Park, C. J.
The defendant was on trial before the jury for keeping a place reputed to be a place where intoxicating liquors were kept for sale, without having a license therefor. On the trial he offered in evidence the record of a justice court acquitting him of the charge of keeping intoxicating liquors for the purpose of selling them, without a license; the latter charge covering the same time with that on which he was then on trial before the jury. The evidence was admitted, and the counsel for the defendant requested the court to charge the jury that it was conclusive in the defendant’s favor, as showing that the reputation of the place, as one where intoxicating liquors were kept for sale, had no foundation in fact. The court refused so to charge, and the question now before us is, whether this was error.
This court has of course nothing to do with the probabilities of the case. The sole question for us is whether the acquittal in the former case and the conviction in the present can stand together as a matter of law. In other words, does the acquittal in that case exclude the possibility, as a matter of law, of a conviction in this.
The statute upon which the present complaint is founded was fully considered by this court in the cases of State v. Morgan, 40 Conn., 44, and State v. Thomas, 47 id., 546. The statute was there interpreted as meaning a reputation founded in fact, and as therefore equivalent to proof of the [417] fact that liquors were kept for sale, the proof of the reputation being merely primé facie proof that it was well founded, leaving the defendant the right to prove, if he should be able, that liquors were not in fact kept by him for sale. In thus throwing the burden of proof of his innocence upon the defendant, after proof of the reputation, the statute was introducing no new or unreasonable rule into the criminal law. There are many cases where primé facie proof of guilt on the part of the state is held to be sufficient for a conviction, if the defendant does not explain away the primé facie case against him. Thus where stolen property is. found immediately after the theft in the possession of a person, it is sufficient proof that he is the thief, unless he shall explain his possession and show it to he innocent. Of course the charge may be in fact groundless, but if it is so it is almost always easy for the defendant to show it. He can in almost every case prove without difficulty where he got the property, and that it came to him honestly. There can hardly be conceived a case where this shifting of the proof upon the defendant is less likely than in a case like the present, to do him an injustice. It is, in the first place, hardly possible for a place to get an established reputation as one where liquors are kept for sale, when in fact they are not so kept. The indications are always too numerous and positive to allow of. any mistake. In the next place, if no liquors are in fact kept in the place for sale, the defendant can establish the fact with no difficulty. The members of his family, if the place be a dwelling house or annexed to one, and his clerk, if it be a store, and persons occasionally at the place, whatever it may be, can all testify to the actual character of the place. The possibility of injustice is so small as not to be worthy of consideration. It is. to be noticed that an acquittal upon the charge of keeping liquors for sale, does not prove that the defendant did not keep them for sale. Many a guilty man has been acquitted. He is merely protected from further prosecution upon the same charge. .This alone would show that thet acquittal could not bar the prosecu[418] tion for keeping a house reputed to be a place where liquors were kept for sale, for it would not be a charge of the same crime.
A charge therefore of keeping a place reputed to be a place where liquors are kept for sale, and a charge of keeping liquors for sale in fact, stand, both in logic and in law, upon entirely different evidence. In the first case the charge is sustained by proof of reputation, unless the defendant proves the actual fact to be otherwise. In the latter, the charge can be sustained only by proof of the actual fact. It might thus happen that a charge of reputation would be fully sustained and, the defendant offering no evidence, he would be convicted, and at the same time the state might fail to prove the actual fact, making an acquittal of the defendant necessary, even if he had offered no evidence in his own favor. It is decisive of the present ease that the two cases, of conviction in the one upon reputation, and acquittal in the other upon the actual fact, can stand together, with no legal conflict or inconsistency.
A further question is made with regard to the admissibility of evidence. The state offered evidence to prove, and the court finds that it was proved, that the defendant kept the place in question continuously from about the 1st of August, 1881, down to and after July, 1882. The complaint charged the keeping of a house where it was reputed that liquors were kept for sale, as being on the 10th day of March, 1882, and the state offered evidence that the house bore that reputation on that day. It was open to the defendant to show that he did not in fact at that time keep liquors with any such intent to sell, and thus to show that the reputation had no foundation in fact and was really a false one. This made the question of the actual fact a pertinent one. On this question the state, having before proved the continuous keeping of the place by the defendant till the July following the time charged, offered evidence to prove that the defendant actually had a supply of liquors on hand as if for sale in June of the same year. This was three months after the time charged and to which the state was directing its proof.
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Park, C. J.
The defendant was on trial before the jury for keeping a place reputed to be a place where intoxicating liquors were kept for sale, without having a license therefor. On the trial he offered in evidence the record of a justice court acquitting him of the charge of keeping intoxicating liquors for the purpose of selling them, without a license; the latter charge covering the same time with that on which he was then on trial before the jury. The evidence was admitted, and the counsel for the defendant requested the court to charge the jury that it was conclusive in the defendant’s favor, as showing that the reputation of the place, as one where intoxicating liquors were kept for sale, had no foundation in fact. The court refused so to charge, and the question now before us is, whether this was error.
This court has of course nothing to do with the probabilities of the case. The sole question for us is whether the acquittal in the former case and the conviction in the present can stand together as a matter of law. In other words, does the acquittal in that case exclude the possibility, as a matter of law, of a conviction in this.
The statute upon which the present complaint is founded was fully considered by this court in the cases of State v. Morgan, 40 Conn., 44, and State v. Thomas, 47 id., 546. The statute was there interpreted as meaning a reputation founded in fact, and as therefore equivalent to proof of the [417] fact that liquors were kept for sale, the proof of the reputation being merely primé facie proof that it was well founded, leaving the defendant the right to prove, if he should be able, that liquors were not in fact kept by him for sale. In thus throwing the burden of proof of his innocence upon the defendant, after proof of the reputation, the statute was introducing no new or unreasonable rule into the criminal law. There are many cases where primé facie proof of guilt on the part of the state is held to be sufficient for a conviction, if the defendant does not explain away the primé facie case against him. Thus where stolen property is. found immediately after the theft in the possession of a person, it is sufficient proof that he is the thief, unless he shall explain his possession and show it to he innocent. Of course the charge may be in fact groundless, but if it is so it is almost always easy for the defendant to show it. He can in almost every case prove without difficulty where he got the property, and that it came to him honestly. There can hardly be conceived a case where this shifting of the proof upon the defendant is less likely than in a case like the present, to do him an injustice. It is, in the first place, hardly possible for a place to get an established reputation as one where liquors are kept for sale, when in fact they are not so kept. The indications are always too numerous and positive to allow of. any mistake. In the next place, if no liquors are in fact kept in the place for sale, the defendant can establish the fact with no difficulty. The members of his family, if the place be a dwelling house or annexed to one, and his clerk, if it be a store, and persons occasionally at the place, whatever it may be, can all testify to the actual character of the place. The possibility of injustice is so small as not to be worthy of consideration. It is. to be noticed that an acquittal upon the charge of keeping liquors for sale, does not prove that the defendant did not keep them for sale. Many a guilty man has been acquitted. He is merely protected from further prosecution upon the same charge. .This alone would show that thet acquittal could not bar the prosecu[418] tion for keeping a house reputed to be a place where liquors were kept for sale, for it would not be a charge of the same crime.
A charge therefore of keeping a place reputed to be a place where liquors are kept for sale, and a charge of keeping liquors for sale in fact, stand, both in logic and in law, upon entirely different evidence. In the first case the charge is sustained by proof of reputation, unless the defendant proves the actual fact to be otherwise. In the latter, the charge can be sustained only by proof of the actual fact. It might thus happen that a charge of reputation would be fully sustained and, the defendant offering no evidence, he would be convicted, and at the same time the state might fail to prove the actual fact, making an acquittal of the defendant necessary, even if he had offered no evidence in his own favor. It is decisive of the present ease that the two cases, of conviction in the one upon reputation, and acquittal in the other upon the actual fact, can stand together, with no legal conflict or inconsistency.
A further question is made with regard to the admissibility of evidence. The state offered evidence to prove, and the court finds that it was proved, that the defendant kept the place in question continuously from about the 1st of August, 1881, down to and after July, 1882. The complaint charged the keeping of a house where it was reputed that liquors were kept for sale, as being on the 10th day of March, 1882, and the state offered evidence that the house bore that reputation on that day. It was open to the defendant to show that he did not in fact at that time keep liquors with any such intent to sell, and thus to show that the reputation had no foundation in fact and was really a false one. This made the question of the actual fact a pertinent one. On this question the state, having before proved the continuous keeping of the place by the defendant till the July following the time charged, offered evidence to prove that the defendant actually had a supply of liquors on hand as if for sale in June of the same year. This was three months after the time charged and to which the state was directing its proof.
[419] The defendant’s counsel objected to the admission of this evidence on the ground that the fact that the defendant then kept liquors for sale did not tend to prove that he kept liquors to sell at a prior time, and especially at a time so long before, as he might have purchased them in the meantime, or if he had had them three months before, might not have kept them with an intention to sell them. It is obvious that such evidence would not be decisive, and of course would have far less weight with the lapse of time. It would not, however, be inadmissible. . The jury would of course, under the advice of the court, consider the lapse of time and all the possibilities in the defendant’s favor, and would not be likely to give any undue weight to the evidence. If the possession of the liquors with an apparent intent to sell them, the next day after the main fact charged, would have been admissible against the defendant, it is difficult to see what difference it can make, except in the weight of the evidence, if the possession of the liquors had been a week later or a month, or even three months, especially in connection with proof that the defendant had kept the place uninterruptedly during all the intervening time. It is to be observed that the point to be proved, in support of the reputation of the place, was an actual intent to sell the liquors that were kept. This matter of intent is not one of change from day to day, but one of continuance, and generally for a considerable time precedes the procurement of the liquors. The fact, therefore, that one who has kept a place for a year has a stock of liquors on hand at the place as if for sale, creates a probability, more or less strong, that the intent then existing existed three months before.
There is no error in the rulings of the court.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.