IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE AT JACKSON
SEPTEMBE R SESSION, 1997
STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) C.C.A. NO. 02C01-9610-CR-00354 )
Appellee, )
) FILED ) SHELBY COUNTY
VS. ) November 14, 1997 ) HON. CHRIS CRAFT
MICHAEL T. WARE, ) JUDGE Cecil Crowson, Jr.
Appellate C ourt Clerk
)
Appe llant. ) (Felony Mu rder)
ON APPEAL FROM THE JUDGMENT OF THE CRIMINAL COURT OF SHELBY COUNTY
FOR THE APPELLANT: FOR THE APPELLEE:
A. C. WHARTON JOHN KNOX WALKUP Public Defender Attorney General and Reporter
WA LKER GW INN GEORGIA BLYTHE FELNER Assistant Public Defender Assistant Attorney General 201 Poplar, Suite -01 425 5th Avenu e North Memphis, TN 38103 Nashville, TN 37243
JOHN W. PIEROTTI
District Attorney General
AMY WEIRICH
Assistant District Attorney General Criminal Justice Complex, Suite 301 201 Poplar Street
Memphis, TN 38103
OPINION FILED ________________________ AFFIRMED DAVID H. WELLES, JUDGE
OPINION
The Defendant, Michael T. Wa re, was convicted by a Shelby Co unty jury of one coun t of felony murde r.1 He was sentenced to life imprisonment. He appe als his conviction raising one issue: Th at the e videnc e was legally insufficient to suppo rt the verdict of guilt. As s ubparts to this issue , he asse rts that the conviction was based on accomplice testimony without sufficient corroboration and that the testimony of the accomplice was essen tially “bough t” by the prosecution and violative of his due process rights. We affirm the judgm ent of the tria l court.
On the evening of June 17, 1994, the victim in this case, Barry Watts, was at his mother’s house repairing a broken taillight on her car around 5:00 or 6:00 p.m. He finished the job in approxim ately thirty minutes and then left in his car, a Buick Regal. He telephoned his mother at approximately 10:00 p.m. and talked with her.
That same evening, Florene Williams borrow ed her boyfriend , Henry Clark ’s car, a 197 6 or 197 7 four-do or, blue an d white B uick LeS abre. She drove the car to visit her friend, Deloris Wilson, at the Cedar Court Apartments on Seven th Street in Memphis, Tennessee. She arrived there between 6:30 and 7:00 p.m. M s. W illiams was socializing, drinking and getting high on crack cocaine. During the evening, Ms. Williams checked on her car two or three times and saw the Defendant and “Sweet Pea” (Corey Hunter) hanging around. They
1 Tenn. Code A nn. § 39-13-202(a)(2).
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were agitating to get her car. When she was leaving to go back home, she got in the vehicle and b egan to rem ove the “club” from the steering wheel. The Defendant and Hunter approached the car with the Defendant on the driver’s side and Hunter on the passenger’s side. They threatened Ms. Williams and hit her on the sid e of the neck and fa ce with a bottle or club. She relinquished the vehicle because she knew the Defendant had a gun. This was somewhere between 8:00 and 10:00 p.m.
Ms. Williams returned to her friend’s apartment and stayed within the complex that evening. She did not sleep. Ms. W illiams did n ot report th e theft to the police although a pay telephone was nearby because she was afraid of the Defen dant an d did not w ant to be s een ca lling the po lice.
Meanwhile, the Defendant and Hu nter dr ove the stolen vehicle aroun d until it develop ed me chanica l problem s and sto pped ru nning. They pulled the car over on Leath Stree t in front o f W illiam W alker’s hous e. Mr. W alker a nd his family were sitting out in their yard and drinking beer at approximately 11:30 when he saw two black males in the car. Mr. W alker knew the victim, Barry Watts, and saw him pull his car up to the stalled vehicle. The s treetlight was dim, bu t Mr. Walker saw the victim get out of his vehicle and appea r to help the two men. He described both of them as six feet tall with slender builds and dark complexions. One man looked like he had long “nappy” hair. It appeared that they first tried to jump start the vehicle, then the two men got into the victim’s vehicle. One man sat in the front passenger seat and the other g ot into th e bac k sea t. The victim drove them awa y. Later, the stalled vehicle was identified as belong ing to Henry Clark, wh o was initia lly a suspe ct.
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Johnny Broady testified that on June 17, he got off from work at 5:00 p.m.
and was near his home at approximately 5:30 p.m. He saw the victim on Bethel Street and th e victim stopp ed his car an d talke d to him . The v ictim g ave his pager number to Broady. Broady and his friends, including a lady he was entertaining, went to his home on Pearce Street at approximately 6:30 to 7:00 p.m. After about thirty minu tes, Broady pa ged the victim to b uy some crack cocaine. The victim delivered the crack to Broady’s house at approximately 7:30 or 8:00 p.m. Broady paged the victim one more time at about 10:00 to 10:15 p.m. to buy more crack.
The victim arrived on Pearce Street with the Defendant and Hunter in the car with him. Broad y wanted the victim to com e in the hous e, but th e victim told Broady to ride with them. Broady was reluctant because he would leave his guests, but agreed to go with the victim. They headed towards Chelsea Street, turned onto Fifth Street, and then stopped at Greenlaw Avenue to drop off the Defendant and Hunter. The men had been talking about buying marijuana. They pulled into the parking lo t at Joh nson ’s Mark et. Th e victim turned off his headligh ts before rolling to a stop. Broady opened his door to get out and looked back in. He saw the Defenda nt pull a gun, either a .45 caliber or 9 millimete r, on the victim a nd told him to “drop it” , in othe r word s, to give the De fenda nt his money and valuab les. Bro ady tes tified tha t Hunter nud ged h im an d held a gun to his head an d likewise told him to “drop it.” Broady said h e didn’t have anything. The Defendant fired the pistol at the victim. Broady jumped out of the car and ran behind the market. He grabbed a pipe to protect himself and peeked around the corn er to see if anyone was ch asing him .
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He saw the brake lights go off and the front car door open. The victim fe ll out of the car a nd the D efenda nt slid into the driver’s sea t. The ca r sped o ff, heading east on G reenlaw Avenu e. Broady ran over to the victim alon g with Darryl Pryor, who had seen the incident from his a partment. Bro ady did not stay, but told Pryor where he could be found. Broady testified at trial that in a statement to the police, he stated that he never really looked directly at the Defendant becau se it was d ark in the ve hicle, but tha t he saw the Defe ndant’ s face from the flash of the gun when it fired. He did not know the Defendant by name at the time of the offense, but testified that he was positive that the Defendant was th e individ ual who shot the victim. He had seen the Defendant from a distance around his neighborhood. While on the stand, Broady described the De fendan t’s hair as ha ving a jheri c url.
Darryl Pryor testified that he was sitting outside his apartment around 11:00 p.m. when he noticed a car approach and pull into the market. He noticed the vehicle’s light go off before it cam e to a stop. He h eard a “pop ” and got behind a tree. A lthough it is unclear whether before or after he heard the gunsh ot, he saw a black male run from the vehicle. Afterwards, someone was pushed out of the car. The vehicle pulled off and drove down Fifth Street. He went to the victim, who was lying face down and breathing laboriously as if he were suffocating. He s poke with Bro ady, who did not stay at the scene for long. Pryor called 911.
Police officers arrived at 12:02 a.m and secured the scene. The Defendant was dead when the paramedics arrived. Police recovered seven rocks of crack cocaine in the vic tim’s navel. The medical examiner determined that the victim
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died as a res ult of a g unsh ot wou nd to th e arm which entere d his rig ht lung, severed two major arteries and lodged in his left lung, causing severe bleeding. The g un was fired within tw elve inche s from th e victim.
Corey Hunter, who was with the Defendant during the commission of the crime, testified at trial. He stated that the Defendant lived in the Ce dar Court Apartm ents and h e me t him there. They wanted to go to a teenager club called 380 Beale . They had n o trans portatio n and beca use it w ould take thirty minutes to walk there, they wanted a car. He testified that Florene Williams let them use the car in exchange for a rock of crack cocaine. They took the car and it broke down on the way to Beale Street. A heavyset man w ith dark s kin sto pped to help and checked unde r the ho od. W hen th ey dete rmine d the ve hicle co uld not be revived, they asked for a ride. The victim agreed to take the m part o f the way to Greenlaw Aven ue. Th e victim drove to Bro ady’s house and picked him up. The victim pulled in an alley to drop them off when the Defendant pulled a gun and told him to “Drop it off.” The victim said “Uh” because he was startled and the Defendant shot him. The victim fell out of the car onto the street. The back door was open and H unter wa nted to ge t out, but the Defen dant refu sed. They left the car on Marb le Stree t, then w alked to Bea le Stre et. Th e vehic le foun d on M arble Street was later identified as the victim’s. Hunter was afraid to leave the Defendant because the Defendant had a gun. He finally left the Defendant after they were on Bea le Street fo r a few m inutes.
Hunter was later arrested and gave a statement to police. After that, he signed an affid avit that his prior statements implicating the Defendant were false. He testified that th e affidavit wa s mad e at the be hest of the Defendant’s gang
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members, who had a ssaulted him in jail. Hunter did not repo rt the assa ult. The affidav it stated that the police promised to let Hunter go if he implicated the Defen dant. Hunter testified that the affidavit was false and that his statement made to the police and his te stimon y in court wa s the truth.
Sergeant James Fitzp atrick te stified a t trial that h e took Core y Hun ter’s statement at the police department. Fitzpatrick denied telling Hunter that he would be relea sed if he identified the sh ooter.
The Defendant was convicted of first-degree felony murder com mitted in the perpetratio n of a ro bbery and s enten ced to life imp risonm ent. In h is only issue in this appe al, he contends that the evidence was insufficient to support the verdict of guilt. When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, the standard is whether, after reviewing the evidence in the light most favora ble to the pros ecution, a ny rationa l trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reaso nable d oubt. Jack son v. V irginia, 443 U.S. 307, 31 9 (1979 ). Questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value to be given the eviden ce, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence, are resolved by the trier of fact, not this co urt. State v. Pappas, 754 S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). Nor may this court reweigh or reevalua te the evide nce. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 197 8).
A jury verdict approved by the trial judge accredits the State’s witnesses and resolves all conflicts in fa vor of the S tate. State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). On appeal, the State is entitled to the strong est legitim ate
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view of the evidence and all inference s therefro m. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d at 835. Because a verdic t of guilt removes the presumption of innocence and replaces it with a presump tion of guilt, the accused has the burd en in this court of illustrating why the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict returned by the trier of fact. State v. Tug gle, 639 S.W .2d 913, 9 14 (Te nn. 198 2); Grace, 493 S.W.2d at 476.
A crime may be established by circumstantial evidence alone. State v.
Tharpe, 726 S.W.2d 896, 899-900 (Tenn. 1987). However, before an accused may be con victed of a criminal offense based only upon circumstantial evidence, the facts and circumstances “must be so strong and cogent as to exclude e very other reaso nable hypoth esis sa ve the g uilt of the defenda nt.” State v. Crawfo rd, 225 Tenn. 478, 482, 470 S.W.2d 610, 612 (1971). In other words, a “web of guilt must be woven around the defendant from which he cannot escape and from which facts and circumstances the jury could draw no other reasonable inference save the guilt of the de fendant beyo nd a reaso nable doub t.” Id. at 484, 61 3.
After a careful review of the record, we find that the evidence proves that the Defendant killed the victim during an attempt to rob him. However, the Defendant argues that the conviction was based on accomplice testimony that was not sufficiently corroborated. He asserts that Hunter was the only witness who witn essed the crime and po sitively identified the Defe ndant.
It is well established in Tennessee that a defendant may not be convicted solely upon the uncorroborated testimon y of an ac comp lice. See, e.g., State v.
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Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 803 (Tenn.1994). Such corroborating evidence "may be direct or entirely circumstantial, and need not be adeq uate, in and o f itself to suppo rt a convictio n," as long as it "legitima tely tends to connect the defendant with the commission of the crime charge d." Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d at 803 (quoting) State v. Gaylor, 862 S.W .2d 54 6, 552 (Ten n. Crim . App. 1 992). H owev er, "it is not necessary tha t the corroboration extend to every part of the ac com plice's evidenc e." Id. Also, the corroboration may be sufficient although "the evidence is slight and entitled, when s tanding alone, to little co nsidera tion." Id. Whether a witne ss' test imon y has b een s ufficien tly corrobo rated is a m atter entru sted to the jury as th e trier of fact. Id.
Furthermore, the threshold question of whether the witness was an accomplice must b e answ ered. An accom plice is one “who knowingly, voluntarily, and with common intent unites with the principal offender in the commission of a crime .” State v. Green, 915 S.W.2d 827, 831 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). The test is whether the alleged accomplice can be indicted for the crime, however, a defense of du ress or co ercion m ay be as serted. Id. Establishing whethe r the witnes s is an ac comp lice is a que stion for the jury. Id.
W e believe that the evidence suggests that Hunter may have been an accomplice to the crime. In particular, Broady testified that when the Defendant pulled the gun on the victim, Hunter also pulled a gun and demanded that Broady “Drop it off.” Having determined that Hunter was an accomplice, we address whether there was su fficient corroboration of his tes timony. Although Hunter was the only witness at the time the crime was committed who knew who the Defendant was, other witnesses sufficiently placed the Defendant at the crime
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scene. Florene William s said the Defen dant took her b oyfriend’s ve hicle with Hunter. That sam e vehicle was s een by W illiam Walker when it broke down. Two black males, one with long hair, left the vehicle and got into the victim, Barry W atts’, car. W alker kne w the victim and sa w the two get in his car. Johnny Broady saw the victim driving h is vehicle with two passengers. He did not know the Defendant’s name nor did he see him very well, but later identified the Defendant as the man he saw in the car. Darryl Pryor saw a man get pushed out of the car after he was shot. When he saw the man up close, he recognized him as Barry W atts. Th e vehic le that w as ab ando ned o n Mar ble Street belonged to the victim.
Although there is circumstantial evidence linking the Defendant to the crime, we believe that it provides substantial corroboration of Hunter’s testim ony. This other e videnc e legitim ately links the Defe ndan t to the c rime a nd cle arly leads one to no other conclusion than that the Defendant committed the crime. Obviously, the jury accredited the testimony of the State’s witnesses in rendering its verdic t. W e will no t disturb the jury’s finding in this ap peal.
The Defendant also argues that Hunter’s testimony should have been excluded because it was tain ted. H e argu es tha t the Sta te offere d Hun ter’s freedom in exchange for testimony imp licating the Defen dant. He pro ffers evidence that the State issued a nolle prosequi regarding Hunter after he testified at the Defe ndant’s tria l. We first note that because the defend ant has failed to cite authority to support his argument, this issue is waived. Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. R. 10(b ); State v. Killebrew, 760 S.W .2d 228, 231 (Tenn. Crim . App. 1988 ).
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Howeve r, even if we were to address this issue, we would conclude that it lacks merit. While there is evidence that Hunter signed an affidavit stating that the police prom ised th at he w ould not be prosecuted if he identified the Defen dant, he exp lained that he was coerced into writing the statement by the Defe ndan t’s gang members. Hunter denied that he was given an ything in return for his testimony. Sergeant Fitzpatrick testified that he never made any offers of leniency in exchange for implicating the Defendant. As this Court has noted:
It is generally recognized that a humble, contrite, and conscientious repentant who 'throws himself upon the mercy of the court' usually fares much better than d oes the adam ant accu sed wh o is adjud ged gu ilty after a leng thy trial. W hile on e indic ted for c rime in the po sition of cooperating with the government should not be threatened or assured the court w ill grant fa vored treatm ent in return for his assistance, the re is no prosc ription a gains t his ho ping th at his va luable help w ill result in leniency.
Graves v. State, 489 S.W.2d 74, 87 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1972). Accordingly, we conclud e that this iss ue is witho ut merit.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
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DAVID H. WELLES, JUDGE
CONCUR:
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JOE B. JONES, PRESIDING JUDGE
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JOE G. RILEY, JUDGE