1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please see 2 Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please 3 also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other 4 deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the 5 filing date.
6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO 7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 8 Plaintiff-Appellee, 9 v. NO. 28,362 10 FRANK MOESCH, 11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF OTERO COUNTY 13 James Waylon Counts, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Anita Carlson, Assistant Attorney General 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellee
18 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender 19 Nancy M. Hewitt, Appellate Defender 20 Santa Fe, NM
21 for Appellant 22 MEMORANDUM OPINION 23 FRY, Chief Judge. 24 Defendant Frank Moesch appeals from his conviction for aggravated battery 25 and assault. On August 10, 2006, Defendant pleaded no contest to the charges against
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1 him, but he was not sentenced until December 21, 2007, fifteen months and eleven 2 days after he entered his plea. Prior to sentencing, Defendant moved to dismiss the 3 charges against him, arguing that the delay in sentencing violated his right to speedy 4 sentencing. The district court denied Defendant’s motion and sentenced Defendant 5 to one year of unsupervised probation. Defendant appealed. For the following 6 reasons, we affirm. 7 BACKGROUND 8 Defendant was charged with one count of aggravated battery and two counts 9 of assault stemming from an incident in which he allegedly struck a woman with his 10 crutch and then pointed a gun at the woman and her boyfriend. On August 10, 2006, 11 Defendant pleaded no contest to the charges against him, and the State agreed not to 12 oppose a two-year suspended sentence with supervised probation. After Defendant 13 entered his plea, the State sought to continue sentencing because the prosecutor who 14 had been handling the case was in the hospital and the prosecutor covering in her 15 absence preferred to defer sentencing to the prosecutor with more knowledge of the 16 case. Defendant concurred with this request, and the court continued the sentencing. 17 According to both paries, the State requested sentencing approximately one week 18 later. However, due to an administrative error at the court, the State’s request for 19 sentencing was never acted upon, and the motion was never entered into the record.
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1 Fifteen months later, the court set a sentencing hearing for December 21, 2007. 2 The day before the hearing, Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the charges against 3 him, arguing that his right to speedy sentencing had been violated. The court denied 4 Defendant’s motion and sentenced Defendant to a one-year suspended sentenced with 5 unsupervised probation. Defendant appeals the district court’s denial of his motion 6 to dismiss. 7 DISCUSSION 8 Defendant argues that the fifteen-month delay between his no-contest plea and 9 his sentencing hearing violated his right to a speedy trial. Specifically, Defendant 10 argues that the delay violated his right to speedy sentencing, a subset of a defendant’s 11 right to a speedy trial. Defendant correctly points out that we have never explicitly 12 held that a defendant’s right to a speedy trial includes a right to speedy sentencing. 13 In past cases where this issue has been raised, we have assumed, without deciding, 14 that the right to a speedy trial includes a right to speedy sentencing. See State v. 15 Brown, 2003-NMCA-110, ¶ 10, 134 N.M. 356, 76 P.3d 1113; State v. Todisco, 2000- 16 NMCA-064, ¶¶ 16-18, 129 N.M. 310, 6 P.3d 1032. Because, as we explain more fully 17 below, under the recent decision of our Supreme Court in State v. Garza, 2009- 18 NMSC-038, ___ N.M. ___, 212 P.3d 387, Defendant cannot demonstrate that any 19 right to speedy sentencing he may have was violated, resolving the question of
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1 whether the right exists is not necessary to our disposition of the case, and we 2 therefore decline to address the issue. See Schlieter v. Carlos, 108 N.M. 507, 510, 775 3 P.2d 709, 712 (1989) (expressing the rule that we should not “decide constitutional 4 questions unless necessary to the disposition of the case”). 5 The seminal case in speedy trial analysis is Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 6 (1972). There, the United States Supreme Court identified four factors that guide our 7 determination of whether a defendant’s right to a speedy trial has been violated. 8 Those factors, which have been adopted by our Supreme Court, are (1) the length of 9 delay, (2) the reasons for the delay, (3) the defendant’s assertion of his right, and (4) 10 the actual prejudice to the defendant. State v. Maddox, 2008-NMSC-062, ¶ 7, 145 11 N.M. 242, 195 P.3d 1254. These factors are to be weighed together, and we must 12 determine whether, on balance, the defendant’s right to a speedy trial has been 13 violated. Id. Where, as here, a defendant argues that his right to speedy sentencing 14 has been violated, we apply those same four factors. Perez v. Sullivan, 793 F.2d 249, 15 254 (10th Cir. 1986); Todisco, 2000-NMCA-064, ¶ 19. 16 Length of Delay 17 Defendant argues that the fifteen-month delay between the entry of his plea and 18 his sentencing creates a presumption of prejudice that weighs strongly in favor of 19 finding that his right to a speedy trial was violated and requires further analysis using
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1 the Barker factors. Recently, in Garza, our Supreme Court clarified the role that the 2 length of delay plays in a speedy trial case. 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 21. The Court 3 abolished “the presumption that a defendant’s right to a speedy trial has been violated 4 based solely on the threshold determination that the length of delay is ‘presumptively 5 prejudicial’” and held that “length of delay is simply a triggering mechanism, 6 requiring further inquiry into the Barker factors.” Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 21. In 7 addition, the Court explained that due to changes in the Rules of Criminal Procedure, 8 the benchmark for determining when a delay should trigger further analysis under the 9 Barker factors is one year for simple cases, fifteen months for intermediate cases, and 10 eighteen months for complex cases. Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 48. The new 11 benchmark related to simple cases is applicable in the present case. See id. ¶ 50 12 (explaining that the new guidelines apply “to speedy trial motions to dismiss initiated 13 on or after August 13, 2007”). 14 While we use the length of delay to determine whether to analyze a defendant’s 15 claim under the Barker factors, we must also consider the weight to give the length 16 of delay because it is in itself one of the Barker factors. Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, 17 ¶ 23. In doing so, “we consider the extent to which the delay stretches beyond the 18 bare minimum needed to trigger judicial examination of the claim.” State v. Coffin, 19 1999-NMSC-038, ¶ 59, 128 N.M. 192, 991 P.2d 477 (internal quotation marks and
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1 citation omitted). “[T]he greater the delay the more heavily it will potentially weigh 2 against the [s]tate.” Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 24. 3 Because Defendant had already pleaded no contest to the charges against him, 4 leaving only his sentence to be determined by the court, his case should be considered 5 a simple case. Thus, under the guideposts outlined by our Supreme Court in Garza, 6 analysis under the Barker factors was triggered after one year. As far as the weight 7 we give to the length of delay in our Barker analysis, the delay was only three months 8 longer than the one-year delay that triggers our analysis. Thus, this factor weighs only 9 slightly in Defendant’s favor. See Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶¶ 7, 24 (noting, under 10 the old presumption that the Barker factors are triggered for a simple case after nine 11 months, that a delay of ten months was not extraordinary and “does not weigh heavily 12 in [the d]efendant’s favor”). 13 Reason for the Delay 14 The next factor we consider is the reason for the delay. Depending on the 15 reason for the delay, the prejudice to Defendant may either be heightened or tempered. 16 Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 25. There are essentially three types of delay that can 17 occur, each of which is weighed against the parties in a different manner. See id. If 18 the delay is the result of an intentional attempt by the government to hamper the 19 defendant’s defense, the delay will be weighed heavily against the state. Id. If the
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1 delay is the result of negligent or administrative delay, the delay is weighed against 2 the state in proportion with the length of the delay. Id. ¶ 26. The longer a negligent 3 or administrative delay is, the more heavily the state’s negligence in bringing the case 4 to trial will weigh against the state. Id. Finally, if there is a valid reason for the delay, 5 the delay may be justifiable and not weigh against either party. See id. ¶ 27. 6 Here, the district court accepted full responsibility for the delay in sentencing 7 Defendant. Following Defendant’s no-contest plea, the State moved the court to set 8 a sentencing hearing. However, due apparently to an administrative error, the district 9 court did not schedule the hearing, and the court accepted the majority of 10 responsibility for the failure to sentence Defendant in a more timely manner. Thus, 11 the delay is an administrative delay that weighs against the State in proportion with 12 the length of the delay. Because we have already concluded that the length of the 13 delay in this case was not excessive, the fact that the delay was caused by an 14 administrative error of the court weighs only slightly against the State. See id. ¶ 30. 15 Defendant’s Assertion of the Right to a Speedy Trial 16 In order to determine the weight to give to a defendant’s assertion of his right 17 to a speedy trial, we “assess the timing of the defendant’s assertion and the manner in 18 which the right was asserted,” giving “weight to the frequency and force of the 19 defendant’s objections to the delay.” Id. ¶ 32 (internal quotation marks and citation
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1 omitted). The United States Supreme Court noted in this context that “[t]he strength 2 of [the defendant’s] efforts will be affected . . . most particularly by the personal 3 prejudice . . . that [the defendant] experiences.” Barker, 407 U.S. at 531. The Court 4 explained that “[t]he more serious the deprivation, the more likely a defendant is to 5 complain” and that “failure to assert the right will make it difficult for a defendant to 6 prove that he was denied a speedy trial.” Id. at 531-32. 7 Here, Defendant’s sole assertion of his right to speedy sentencing was in a 8 motion to dismiss filed the day before the sentencing hearing. Aside from this motion, 9 Defendant did not in any way assert his right to speedy sentencing during the entire 10 fifteen-month period between his plea and his sentencing hearing. We have 11 previously held that a last minute motion to dismiss is to be given less weight than a 12 motion for speedy trial filed earlier in the proceedings. See State v. Tortolito, 1997- 13 NMCA-128, ¶ 17, 124 N.M. 368, 950 P.2d 811 (noting that a defendant’s motion to 14 dismiss the case one year after he was arrested, in the absence of any other assertion 15 of the right to speedy trial, was a “late assertion of his right to a speedy trial [that did] 16 not weigh significantly in his favor”). 17 Because Defendant did not assert his right to speedy sentencing until the day 18 before the sentencing hearing, we conclude that Defendant acquiesced in the delay. 19 See Perez , 793 F.2d at 256 (noting that because a defendant did not file any motion
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1 regarding speedy sentencing for nine months of a fifteen-month delay, the delay was 2 “at the instance or with the acquiescence of defendant and his counsel”). This factor 3 therefore does not weigh significantly in favor of Defendant. See Tortolito, 1997- 4 NMCA-128, ¶ 17. 5 Prejudice 6 The final and most important factor in a post-conviction situation is whether 7 Defendant was prejudiced by the delay between his conviction and his sentencing. 8 See Perez, 793 F.2d at 256 (noting that “it might be said that once a defendant has 9 been convicted it would be the rarest of circumstances in which the right to a speedy 10 trial could be infringed without a showing of prejudice”). In an ordinary speedy trial 11 case, we consider three distinct types of prejudice that a defendant can suffer as a 12 result of delay: (1) oppressive pretrial incarceration; (2) the anxiety and concern of 13 the accused; and (3) the possibility that the defense will be impaired. Garza, 2009- 14 NMSC-038, ¶ 35. When a defendant asserts the right to speedy sentencing, however, 15 these considerations change significantly. As we explained in Todisco, “[t]he 16 alteration of defendant’s status from accused and presumed innocent to guilty and 17 awaiting sentence is a significant change which must be taken into account in the 18 balancing process.” 2000-NMCA-064, ¶ 23 (internal quotation marks and citation 19 omitted). Once a defendant is convicted, “[m]ost of the interests designed to be
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1 protected by the speedy trial guarantee diminish or disappear altogether” and “the 2 rights of society proportionately increase.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation 3 omitted). Our concerns about oppressive pre-trial incarceration and an impaired 4 defense, for example, disappear completely once a defendant has been convicted. 5 Because the interests protected by the speedy trial guarantee change so significantly 6 following a conviction, “the prejudice claimed by the defendant must be substantial 7 and demonstrable.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 8 Defendant argues that he was prejudiced because “he suffered anxiety and 9 concern due to the delay in this case.” While Defendant was aware that the prosecutor 10 had agreed not to oppose probation, Defendant argues that he was still uncertain about 11 his fate, and therefore suffered anxiety, because “there was no way for [Defendant] 12 to know that the court would agree to this disposition.” Below, Defendant also argued 13 that he suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder and that because of his condition, 14 “the time spent awaiting sentencing has been traumatic for him.” Further, Defendant 15 argued that he was subject to restrictions on his liberty while awaiting sentencing 16 because he was subject to conditions of release. Defendant contends that once he 17 made the argument that he suffered anxiety, the State had the burden to prove that he 18 did not suffer from anxiety.
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1 Defendant presented no evidence regarding any anxiety that he may have 2 suffered, relying instead on the bare assertion that the mere existence of the delay 3 caused him anxiety. Our Supreme Court has noted that “[s]ome degree of oppression 4 and anxiety is inherent for ever[y] defendant who is jailed while awaiting trial” and 5 that this factor will therefore only be weighed in a defendant’s favor when “the 6 anxiety suffered is undue.” Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 35 (alterations in original) 7 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The Court went on to note that 8 “without a particularized showing of prejudice, we will not speculate as to the impact 9 of pretrial incarceration . . . or the degree of anxiety a defendant suffers.” Id. Here, 10 Defendant’s assertion that he suffered from anxiety while awaiting sentencing is 11 insufficient to establish prejudice. Defendant offered no evidence to suggest that he 12 suffered from an undue level of anxiety and, contrary to Defendant’s argument, the 13 State does not have the burden to prove that Defendant did not suffer from undue 14 anxiety. Rather, Defendant has the burden of proving that he suffered from undue 15 anxiety. Maddox, 2008-NMSC-062, ¶ 32 (noting that the defendant has the burden 16 of production on the issue of prejudice). 17 Not only did Defendant fail to meet his burden of presenting evidence that he 18 suffered from undue anxiety, but when viewed in the context of Defendant’s assertion 19 of the right to a speedy sentencing, Defendant’s argument that he was prejudiced by
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1 severe anxiety holds less weight. Had Defendant been suffering from severe anxiety, 2 he could have easily moved the court to hold a sentencing hearing or otherwise 3 asserted his right to a speedy sentencing. See Barker, 407 U.S. at 531 (explaining that 4 the strength of a defendant’s efforts to protest delay will be affected by the prejudice 5 the defendant experiences). Not only would this have helped to relieve some of his 6 anxiety regarding the uncertainty of his sentence, but it would also have given him a 7 stronger argument that his right to speedy sentencing was violated had the district 8 court ignored his request and continued to delay the proceedings. 9 Finally, while Defendant argues that he was prejudiced by being subject to 10 conditions of release while he was awaiting sentencing, our Supreme Court has 11 explicitly held that being subjected to conditions of release “is not the type of 12 prejudice against which the speedy trial right protects.” Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, 13 ¶ 37. Thus, in order to meet his burden under the prejudice factor of the Barker test, 14 Defendant was required to show more than he merely suffered from some anxiety and 15 that he had to comply with his conditions of release. 16 Because Defendant has failed to show that he suffered from any undue anxiety, 17 we conclude that Defendant was not prejudiced by the delay in sentencing. This 18 factor therefore does not weigh in Defendant’s favor. 19 Balancing Test
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1 On balance, we conclude that Defendant’s right to a speedy sentence was not 2 violated in this case. The first three factors weigh only slightly in Defendant’s favor. 3 The delay was not extraordinarily long and the delay was the result of the court’s 4 administrative error, not the State’s intentional act. In addition, Defendant failed to 5 assert his right to a speedy sentence in any meaningful manner. While all of these first 6 three factors weigh slightly in Defendant’s favor, they alone are insufficient to compel 7 the conclusion that Defendant’s rights were violated especially where, as here, 8 Defendant has failed to show that he was subjected to any undue prejudice. See 9 Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 39 (holding that “a defendant must show particularized 10 prejudice of the kind against which the speedy trial right is intended to protect” unless 11 “the length of delay and the reasons for the delay weigh heavily in [the] defendant’s 12 favor and [the] defendant has asserted his right and not acquiseced to the delay”); 13 Todisco, 2000-NMCA-064, ¶ 23 (explaining that a defendant’s prejudice must be 14 substantial and demonstrable in a speedy sentencing case). 15 CONCLUSION 16 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s order denying 17 Defendant’s motion to dismiss the charges against him. 18 IT IS SO ORDERED.
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2 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Chief Judge 3 WE CONCUR:
4 5 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
6 7 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge