FEIGN, O. J.
Appellant was charged with and convicted of the crime of adultery, was sentenced to a term in the State Prison, and appeals.
Appellant, at the time be is charged with having committed the offense, was a traveling salesman for an Ogden house, and the prosecutrix was about twenty years of age and was employed as waitress in a hotel at Elsinore, Utah; the latter place being somewhat in excess of 200 miles south of Ogden. Théi only errors assigned are the following: (1) That the court erred in refusing to direct the jury to return a verdict of not guilty upon the ground that the “evidence is insufficient to justify a conviction;” (2) because the court erred in overruling appellant’s, motion for a new trial; and (3) because of error in refusing to grant a new trial.
1 Referring to the first ground set forth above, appellant’s counsel in their printed brief and argument say: “If the proof of the defendant’s being a married man was sufficient, the verdict was supported by the evidence.” It is conceded therefore that the evidence is sufficient to sustain the verdict and judgment, provided the evidence is sufficient to sustain a finding that the appellant at the time the offense was committed was a married man. The evidence is unconti’adicted that the prosecutrix was a single woman about twenty .years of age when the sexual act took place; that she had sexual intercourse with appellant; that as a result thereof she gave birth to a child; that ap>-pellamt admitted to the prosecutrix and to a young man before the sexual intercourse took place that he [249]*249was a maimed man, and also admitted to tbe father of tbe prosecutrix that be was tbe cause of ber condition and that be bad “a wife and a couple of children.” At tbe time tbe admission to tbe young man was made, be drove a livery team for appellant on some! business trip-, and while on tbe trip appellant showed tbe witness a photograph or photographs which appellant said were tbe pictures of “bis wife and two children.” Afterwards the father of tbe prosecutrix charged appellant with being tbe author of her unborn child and with being a married man with a wife and a couple of children, which appellant admitted. He also at that time said that he wanted to do all he could for the prosecutrix in view of her condition and then gave her a check for ten dollars, and afterwards paid her twenty dollars more. In addition to the foregoing, appellant also sent the prosecutrix a package containing some linen and underwear for the. “babyW Nome of the foregoing statements and admissions are disputed, not even questioned. It is seriously contended, however, that the naked admission by appellant that he was a. married man when the act was committed is- not sufficient to establish his status ás a married man with a wife living at1 the time. We think this precise question has been set at rest by this court in the case of State v. Moore, 36 Utah, 521, 105 Pac. 293, Ann. Cas. 1912A, 284. What we decided in that ease is correctly reflected in the third headnote in the following words: 0
“In a prosecution for adultery, voluntary and unequivocal admissions fey the accused on various occasions that she was the wife of M. were sufficient to prove the fact of marriage.”
To the same effect is State v. Greene, 38 Utah, 389, 115 Pac. 181. In both of the foregoing cases it was contended that the married status cannot be established from the naked admissions of the accused. The case of State v. Moore, mpra, is thoroughly annotated in Ann. Gas. 1912A, and from an examination of the authorities there collated it will be found that the great weight of modern authority is clearly in support of the doctrine announced in that case. The admissions testified [250]*250to in the case at bar were all made voluntarily and deliberately and leave no room for doubt that the appellant when he made them did so< intentionally and with the view of stating the fact that he was married. Moreover, no one either questions or assails the truthfulness of the admissions. In view of the foregoing, the weight of the evidence was to be passed on by the jury, and the court was therefore clearly right in refusing to direct a verdict of not guilty.
2, 3 W(e are also of the opinion that the court was right in overruling the motion for a new trial and in refusing to grant a new trial. The question presented by counsel arose thus: An information was filed in the district court of Sev-ier County, Utah, on the 23d day of September, 1909, in which thei appellant was charged with having committed the offense of adultery in said county on the 20th day of March, 1909. A trial was had some time in the summer of 1910 which resulted in a mistrial for the reason that the jury was unable to agree upon a verdict. The case was then- continued and again tried in January, 1911, at which time the jury returned a verdict of guilty. At the first and at the second trials the prosecutrix testified that the sexual intercourse took place in a hotel at Elsinore on the night of the 20th of March, 1909. On cross-examination she fixed the date positively. The other witnesses ,also testified positively that the appellant was with the prosecutrix at the hotel aforesaid on the night aforesaid. The testimony was also uncontradicted that the prosecutrix was delivered of a child on the 2d day of December, 1909. In view of the 'foregoing testimony, appellant undertook to establish an alibi by showing that on the night of the 20th of March, 1909, he was not at Elsinore, Utah, but was at Richfield some six or seven miles from Elsinore. He produced two witnesses who testified to that effect. At the second trial he again called two witnesses who testified that appellant was at Rich-field on March 20, 1909. During the trial he also asked the court to continue the case on account that a certain witness by the name of West was absent from Richfield, who, if present, would testify that appellant was at Richfield on [251]*251the night aforesaid. The court postponed the trial two days to give appellant an opportunity to produce the witness, West. The witness not appearing, the case was submitted to the jury without his testimony and without any application for a continuance. After .a verdict was returned, a motion was filed in which appellant asked that he be granted a new trial upon the ground of newly discovered evidence. Appellant did not testify .at the trial, but he has filed an affidavit in support of his motion for a new trial in which he says that he was at Richfield on the night of the 20th of March, 1909, attending a social party. In addition to his affidavit, there are also four other affidavits filed by different persons who, in their affidavits, testify that appellant was in attendance at the party on the night aforesaid. On the first and second trials the two witnesses called by appellant testified that appellant was engaged' in a card game1 at Richfield on the night in question. The witnesses who have filed affidavits however, say that appellant was present at the said party, and the appellant in his affidavit says that he had forgotten all about the party until his attention was 'directed to the fact after the second trial. Appellant’s attorneys also file affidavits in which they state that they were not- called into the case until after the first trial and not until a few days before the second trial; that they had no personal knowledge of the facts stated in the affidavits; and that appellant had at no time informed them thereof until after the second trial.
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FEIGN, O. J.
Appellant was charged with and convicted of the crime of adultery, was sentenced to a term in the State Prison, and appeals.
Appellant, at the time be is charged with having committed the offense, was a traveling salesman for an Ogden house, and the prosecutrix was about twenty years of age and was employed as waitress in a hotel at Elsinore, Utah; the latter place being somewhat in excess of 200 miles south of Ogden. Théi only errors assigned are the following: (1) That the court erred in refusing to direct the jury to return a verdict of not guilty upon the ground that the “evidence is insufficient to justify a conviction;” (2) because the court erred in overruling appellant’s, motion for a new trial; and (3) because of error in refusing to grant a new trial.
1 Referring to the first ground set forth above, appellant’s counsel in their printed brief and argument say: “If the proof of the defendant’s being a married man was sufficient, the verdict was supported by the evidence.” It is conceded therefore that the evidence is sufficient to sustain the verdict and judgment, provided the evidence is sufficient to sustain a finding that the appellant at the time the offense was committed was a married man. The evidence is unconti’adicted that the prosecutrix was a single woman about twenty .years of age when the sexual act took place; that she had sexual intercourse with appellant; that as a result thereof she gave birth to a child; that ap>-pellamt admitted to the prosecutrix and to a young man before the sexual intercourse took place that he [249]*249was a maimed man, and also admitted to tbe father of tbe prosecutrix that be was tbe cause of ber condition and that be bad “a wife and a couple of children.” At tbe time tbe admission to tbe young man was made, be drove a livery team for appellant on some! business trip-, and while on tbe trip appellant showed tbe witness a photograph or photographs which appellant said were tbe pictures of “bis wife and two children.” Afterwards the father of tbe prosecutrix charged appellant with being tbe author of her unborn child and with being a married man with a wife and a couple of children, which appellant admitted. He also at that time said that he wanted to do all he could for the prosecutrix in view of her condition and then gave her a check for ten dollars, and afterwards paid her twenty dollars more. In addition to the foregoing, appellant also sent the prosecutrix a package containing some linen and underwear for the. “babyW Nome of the foregoing statements and admissions are disputed, not even questioned. It is seriously contended, however, that the naked admission by appellant that he was a. married man when the act was committed is- not sufficient to establish his status ás a married man with a wife living at1 the time. We think this precise question has been set at rest by this court in the case of State v. Moore, 36 Utah, 521, 105 Pac. 293, Ann. Cas. 1912A, 284. What we decided in that ease is correctly reflected in the third headnote in the following words: 0
“In a prosecution for adultery, voluntary and unequivocal admissions fey the accused on various occasions that she was the wife of M. were sufficient to prove the fact of marriage.”
To the same effect is State v. Greene, 38 Utah, 389, 115 Pac. 181. In both of the foregoing cases it was contended that the married status cannot be established from the naked admissions of the accused. The case of State v. Moore, mpra, is thoroughly annotated in Ann. Gas. 1912A, and from an examination of the authorities there collated it will be found that the great weight of modern authority is clearly in support of the doctrine announced in that case. The admissions testified [250]*250to in the case at bar were all made voluntarily and deliberately and leave no room for doubt that the appellant when he made them did so< intentionally and with the view of stating the fact that he was married. Moreover, no one either questions or assails the truthfulness of the admissions. In view of the foregoing, the weight of the evidence was to be passed on by the jury, and the court was therefore clearly right in refusing to direct a verdict of not guilty.
2, 3 W(e are also of the opinion that the court was right in overruling the motion for a new trial and in refusing to grant a new trial. The question presented by counsel arose thus: An information was filed in the district court of Sev-ier County, Utah, on the 23d day of September, 1909, in which thei appellant was charged with having committed the offense of adultery in said county on the 20th day of March, 1909. A trial was had some time in the summer of 1910 which resulted in a mistrial for the reason that the jury was unable to agree upon a verdict. The case was then- continued and again tried in January, 1911, at which time the jury returned a verdict of guilty. At the first and at the second trials the prosecutrix testified that the sexual intercourse took place in a hotel at Elsinore on the night of the 20th of March, 1909. On cross-examination she fixed the date positively. The other witnesses ,also testified positively that the appellant was with the prosecutrix at the hotel aforesaid on the night aforesaid. The testimony was also uncontradicted that the prosecutrix was delivered of a child on the 2d day of December, 1909. In view of the 'foregoing testimony, appellant undertook to establish an alibi by showing that on the night of the 20th of March, 1909, he was not at Elsinore, Utah, but was at Richfield some six or seven miles from Elsinore. He produced two witnesses who testified to that effect. At the second trial he again called two witnesses who testified that appellant was at Rich-field on March 20, 1909. During the trial he also asked the court to continue the case on account that a certain witness by the name of West was absent from Richfield, who, if present, would testify that appellant was at Richfield on [251]*251the night aforesaid. The court postponed the trial two days to give appellant an opportunity to produce the witness, West. The witness not appearing, the case was submitted to the jury without his testimony and without any application for a continuance. After .a verdict was returned, a motion was filed in which appellant asked that he be granted a new trial upon the ground of newly discovered evidence. Appellant did not testify .at the trial, but he has filed an affidavit in support of his motion for a new trial in which he says that he was at Richfield on the night of the 20th of March, 1909, attending a social party. In addition to his affidavit, there are also four other affidavits filed by different persons who, in their affidavits, testify that appellant was in attendance at the party on the night aforesaid. On the first and second trials the two witnesses called by appellant testified that appellant was engaged' in a card game1 at Richfield on the night in question. The witnesses who have filed affidavits however, say that appellant was present at the said party, and the appellant in his affidavit says that he had forgotten all about the party until his attention was 'directed to the fact after the second trial. Appellant’s attorneys also file affidavits in which they state that they were not- called into the case until after the first trial and not until a few days before the second trial; that they had no personal knowledge of the facts stated in the affidavits; and that appellant had at no time informed them thereof until after the second trial. Appellant had also produced and introduced in evidence the hotel register of the hotel in- Richfield to prove that he was not at Elsinore, but at Richfield, on March 20, 1909; his name appearing on the hotel register.
We have set forth the contents of the affidavits in the most general terms for the reason that the details stated therein are entirely immaterial in view of the fact that there is an utter lad?; of diligence shown On the part of the appellant why the witnesses were not produced to testify at the second trial. No doubt his present counsel are entirely blameless in the matter; but the mere fact that they cannot be charged with lack of diligence cannot purga their client also. It is [252]*252made to appear that at no time did appellant make any attempt either by issuing subpoenaes or otherwise to' have any •of the witnesses mentioned in the affidavits attend court to testify in his behalf, although quite a number who are named' in the affidavits it is alleged knew of the fa.ct that appellant was in Richfield on the night of the 20th of March, 1909. Many of those named have always lived at Richfield where the trial was had and could have been called into court to testify at any time. There is absolutely no- reason shown (except as appellant says he had forgotton the party) why any of those who attended the party could not have been reached at any time while-the trial was in progress, nor why the testimony of one was not as trustworthy as that of any other, if any of them were absent from Richfield at the time of the trial. We have a case, therefore, which was tried twice;. The evidence on the second trial on the part of the state is almost precisely the same as on the first trial. The only defense is an alibi, which it is now claimed can be established by a greater number of witnesses than were called at either the first or second trial, and that they were not called because the appellant forgot about a party at which those witnesses attended the same as he did. In addition to all this, the alibi becomes material in this case only because counsel on cross-examination succeeded in having the witnesses who testified ■on behalf of the state fix the date of the sexual intercourse as occurring on March 20, 1909, at which time appellant now says, although he did not say so at the trial, he was not at Elsinore where the offense was committed, but was at Richfield a few miles distant from Elsinore.
In view of the testimony of the prosecutrix that the offense was committed on a particular day, counsel requested the •court to charge the jury that the date testified to by her was material, and that unless the jury “can find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the crime of adultery was committed by the defendant ... as charged on Saturday, Mlarch 20, 1909, you cannot convict the defendant, even though you believe that defendant had sexual intercourse’"' with the prosecutrix “at some other time than the said Satur[253]*253•day, March 20, 1909.” The court refused to so charge, but ■did charge the jury as follows: “The state relies upon the 20th day of March, 1909, as the date upon which the crime was committed, and the state is bound by that date.” It is thus made apparent that time, which, in this case, was utterly immaterial because neither descriptive nor of the essence of the offense, was by the court declared material because the prosecutrix insisted that the crime was committed on a particular day. The jury- were thus deprived of the right to consider all the facts and circumstances before them and from them all determine whether the witnesses may not have testified truthfully with respect to the happening of the event, but may have been mistaken with regard to the date on which it occurred. It is not at all unusual for witnesses to be mistaken with respect to time, and for this reason it is not improper, where an alibi is interposed as a defense, for the court to direct the jury’s attention to that fact.
In 1 Bishop’s New Grim. P'roe. sec. 1064, the author says:
“Honest witnesses oftener mistake dates, the times of day, ■and the identity of people seen, than the average of other things to which they testify.”
It is for this reason, the author says, that it is proper to admonish the jury as aforesaid. That the author is correct in the foregoing statement is well known to all who attend the trial of eases and whose duly it is to hear and pass upon the weight to be given to the testimony of witnesses. Moreover, that the doctrine laid down by Bishop is not only correct, but that it is safe and ultimately reflects justice, is well illustrated by the circumstances of the ease at bar. If the theory of counsel, and that followed by the trial court, is correct, then the question of whether appellant actually committed the offense or not is quite immaterial, provided he can prove he did not commit it on the particular day fixed, although he does not show or attempt to show in connection therewith that it was not just as possible for him to have committed the offense on any day immediately before or immediately after the day fixed. The fallacy of such a contention is made mani-' [254]*254fest from the facts and circumstances of this case for the reason that if appellant should in fact prove an alibi on the 20th day of March, 1909, this still would not, and could not, have overthrown his admissions that he is guilty of having committed the offense with which he is charged in the information. In this regard he not only in 'express terms admitted to the father of the prosecutrix that he was guilty, but also in effect did so by his acts and conduct in giving the prosecutrix money and other articles to provide for the wants of the baby, which he admitted was his child. In view of these uncontradicted and other circumstances, it would still be a question for the jury to sa.y whether the offense was-committed on the particular day mentioned by the prosecutrix or some other day, and hence it would almost amount to a farce to have witnesses come into court and testify to facts which, if conceded to be true, would nevertheless leave the fact of appellant’s guilt untouched. Entirely apart from the fact, therefore, that appellant has shown no diligence whatever to produce the alleged newly discovered evidence before, and that for that reason the court did not err in refusing to grant a new trial, the further fact remains that the newly discovered evidence would not even raise a reasonable doubt concerning his guilt. The only doubt it would raise would be as to whether he committed the offense on the particlar day namied by the prosecutrix, namely, the 20th of March, 1909. Under the peculiar circumstances of this case, therefore, the question as to whether a new trial should have been granted upon the ground of newly discovered evidence was one largely within the discretion of the trial court. (Thompson v. State, 5 Humph. (Tenn.) 138; Thompson v. State, 54 Ga. 671.)
We think the court committed no error in overruling the motion for a new trial.
The judgment is affirmed.
Me CANTY, J., concurs.