Rothrock, Ch. J.
1. CTtlMIlTAIi procedure: absence of state's witnesses: continuance : facts justifying. I.' At the January term, 1884, the defendant was put upon trial on the indictment, and the jury failed to return a verdict, because they were unable to agree. After the jury were discharged, the district attorney filed a motion for a continuance of the cause until the next term, based upon the absence of two witnesses. One of' these witnesses was present and testified upon the first trial, and the other was a non-resident, and absent from the state. The non-resident witness was one Davis, and it appears from the affidavit that the. defendant had made the claim that Davis had sexual intercourse with defendant’s daughter, and that he was the father of her illegitimate child. The affidavit of the district attorney was to the effect that Davis would testify that he never at any time had such sexual intercourse [62]*62with the prosecutrix. The defendant resisted the motion for a continuance, upon the grounds that the witness who had been in attendance at the first trial should not have been permitted to absent himself until the case was finally disposed of, and that his testimony did not tend to corroborate the testimony of the prosecutrix. As to Davis, the objection was that there was no reasonable expectation that his attendance could be secured at the next term, and that his evidence would not be corroborative, and would be immaterial and incompetent. The motion for a continuance was sustained, to which ruling the defendant excepted. Thereupon, the defendant appeared in open court, and waived the right to confront said witnesses, and admitted that they would testify as stated, and consented that the testimony might be read upon the trial, upon which waiver the motion for continuance was overruled.
2. criminal cestfwhat is tive. It is claimed that the agreement to go to trial and waive the presence' of the witnesses was not a waiver of the ruling on the motion for a continuance. Without determining the question as to what was waived by the agreement, we think the showing made for a continuance was sufficient. There was no lack of diligence on the part of the district attorney. The case was one which would quite naturally excite the public mind, and in view of the difficulty of securing a jury to try a case of this character the second time at the same term, we would be slow to disturb an order of continuance upon the ground that the district attorney had permitted the witnesses for the state to absent themselves at the close of the introduction of the evidence upon the first trial. It is claimed that the testimony of Davis would have been immaterial. We think otherwise. It was not necessary that it should be in direct corroboration of the testimony of the prosecutrix as to the body of the crime. The record shows that it was most material in contradiction of the theory of the defense that Davis was the author of the misfortune of the prosecutrix.
[63]*63
_ _ father and daughter: supportVerdiet‘
[64]*644i_. tion°bdutyoi jury. [63]*63II. Tbe sufficiency of tbe evidence to warrant tbe verdict is the material question in the case. The evidence shows that the daughter of the defendant was delivered of a child when she was between fifteen and sixteen years °f age. The defendant’s wife died some years before that, and thé defendant and his four children composed the family at the time it is charged the crime was committed. The prosecutrix was the oldest child. She testified, upon the trial, that her father commenced to have sexual intercourse with her when she was about eleven years old, which was continued up to the time she became pregnant, which was in December, 1882; that after she became pregnant he procured medicine for her to produce an abortion; that he told her to say that one Davis was the father of the child. If the testimony of the prosecutrix was, in law, sufficient to sustain a conviction, we would not be warranted in reversing the judgment for want of' sufficient evidence. It is true that it appears from her evidence that, upon the first trial, she testified that on every occasion of sexual intercourse the act was accomplished by force, and on the last trial she testified that no force was used excepting during the first years of their illicit intercourse. And she admits that she claimed at one time that Davis was the father of the child. It is strenuously urged in argument that the contradictions render the witness unworthy of belief. That was a question for the jury, and it is not for this court to sit in judgment upon it, in view of the statement which she makes that her father induced her to claim Davis as the father of the child, and in view of the explanation she makes as to her former testimony as to the force used. It is claimed, however, that, conceding that the jury were warranted in giving credence to the testimony of the prosecutrix, there is no other evidence tending to connect the defendant with the commission of the offense sufficient to constitute the corroboration required by statute. We suppose it is a question for the court to determine [64]*64there is any corroborating evidence in cases of this character. But it is for the jury to weigh a^id determine the effect of such evidence, and its sufficiency, and each case must be determined upon its own facts, because, in the nature of things, the corroboration cannot be the same in any two cases.' Many cases of this hind have been determined in this court, in some of which it has been held that there was corroborating evidence, and in others that such evidence was not produced. In the case at' bar, we think there was evidence other than that of the prosecutrix, which, if believed by the jury, tended, to say the least, to connect the defendant with the crime charged.
[65]*65same as numuer2, ante. [64]*64We will set out a few of the facts sworn to by witnesses which, we think, have the required tendency. At about the fourth month of the pregnancy of the prosecutrix, the defendant called upon his family physician, and at three different times procured medicine which was intended to bring about the flow of the menses. He told the physician that her menses had ceased, as he thought, by her catching cold. At times he claimed that he did not know of the pregnancy of his daughter until her sickness at the time of the birth of the child. At another time he claimed that he knew it four or five months before that time. He was unwilling that any one should interrogate his daughter about the paternity of the child, saying that he would find out, and that he would make it hot for any one who interfered in the matter. He intimated, and, in fact, claimed that Davis was the father of the child, and when it was proposed to send for Davis he objected. Now, we think these circumstances, and others that might be enumerated, were sufficient to submit to the jury in corroboration of the testimony of the prosecutrix. They indicated pretty plainly that the defendant was determined that the author of the ruin of his child should not be discovered and brought to justice; and we think his contradictory statements and general conduct in regard to the affair warranted the jury in finding that the corroboration was [65]*65sufficient. Tlife corroboration necessary to couvict liim need not be founded upon facts directly connecting defendant with the offense. It may be founded upon circumstantial evidence.
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Rothrock, Ch. J.
1. CTtlMIlTAIi procedure: absence of state's witnesses: continuance : facts justifying. I.' At the January term, 1884, the defendant was put upon trial on the indictment, and the jury failed to return a verdict, because they were unable to agree. After the jury were discharged, the district attorney filed a motion for a continuance of the cause until the next term, based upon the absence of two witnesses. One of' these witnesses was present and testified upon the first trial, and the other was a non-resident, and absent from the state. The non-resident witness was one Davis, and it appears from the affidavit that the. defendant had made the claim that Davis had sexual intercourse with defendant’s daughter, and that he was the father of her illegitimate child. The affidavit of the district attorney was to the effect that Davis would testify that he never at any time had such sexual intercourse [62]*62with the prosecutrix. The defendant resisted the motion for a continuance, upon the grounds that the witness who had been in attendance at the first trial should not have been permitted to absent himself until the case was finally disposed of, and that his testimony did not tend to corroborate the testimony of the prosecutrix. As to Davis, the objection was that there was no reasonable expectation that his attendance could be secured at the next term, and that his evidence would not be corroborative, and would be immaterial and incompetent. The motion for a continuance was sustained, to which ruling the defendant excepted. Thereupon, the defendant appeared in open court, and waived the right to confront said witnesses, and admitted that they would testify as stated, and consented that the testimony might be read upon the trial, upon which waiver the motion for continuance was overruled.
2. criminal cestfwhat is tive. It is claimed that the agreement to go to trial and waive the presence' of the witnesses was not a waiver of the ruling on the motion for a continuance. Without determining the question as to what was waived by the agreement, we think the showing made for a continuance was sufficient. There was no lack of diligence on the part of the district attorney. The case was one which would quite naturally excite the public mind, and in view of the difficulty of securing a jury to try a case of this character the second time at the same term, we would be slow to disturb an order of continuance upon the ground that the district attorney had permitted the witnesses for the state to absent themselves at the close of the introduction of the evidence upon the first trial. It is claimed that the testimony of Davis would have been immaterial. We think otherwise. It was not necessary that it should be in direct corroboration of the testimony of the prosecutrix as to the body of the crime. The record shows that it was most material in contradiction of the theory of the defense that Davis was the author of the misfortune of the prosecutrix.
[63]*63
_ _ father and daughter: supportVerdiet‘
[64]*644i_. tion°bdutyoi jury. [63]*63II. Tbe sufficiency of tbe evidence to warrant tbe verdict is the material question in the case. The evidence shows that the daughter of the defendant was delivered of a child when she was between fifteen and sixteen years °f age. The defendant’s wife died some years before that, and thé defendant and his four children composed the family at the time it is charged the crime was committed. The prosecutrix was the oldest child. She testified, upon the trial, that her father commenced to have sexual intercourse with her when she was about eleven years old, which was continued up to the time she became pregnant, which was in December, 1882; that after she became pregnant he procured medicine for her to produce an abortion; that he told her to say that one Davis was the father of the child. If the testimony of the prosecutrix was, in law, sufficient to sustain a conviction, we would not be warranted in reversing the judgment for want of' sufficient evidence. It is true that it appears from her evidence that, upon the first trial, she testified that on every occasion of sexual intercourse the act was accomplished by force, and on the last trial she testified that no force was used excepting during the first years of their illicit intercourse. And she admits that she claimed at one time that Davis was the father of the child. It is strenuously urged in argument that the contradictions render the witness unworthy of belief. That was a question for the jury, and it is not for this court to sit in judgment upon it, in view of the statement which she makes that her father induced her to claim Davis as the father of the child, and in view of the explanation she makes as to her former testimony as to the force used. It is claimed, however, that, conceding that the jury were warranted in giving credence to the testimony of the prosecutrix, there is no other evidence tending to connect the defendant with the commission of the offense sufficient to constitute the corroboration required by statute. We suppose it is a question for the court to determine [64]*64there is any corroborating evidence in cases of this character. But it is for the jury to weigh a^id determine the effect of such evidence, and its sufficiency, and each case must be determined upon its own facts, because, in the nature of things, the corroboration cannot be the same in any two cases.' Many cases of this hind have been determined in this court, in some of which it has been held that there was corroborating evidence, and in others that such evidence was not produced. In the case at' bar, we think there was evidence other than that of the prosecutrix, which, if believed by the jury, tended, to say the least, to connect the defendant with the crime charged.
[65]*65same as numuer2, ante. [64]*64We will set out a few of the facts sworn to by witnesses which, we think, have the required tendency. At about the fourth month of the pregnancy of the prosecutrix, the defendant called upon his family physician, and at three different times procured medicine which was intended to bring about the flow of the menses. He told the physician that her menses had ceased, as he thought, by her catching cold. At times he claimed that he did not know of the pregnancy of his daughter until her sickness at the time of the birth of the child. At another time he claimed that he knew it four or five months before that time. He was unwilling that any one should interrogate his daughter about the paternity of the child, saying that he would find out, and that he would make it hot for any one who interfered in the matter. He intimated, and, in fact, claimed that Davis was the father of the child, and when it was proposed to send for Davis he objected. Now, we think these circumstances, and others that might be enumerated, were sufficient to submit to the jury in corroboration of the testimony of the prosecutrix. They indicated pretty plainly that the defendant was determined that the author of the ruin of his child should not be discovered and brought to justice; and we think his contradictory statements and general conduct in regard to the affair warranted the jury in finding that the corroboration was [65]*65sufficient. Tlife corroboration necessary to couvict liim need not be founded upon facts directly connecting defendant with the offense. It may be founded upon circumstantial evidence. State v. Stanley, 48 Iowa, 221.
5. —:-: iíu?macy. III. Upon the cross-examination of the prosecutrix she was ashed if Davis had ever given her money, and if the witness had said to Mary Ratliff that Davis had given her some money, and if she did not show the money to Mrs. Ratliff. The court sustained an objection to the question, because it was immaterial, and not cross-examination. This ruling is complained of. We think the ruling was correct. The mere fact that Davis gave the girl money was immaterial; and, if he did give her money, no inference was allowable therefrom that the giving of money was for any improper purpose, without some proof in that direction. As to such proof, we may say that the evidence does not tend to show any improper intimacy between Davis and the prosecutrix. It appears that Davis visited the defendant’s family, and that he had a violin, and played it at times while there. A witness stated that she had seen Davis at the defendant’s house on two occasions, and the question was asked her if, at other times, she had heard a violin played in the house. The court sustained an objection to this question. We think this ruling was not erroneous. The testi,mony which was sought to be called out thereby was so remote from any issue in the case that, whether allowed or not, it could have had no influence in making up a verdict.
s practicereviewing18: testimony. IV. The defendant requested the court to give to the jury seventeen instructions, which were all refused. The most of ^ese instructions are recitals of the different facts and circumstances which are claimed to be corroborative of the prosecutrix, coupled with the statement that they do not tend to connect the defendant with the commission of the crime charged. If these instructions had been given, the jury would have been required to [66]*66return a verdict of not guilty. We have said that some of these facts and circumstances were sufficient to submit to the jury, and as to them the instructions would have been manifestly erroneous. And we do not think the court is required in such cases to take up the several facts and circumstances testified to by the witnesses, and instruct the jury as to their weight and effect. Under our practice, written instructions are required, and it is not practicable nor necessary for the court to review the testimony of the witnesses.
V. In our opinion the instructions given by the court to the jury fully and fairly cover every proper question in the case. They call attention to the contradictory statements of the prosecutrix in her testimony upon the two trials, and state that if she intentionally testified falsely she might be discredited altogether, and direct the jury that they “are to j udge of her testimony, and determine how far, if at all, she is corroborated or contradicted by herself or others, and give it such credit as it may be entitled to, or none, as you may fairly judge to be right.” Counsel for the defendant claims that the instructions are erroneous in that they confine the jury to a consideration of such facts, if any, as to which the witness intentionally testified falsely; and it is further objected that the part of the instructions above quoted authorized the jury to find corroborative facts in the testimony of the prosecutrix. We do not think the instructions are vulnerable to the objections claimed, especially in view of the very full and fair directions elsewhere contained in the" charge upon the question of corroboration.
VI. The motion for a- new trial was supported by an affidavit of defendant’s counsel, in .which the district attorney was charged with misconduct in his closing argument to the jury. The district attorney filed a counter-affidavit, in which he claimed that his conduct and argument were highly proper, in view of the fact that it was but a reply to the argument of defendant’s counsel. It is unnecessary to set out these affidavits in this opinion. It is enough to say that we do not [67]*67discover that the defendant was prejudiced in this regard.' It appears from the affidavits that most of this controversy arose out of statements made by counsel as to what occurred at the first trial. The affidavits are contradictory as to which of the counsel was at fault in first departing from a proper line of argument.
We have examined the whole record in the case, and given, as we think, proper consideration to the very able and exhaustive argument of counsel for the defendant, and are united in the conclusion that the judgment of the district court must be ■
Affirmed.