State v. Monroe

126 Wash. App. 435

• Court: Court of Appeals of Washington
• Decided: March 15, 2005
• Docket: No. 30239-0-II
• Status: Published

Opinions

¶1 Gregory Edward Monroe pleaded guilty to two counts of first degree rape, one count of first degree burglary with sexual motivation, five counts of first degree kidnapping, and one count of second degree assault. The sentencing guidelines of RCW 9.94A.712 applied to Monroe’s sentencing on the rape counts (counts I and II) and the burglary with sexual motivation count. That statute directed the superior court to sentence Monroe to a maximum term of life on those counts and to set a determinate minimum term. In exchange for Monroe’s plea of guilty, the State agreed to recommend that the superior court set Monroe’s determinate minimum term sentences at 511 months, the top of his standard range.

Quinn-Brintnall, C.J.

¶2 Monroe stipulated that the court could consider the probable cause statement and any discovery in the case as the material facts to support his guilty plea. The sentencing court reviewed these documents together with the presentence investigation report which recommended a determinate minimum term of 711 months, and written statements or live testimony from all five victims, an attorney for the victims, the deputy prosecuting attorney, Monroe’s attorney, and Monroe. The court found that Monroe’s crimes involved deliberate cruelty, victims who were particularly vulnerable, and a high degree of sophistication and planning. Based on these aggravating factors, the superior court sentenced Monroe to serve a maximum term of life with a determinate minimum term of 651 months, which resulted from imposing sentences above the standard range on counts I and II.¹ Monroe appeals from this sentence.

¶3 This appeal requires that we address two issues. First, did the deputy prosecutor violate the plea agreement when urging the sentencing court to impose a minimum sentence of 511 months? This panel unanimously agrees that the answer to this question is no. Secondly, under Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403, reh’g denied, 542 U.S. 961 (2004), is a defendant entitled to have a jury find disputed facts beyond a reasonable doubt before the sentencing court can use such facts to impose a minimum term above his standard range under RCW 9.94A.712(3)? A majority of this panel agrees, albeit for different reasons, that the answer to this question is yes: disputed facts, other than prior convictions, must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt to a jury before those facts can be relied on by the sentencing court in setting a defendant’s minimum term. We therefore affirm Monroe’s plea-based convictions, but remand for resentencing.

ANALYSIS

Prosecutorial Misconduct

¶4 Monroe first contends that this case should be remanded so he can withdraw his guilty plea or be resentenced because the prosecutor’s comments and conduct during sentencing violated his plea agreement with the State. Although the prosecutor made the agreed-upon recommendation for a determinate minimum term of 511 months, Monroe asserts that other statements made by the prosecutor undercut that recommendation and implicitly endorsed the imposition of an exceptional sentence. These statements included: (1) that the facts would have supported additional rape counts had the case gone to trial; (2) that Monroe’s crimes were “one of the most significant crime sprees” the prosecutor could remember; (3) the prosecutor’s opinion that there are “murder cases that have less victim impact than what happened in this case”; and (4) that Monroe had “his way with” the victims. Report of Proceedings (Apr. 7, 2003) at 6, 7.

¶5 It is well established that the State must exercise good faith in fulfilling the promises that led a defendant to enter into a plea agreement. State v. Sledge, 133 Wn.2d 828, 838-39, 947 P.2d 1199 (1997). The prosecutor may not “undercut the terms of the agreement explicitly or by conduct evidencing an intent to circumvent the terms of the plea agreement.” Sledge, 133 Wn.2d at 840. We review the prosecutor’s actions and comments objectively to determine whether the State has breached a plea agreement. State v. Jerde, 93 Wn. App 774, 780, 970 P.2d 781, review denied, 138 Wn.2d 1002 (1999).

¶6 Our review of the record establishes that the deputy prosecutor in this case did not violate the plea agreement. In exchange for Monroe’s guilty pleas, the State agreed to recommend that the sentencing court set Monroe’s determinate minimum term at 511 months, the top of Monroe’s standard range. The State’s argument in support of that recommendation necessarily included facts sufficient to justify the court in setting Monroe’s minimum sentence at the top rather than the bottom of his 384 to 511 month standard range. And while the prosecutor had to guard against undercutting the plea agreement by emphasizing facts generally considered only in imposing an exceptional sentence, he was not muted simply because Monroe’s crimes arouse natural indignation. See State v. Rice, 110 Wn.2d 577, 606, 757 P.2d 889 (1988), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 873 (1996); State v. Fleetwood, 75 Wn.2d 80, 84, 448 P.2d 502 (1968). Here, the record indicates that the deputy prosecutor recounted salient facts and then unequivocally urged the court to set Monroe’s determinate minimum term at 511 months. The State’s recommendation was in accord with the plea agreement and the deputy prosecutor’s presentation of that recommendation was not unduly inflammatory. See generally Sledge, 133 Wn.2d at 842-43 (prosecutor undercut plea when he recommended a standard range sentence but then emphasized various aggravating factors which would sustain an exceptional sentence); State v. Xaviar, 117 Wn. App. 196, 200-01, 69 P.3d 901 (2003) (plea agreement to recommend low-end sentence was violated where prosecutor recited the egregious facts of the crime and highlighted various statutory aggravating factors which signaled the prosecutor’s lack of support for the recommendation); State v. Van Buren, 101 Wn. App. 206, 217, 2 P3d 991 (plea agreement was undercut when the State downplayed its recommendation and focused the court’s attention on aggravating factors), review denied, 142 Wn.2d 1015 (2000). The prosecutor did not violate the plea agreement and Monroe is not entitled to elect between specific performance and withdrawal of his guilty plea.

Blakely Issues

¶7 Monroe next asserts that he was entitled to have a jury, rather than the superior court, resolve disputed facts that supported setting determinate minimum terms above the standard range for each crime. In support of this argument, Monroe cites Blakely, 542 U.S. at 301 (holding that any fact, other than the fact of a prior conviction, that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory sentencing range, must be submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt). The State asks us to reject Monroe’s Blakely argument for two reasons. First, the State asserts that Blakely does not apply in circumstances such as those set forth in RCW 9.94A.712, where the superior court is required to sentence the defendant to the statutory maximum term. And second, even if Blakely applies to sentences imposed under RCW 9.94A.712, Monroe waived any right he may have had to a jury trial on these issues by stipulating that the sentencing court could consider the affidavit of probable cause and discovery in the case.

¶8 We address first the State’s argument that Monroe waived his right to a sentencing jury.

Waiver of Right to Jury Trial at Sentencing

¶9 After Blakely, where a defendant has pleaded guilty, the State may seek judicial sentence enhancements only if the defendant has either stipulated to the relevant facts or consented to judicial fact-finding. If Monroe had been made aware of his rights under Blakely, his stipulation permitting the sentencing court to consider the probable cause statement and any discovery in the case as material facts would have provided sufficient evidence that Monroe’s crimes involved deliberate cruelty, sophisticated planning, and particularly vulnerable victims. These aggravating factors would support imposing a determinate minimum term in excess of Monroe’s standard range sentence of 138-184 months for count I and 93-123 months for count II.² But to be valid, a waiver must be a voluntary relinquishment of a known right. State v. Vy Thang, 145 Wn.2d 630, 648, 41 P.3d 1159 (2002). When Monroe consented to judicial fact-finding, Blakely had not been issued³ and it was the established rule of this state that a defendant had no right to have a jury decide facts supporting exceptional sentences. State v. Gore, 143 Wn.2d 288, 315, 21 P.3d 262 (2001). Monroe could not have knowingly waived his right to jury fact-finding at sentencing when the only controlling precedent held that he had no such right. State v. Borboa, 124 Wn. App. 779, 790-92, 102 P.3d 183, 189-90 (2004); State v. Harris, 123 Wn. App. 906, 920-21, 99 P.3d 902 (2004).

Application of Blakely to Sentences under RCW 9.94A.712

¶10 The next issue concerns whether a defendant is entitled to have a jury find disputed facts beyond a reasonable doubt before the sentencing court can use such facts to impose a minimum term above his standard range under RCW 9.94A.712(3). A majority of this panel agrees, albeit for different reasons, that the answer to this question is yes and that Monroe’s minimum term sentence of 651 months must be vacated and the case remanded to the superior court for resetting of Monroe’s minimum term. What follows is the rationale of the authoring judge. The rationale adopted by Judge Houghton is explained in her concurrence which follows.

Monroe’s Maximum Term

¶11 In this appeal, the State argues that under McMillan v. Pennsylvania, 477 U.S. 79, 106 S. Ct. 2411, 91 L. Ed. 2d 67 (1986), and Harris v. United States, 536 U.S. 545, 122 S. Ct. 2406, 153 L. Ed. 2d 524 (2002), Monroe’s Sixth Amendment right to have all disputed facts necessary to support maximum confinement admitted or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt was satisfied. Monroe’s maximum life sentence term is an indeterminate sentence. As such, McMillan and Harris support the State’s position that Blakely does not apply to indeterminate sentences. See State v. Clarke, 124 Wn. App. 893, 900-03, 103 P.3d 262, 265-66 (2004). McMillan and Harris remain good law in spite of their tension with Blakely and Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000).

¶12 In McMillan, the Supreme Court upheld a Pennsylvania statute that required a mandatory minimum sentence of five years for certain specified crimes if the sentencing judge found by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant had “visibly possessed a firearm” during the commission of the offense. 477 U.S. at 81. The five-year minimum did not exceed the maximum sentence authorized for the specified crimes. In rejecting the argument that due process required the trial judge to make the firearm finding beyond a reasonable doubt, the McMillan Court upheld the statute because it “neither alters the maximum penalty for the crime committed nor creates a separate offense calling for a separate penalty; it operates solely to limit the sentencing court’s discretion in selecting a penalty within the range already available to it without the special finding of visible possession of a firearm.” McMillan, 477 U.S. at 87-88.

¶13 In Harris, the Court attempted to address whether McMillan remained good law after its decision in Apprendi, which held unconstitutional a statute that permitted a trial judge, rather than the jury, to find a fact which doubled the judge’s sentencing jurisdiction. The statute at issue in Harris required the sentencing judge to impose a set minimum term if the judge found that the defendant had displayed a firearm during the commission of the crime. A plurality of four justices concluded that Apprendi and McMillan were compatible:

In light of the foregoing, it is not surprising that the decisions for the Court in both Apprendi and Jones [v. United States, 526 U.S. 227, 119 S. Ct. 1215, 143 L. Ed. 2d 311 (1999),] insisted that they were consistent with McMillan — and that a distinction could be drawn between facts increasing the defendant’s minimum sentence and facts extending the sentence beyond the statutory maximum. That distinction may continue to stand. The factual finding in Apprendi extended the power of the judge, allowing him or her to impose a punishment exceeding what was authorized by the jury. The finding in McMillan restrained the judge’s power, limiting his or her choices within the authorized range. It is quite consistent to maintain that the former type of fact must be submitted to the jury while the latter need not be.

Read together, McMillan and Apprendi mean that those facts setting the outer limits of a sentence, and of the judicial power to impose it, are the elements of the crime for the purposes of the constitutional analysis.

Harris, 536 U.S. at 566-67 (citations omitted). Another plurality of four justices stated that McMillan should be overruled because it could not be squared with Apprendi. Harris, 536 U.S. at 572-73 (Thomas, J., dissenting, joined by Stevens, Souter, and Ginsburg, JJ.). The ninth justice could not “easily distinguish Apprendi” or “agree with” the first plurality’s attempt to do so, but he joined with that plurality to affirm because he had dissented in Apprendi and could not “yet accept its rule.” Harris, 536 U.S. at 569 (Breyer, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment).⁴

¶14 The legislature defines crimes and fixes penalties. State v. Manussier, 129 Wn.2d 652, 667, 921 P.2d 473 (1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1201 (1997); State v. Calle, 125 , 888 P.2d 155 (1995). After Monroe pleaded guilty to two counts of first degree rape and one count of first degree burglary with sexual motivation, RCW 9.94A.712(3) required that the sentencing court fix Monroe’s sentence at life. If Monroe had been similarly convicted following a jury trial, the superior court would have had no discretion but to sentence Monroe to the same life term. Therefore, the sentencing court could not violate Monroe’s right to a jury trial when it sentenced him to a maximum term of life as the statute required. In contrast, the sentencing statutes the Supreme Court addressed in Blakely did not direct the sentencing judge to impose a maximum sentence. Rather, the statutes at issue in Blakely generally prohibited the court from imposing a sentence in excess of the court’s maximum jurisdiction. For Blakely’s kidnapping charge, a class B felony, statutes prohibited Blakely’s sentencing judge from imposing a sentence greater than 10 years, or 120 months, and directed the sentencing judge to impose a sentence within a standard range of 49 to 53 months in the absence of aggravating factors. Blakely, 542 U.S. at 299.

¶15 Here, Monroe waived his right to have a jury determine his guilt by knowingly and voluntarily pleading guilty to the crimes with which he had been charged. State v. Tourtellotte, 88 Wn.2d 579, 583, 564 P.2d 799 (1977). Monroe’s convictions were based on this unchallenged and constitutionally valid plea and he was sentenced to life as RCW 9.94A.712(3) specifically required.

Monroe’s Minimum Term

¶16 Although Monroe’s right to have all facts necessary to support the mandatory maximum term of life were proved by Monroe’s knowing and voluntary plea and waiver of his right to a jury trial, the State’s position that Blakely does not apply to setting Monroe’s minimum term under RCW 9.94A.712(3) is not well founded. This court reached a similar result in Borboa on somewhat different grounds.⁵ Here, the superior court did not violate Monroe’s constitutional right not to be sentenced to serve a term greater than that allowed by the jury’s verdict (or voluntary guilty plea) when it set Monroe’s maximum term at life. Thus, Blakely’s constitutional jury trial right does not apply directly to Monroe’s minimum term sentence which is well below that required by his guilty pleas to rape and burglary. This conclusion is consistent with Division One’s holding in Clarke that Blakely does not apply to the setting of a maximum sentence under RCW 9.94A.712.

¶17 But I diverge from Clarke with respect to the superior court’s setting of the minimum term. Our Supreme Court has held that any inmate serving a pre-Sentencing Reform Act of 1981 (SRA), chapter 9.94ARCW, life sentence can never establish that he or she is receiving more punishment under the SRA because the Indeterminate Sentence Review Board (ISRB) has discretion to impose a minimum sentence of life. In re Pers. Restraint of Stanphill, 134 Wn.2d 165, 949 P.2d 365 (1998). But it is precisely because the statutes governing imposition of Monroe’s sentence do not grant the sentencing court (RCW 9.94A-.712(3)) or the ISRB (RCW 9.95.420), unfettered discretion to impose a minimum term of life that Stanphill does not control the decision here.

Sentencing Jury Required under RCW 9.94A.712(3) and Blakely

¶18 Blakely’s procedural⁶ jury trial requirements are satisfied by Monroe’s plea and the sentencing court here was mandated by RCW 9.94A.712(3) to impose a maximum term of life. Thus, Blakely’s sentencing jury requirement does not apply to the setting of Monroe’s mandatory minimum sentence. Nevertheless, the plain language of RCW 9.94A.712(3) requires that a jury find beyond a reasonable doubt disputed aggravating facts before the sentencing court may rely on them in setting a defendant’s minimum term sentence in excess of his standard range.

¶19 This analysis of RCW 9.94A.712(3) begins with two related maxims of statutory construction. First, if a statute’s meaning is plain, we give effect to that plain meaning as an expression of legislative intent. State v. Thompson, 151 Wn.2d 793, 801, 92 P.3d 228 (2004). Secondly, directory language of a statute governing a specific procedure or circumstance controls over the provisions of statutes of more general application. Staats v. Brown, 139 Wn.2d 757, 789, 991 P.2d 615 (2000) (Talmadge, J., concurring/dissenting). Applying these two principles here reveals that RCW 9.94A.712(3) does not grant a sentencing court authority to impose a determinate minimum term above the standard range without first satisfying Blakely’s procedural jury trial requirement.

¶20 RCW 9.94A.712(3) provides that, for certain crimes, including first degree rape:

[T]he court shall impose a sentence to a maximum term consisting of the statutory maximum sentence for the offense and a minimum term either within the standard sentence range for the offense, or outside the standard sentence range pursuant to RCW 9.94A.535, if the offender is otherwise eligible for such a sentence.

The statutory maximum sentence for first degree rape is life in prison. RCW 9A.20.021(l)(a), .040. Once a defendant has been convicted on plea or verdict of first degree rape, the legislature has specifically directed under RCW 9.94A.712(3) that the superior court sentence him to life imprisonment for that offense.⁷ Here, Monroe does not challenge the validity of his guilty plea and the sentencing court did not violate Monroe’s constitutional right to a jury trial under the Sixth Amendment when it sentenced Monroe to serve a maximum term of life in prison as the legislature mandated

¶21 But RCW 9.94A.712(3) also directs that, after sentencing the defendant to serve a maximum term consisting of the maximum statutory sentence, the sentencing court must impose a mandatory determinate minimum term sentence. A defendant is ineligible for release until he has served this minimum term. When a defendant has completed serving his minimum term, the statute directs that the ISRB shall order the offender conditionally released unless the ISRB determines by a preponderance of the evidence that even with such conditions it is more likely than not that the offender will commit sex offenses if released. RCW 9.95.420(3)(a).⁸ A defendant thus released must comply with the ISRB’s conditions. He has not completed his sentence and he is not released from the court’s jurisdiction until the expiration of the maximum term — life. RCW 9.95.435.⁹ If the defendant violates any of the conditions imposed, he may be reincarcerated. RCW 9.95.435.

¶22 RCW 9.94A.712(3) directs the sentencing court to set the defendant’s minimum term sentence “either within the standard sentence range for the offense, or outside the standard sentence range pursuant to RCW 9.94A.535, if the offender is otherwise eligible for such a sentence.” (Emphasis added.) In other words, the statute directs that Monroe’s minimum term be set as if he were not already under a life sentence.

¶23 In Apprendi, the United States Supreme Court addressed a statute that doubled the superior court’s sentencing jurisdiction when the trial judge found by a preponderance of the evidence that the crime the defendant had committed was a hate crime. In striking down the statute, Apprendi held that “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” 530 U.S. at 490. In Blakely, the Court extended Apprendi’s jury trial requirement to facts, other than a defendant’s prior convictions, used by the sentencing judge to impose sentences below the jurisdictional statutory maximum but in excess of Washington’s standard sentencing ranges.

¶24 Thus, after Blakely, an offender is not “otherwise eligible” to receive a sentence outside the standard sentence range under RCW 9.94A.535 until a jury has found disputed facts increasing the standard range penalty beyond a reasonable doubt or the defendant has otherwise stipulated or waived a jury trial on these issues.

¶25 Under RCW 9.94A.712(3), a sentencing court must sentence the defendant to serve a life term, but can set a defendant’s determinate minimum term above his standard sentence range only when the defendant is otherwise eligible to receive such a sentence under RCW 9.94A.535. Under Blakely’s mandate, if Monroe would otherwise be eligible to receive a sentence outside the standard range, then, and only then, does RCW 9.94A.712(3) grant the sentencing court authority to set his mandatory minimum term outside the standard range. After Blakely, a defendant is not eligible to receive a sentence in excess of the standard range unless disputed facts, other than prior convictions, are proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt (or the defendant stipulates to the facts or otherwise waives the sentencing jury requirement).

¶26 Monroe would not otherwise be eligible to receive a sentence in excess of the standard range until a jury finds the disputed aggravating facts on which the sentencing judge relied beyond a reasonable doubt — deliberate cruelty, victim vulnerability, and criminal sophistication.¹⁰ Therefore, on this record, RCW 9.94A.712(3) did not give Monroe’s sentencing court authority to impose a minimum term in excess of the 384 to 511 month standard range without satisfying Blakely’s jury trial requirement.

¶27 Monroe waived his right to have a jury determine his guilt by knowingly and voluntarily pleading guilty to the crimes with which he had been charged. Tourtellotte, 88 Wn.2d at 583. Monroe’s convictions were based on his valid guilty plea. But, under the plain language of RCW 9.94A.712(3), after Blakely, Monroe was not otherwise eligible to receive an exceptional sentence upward, and the superior court’s minimum term sentence of 651 months must be vacated and the case remanded to the superior court for resetting of Monroe’s minimum term.

1 Monroe’s standard range was 384 to 511 months. This standard range was the sum of the standard ranges for the two rape counts and three of the five kidnapping counts, which ran consecutive to each other under RCW 9.94A.589(l)(b). The two other kidnapping counts ran concurrently to all of the counts because they were considered the same criminal conduct. See RCW 9.94A.589(l)(a). The 651 month “exceptional” minimum term resulted by sentencing Monroe to 254 months on count I and 193 months on count II; the standard ranges were 138 to 184 months on count I and 93 to 123 months on count II.

2 See note 1.

3 Blakely applies to all cases that were not final on June 24, 2004, the time Blakely was issued. State v. Van Buren, 123 Wn. App. 634, 644, 98 P.3d 1235 (2004). Monroe’s case was not yet final when Blakely was issued on June 24, 2004.

4 In Harris and McMillan, the trial court’s sentencing authority was limited by the statutory requirement that the sentencing judge impose a minimum term of five years on finding that the defendant “brandished” or “visibly possess [ed]” a firearm during the commission of the crime for which he was convicted. These limiting five-year minimum terms in Harris and McMillan are akin to Washington’s standard ranges. Atrial judge sentencing under ROW 9.94A.712(3) may not ignore a defendant’s criminal history, consider irrelevant factors, or consider factors that have already been taken into account in setting the standard range and impose a minimum sentence below the offender’s standard range. See State v. Fowler, 145 Wn.2d 400, 404-05, 38 P.3d 335 (2002).

5 Because a defendant remains subject to reincarceration for the maximum term for any violation of the conditions of his release following service of his minimum term, the analysis here differs from that expressed in Borboa. There, in finding a defendant’s maximum term was not his actual sentence, a majority of the panel minimized the custodial nature of the conditions generally imposed on a defendant following completion of his minimum term. The analysis here also differs from the Borboa dissent because it did not address the statutory requirements of the plain language of RCW 9.94A.712(3).

6 On the same day that the Court announced its decision in Blakely, it issued Schriro v. Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348, 124 S. Ct. 2519, 159 L. Ed. 2d 442 (2004), holding that Apprendi’s jury trial requirement was procedural not substantive and, therefore, not retroactive.

7 RCW 9.94A.712(3) sentences differ from those the Court addressed in Blakely where the class of felony set a cap on the sentencing court’s sentencing jurisdiction of 5 years (class C), 10 years (class B), or life (class A), but does not expressly direct that the court impose the maximum term. Blakely, 542 U.S. at 315. Compare RCW 9A.20.021(1)(c).

8 Because the burden remains on the State to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the offender should not be conditionally released at the end of his minimum term, the Clarke court incorrectly states that there is no presumption that the offender be released when his minimum term is served. 124 Wn. App. at 902.

9 The ISRB may impose “such affirmative and other conditions as the board determines appropriate” to ensure that the defendant does not reoffend. RCW 9.95.420(3)(a). These conditions must include the following: reporting to a community corrections officer, remaining within a prescribed geographical boundary, the Department of Correction’s approval of the defendant’s living arrangement and any employment, notifying the community corrections officer of any change in the defendant’s address or employment, and relinquishment of the right to carry a firearm. RCW 9.94A.700(4), .720(1)(b), (2). Other possible terms could include crime-related treatment or counseling and prohibiting the defendant from having contact with certain individuals. RCW 9.94A.700(5), ,720(1)(c).

10 The sentencing court could have imposed an exceptional determinate minimum term on the burglary count based on the jury’s sexual motivation finding or on Monroe’s offender score of “14.” RCW 9.94A.535(2)(f) (exceptional sentence may be imposed for crimes committed with sexual motivation); State v. Van Buren, 123 Wn. App. at 653 (after Blakely, exceptional sentence may be imposed where the defendant committed multiple current offenses and his offender score exceeds the standard sentencing range guideline grid). But the sentencing court did not impose an exceptional sentence on the burglary count and neither party challenges the standard range sentence it imposed. The sentence on that count is therefore final. State v. Sherwood, 71 Wn. App. 481, 488, 860 P.2d 407 (1993), review denied, 123 Wn.2d 1022 (1994).