though its members may be,” it is said, “ that this only applies to crimes and misdemeanors, but that an indictment may lie against a corporation, or county, or parish.”
Whatever may have been the received doctrine of the common law in early times, when corporations were fewer than, now, touching their criminal responsibility, very many modern cases are to be found in the books where they have been held liable to indictment. See Man. & G. 237; 9 A. & E. 314; 3 Barb. 42; 20 Pick. 140; 6 J. R. 90, and very many other cases. But if there were no precedent to be found, I think this indictment good upon every sound princiole of law and justice. Let the judgment be affirmed.
Ogden, J., concurred.
Cited in New Brunswick Steamboat Co. v. Tiers, 4 Zab. 700; Brorokaw v. N. J. R. R. & Tr. Co., 3 Vr. 330 ; Dock v. Elizabeth Steam Mfg. Co., 5 Vr. 316.