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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 3 Plaintiff-Appellee, 4 v. NO. 34,613 5 CHAVEZ CHARLES MARTIN, JR., 6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN JUAN COUNTY 8 Karen L. Townsend, District Judge
9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM 11 Walter Hart, Assistant Attorney General 12 Albuquerque, NM
13 for Appellee
14 Gary C. Mitchell, P.C. 15 Gary C. Mitchell 16 Ruidoso, NM
17 for Appellant 18 MEMORANDUM OPINION 19 WECHSLER, Judge.
1 {1} Defendant Chavez Charles Martin, Jr. appeals from his conviction for second 2 degree murder, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-2-1(B) (1994). Defendant’s sole 3 argument on appeal is that the district court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on his 4 claim of self-defense. Because reasonable minds could differ as to whether Defendant 5 acted in self-defense under the circumstances, we reverse Defendant’s conviction and 6 remand for a new trial. 7 BACKGROUND 8 {2} April 15, 2013 began uneventfully for all involved in this case. Anthony 9 Norberto (Victim), Darlena Upshaw, and Defendant all spent the night at Victim’s 10 house and awoke there in the morning. Defendant and Upshaw left the house, driving 11 first to a convenience store and then to the home of Defendant’s niece. They then 12 returned to Victim’s house, where they remained for the next several hours. Defendant 13 drank alcohol throughout the day. Between 3:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m., Defendant, 14 Victim, and Upshaw left Victim’s house and picked up several other individuals, 15 including Lucita Mason-Archuleta. Upshaw drove the vehicle, a four-door Dodge 16 pickup truck that belonged to Defendant. She did not consume any alcohol so that she 17 could blow into the truck’s interlock device. A hunting knife owned by Defendant was 18 in the seat-back pouch behind the front passenger seat.
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1 {3} At some point during the late afternoon, the group returned to Victim’s house. 2 While there, they talked and watched television. Victim started drinking around dusk 3 and consumed approximately “half a fifth” of liquor. He also smoked both 4 methamphetamine and marijuana with Upshaw during the day. 5 {4} The group again got into the truck and headed toward a nearby apartment 6 complex. Upshaw was driving, and Victim was sitting in the front passenger seat. 7 Defendant was sitting behind Victim in the rear passenger seat. Victim began to 8 discuss childhood memories that involved his father physically abusing his mother. 9 Defendant commented on these memories in a manner that angered Victim. Victim 10 exited the truck and demanded that Defendant get out and fight. Defendant refused, 11 and Victim reentered the truck. 12 {5} After reentering the truck, Victim again became angry at comments made by 13 Defendant and repeatedly hit Defendant while threatening to kill him. Victim then 14 reached for the knife in the seat-back pouch behind the front passenger seat. A 15 struggle for the knife ensued. Defendant gained control of the knife and stabbed 16 Victim multiple times. Victim had one deep incision over the left side of his neck that 17 extended to his right lower back and two stab wounds: one to his left chest and one 18 to his right chest that penetrated his lung and liver. After stabbing Victim, Defendant
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1 exited the truck, discarded the knife, and fled the scene on foot. Victim died from his 2 wounds. 3 {6} Officer Roque Velarde of the Farmington Police Department (FPD) located 4 Defendant at a local motel. He transported Defendant to FPD headquarters, where 5 Defendant participated in a videotaped interview with FPD Detective Daven Badoni. 6 Defendant described the events of the evening and repeatedly expressed his fear that 7 Victim was going to hurt him. He described Victim’s reputation for violence and 8 tendency to carry a specific weapon. Defendant could not remember stabbing Victim. 9 Defendant also stated that he himself was physically disabled as a result of a car 10 accident. 11 {7} At trial, the parties offered conflicting evidence as to the events of the evening. 12 Defendant did not testify, but the jury viewed his videotaped interview with Detective 13 Badoni. The State offered expert witness testimony by Dr. Ian Paul, a forensic 14 pathologist, who agreed with Defendant that the incision extending from Victim’s 15 neck was consistent with Defendant’s theory that Victim was “coming at” Defendant 16 when the wound was inflicted. Defendant offered expert witness testimony by Teresa 17 Vigil, a forensic scientist, who testified that her fingerprint analysis of the knife 18 revealed a palm print on the blade that did not belong to Defendant. Dr. Paul
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1 additionally testified that Victim had a blood-alcohol content of 0.139 and both 2 methamphetamine and marijuana in his system. 3 {8} Upshaw testified that Victim’s temperament invoked fear in others and that 4 Victim had a criminal history for violent acts. Both Upshaw and Victim’s brother 5 testified that Victim would not let go of perceived slights. To the contrary, 6 Defendant’s niece testified that Defendant was a kind and peaceful person. 7 {9} The district court refused Defendant’s requested self-defense instruction. The 8 jury deliberated for approximately two hours before finding Defendant guilty of 9 second degree murder. This appeal resulted. 10 STANDARD OF REVIEW 11 {10} Whether a district court erred in denying a requested jury instruction is a mixed 12 question of law and fact that appellate courts review de novo. State v. Swick, 2012- 13 NMSC-018, ¶ 60, 279 P.3d 747. “[T]o warrant jury instructions on self-defense, 14 evidence must be sufficient to allow reasonable minds to differ regarding all elements 15 of the defense.” Id. Those elements are whether “(1) the defendant was put in fear by 16 an apparent danger of immediate death or great bodily harm, (2) the killing resulted 17 from that fear, and (3) the defendant acted reasonably when he or she killed.” State 18 v. Rudolfo, 2008-NMSC-036, ¶ 17, 144 N.M. 305, 187 P.3d 170 (internal quotation 19 marks and citation omitted). “If any reasonable minds could differ, the instruction
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1 should be given.” Id. ¶ 27. “When considering a defendant’s requested instructions, 2 [the appellate courts] view the evidence in the light most favorable to the giving of the 3 requested instructions.” Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, ¶ 60 (alteration, internal quotation 4 marks, and citation omitted). 5 DEFENDANT’S ENTITLEMENT TO A SELF-DEFENSE INSTRUCTION 6 {11} This case presents a close call as to whether Defendant was entitled to a self- 7 defense instruction. Courts evaluate the elements of self-defense both subjectively and 8 objectively. See Rudolfo, 2008-NMSC-036, ¶ 17 (“The first two requirements, the 9 appearance of immediate danger and actual fear, are subjective in that they focus on 10 the perception of the defendant at the time of the incident. By contrast, the third 11 requirement is objective in that it focuses on the hypothetical behavior of a reasonable 12 person acting under the same circumstances as the defendant.” (internal quotation 13 marks and citation omitted)). In this case, the district court did not rule on the 14 subjective elements. It did, however, conclude that Defendant presented insufficient 15 evidence that a reasonable person would respond with deadly force under the same 16 circumstances. We disagree. 17 {12} Numerous appellate cases hold that defendants are not entitled to self-defense 18 instructions if their use of deadly force is objectively unreasonable. See, e.g., State v. 19 Guerra, 2012-NMSC-014, ¶ 17, 278 P.3d 1031 (holding that the defendant was not
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1 entitled to a self-defense instruction when she repeatedly stabbed an unarmed woman 2 who was lying on the ground); Rudolfo, 2008-NMSC-036, ¶¶ 6, 18 (holding that the 3 defendant was not entitled to a self-defense instruction when he shot at the victim 4 while the victim was driving away); State v. Lopez, 2000-NMSC-003, ¶¶ 3, 26, 128 5 N.M. 410, 993 P.2d 727 (holding that the defendant was not entitled to a self-defense 6 instruction when he inflicted more than fifty stab wounds on the victim and crushed 7 his skull with a rock). In Guerra, our Supreme Court noted that the defendant was not 8 entitled to a self-defense instruction when “the response . . . was indisputably 9 unreasonable.” 2012-NMSC-014, ¶ 18. 10 {13} We conclude that Defendant’s conduct was not indisputably unreasonable under 11 the circumstances. Inflicting three wounds in close quarters is not analogous to the 12 conduct of the defendants in the cases described above. Instead, this case is more 13 analogous to State v. Branchal, 1984-NMCA-063, 101 N.M. 498, 684 P.2d 1163. In 14 Branchal, the female defendant and the male victim were in a “stormy” six-year 15 relationship. Id. ¶ 1. After a day of heavy drinking, the victim returned home in a 16 belligerent state. Id. ¶ 13. While attempting to fix a light, he told the defendant to 17 wake up one of the children to fetch a screwdriver. Id. ¶¶ 13-14. The defendant told 18 him to leave the children alone and placed a handgun in the pocket of her housecoat. 19 Id. ¶¶ 14-15. The victim invited a friend to the house, and the two drank more alcohol
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1 and smoked marijuana. Id. ¶ 16. The defendant went to bed with her sister and a baby. 2 Id. The victim repeatedly came into the bedroom and disturbed the women. Id. ¶ 17. 3 He told the defendant that he had a list of people to kill that included the defendant’s 4 child and other family members. Id. ¶ 18. The victim went outside and the defendant 5 went to the kitchen and locked the door. Id. ¶ 20. She had the gun in her pocket. Id. 6 The victim banged on the door and threatened to break it down, so the defendant 7 opened the door. Id. ¶ 21. She testified that the victim
8 just showed anger and more anger. That’s when I figured that if I didn’t 9 shoot at him he was either gonna kill me, take the gun away from me or 10 kill one of the kids, or kill me, or something. I just got so scared that I 11 didn’t know what to think. I just had to shoot.
12 Id. The defendant shot the victim in the chest. Id. ¶ 1. At trial, the defendant attempted 13 to introduce evidence of previous domestic abuse she had suffered at the hands of the 14 victim. Id. ¶ 22. The district court refused to admit the evidence but allowed the 15 defendant to make an offer of proof. Id. This Court concluded that “the admitted 16 evidence was sufficient to raise an issue of fact with respect to the elements of a self- 17 defense claim.” Id. ¶ 24. The evidence supporting a self-defense claim was: (1) the 18 victim started the fight; (2) the victim came after the defendant in a threatening way; 19 and (3) the defendant feared for her life. Id. We note, for purposes of analogy, that the 20 defendant’s fear that the gun could be taken away and used against her was central to 21 her self-defense claim.
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1 {14} Absent the domestic relationship, the present case is not dissimilar. Defendant 2 and Victim were closely acquainted. Defendant was aware that Victim had a 3 reputation for violence and a tendency to carry a weapon on his person. Defendant, 4 to the contrary, had a reputation for being a peaceful person. He was also physically 5 disabled. Both men were drunk, and Victim was high on methamphetamine and 6 marijuana. They were closely confined as passengers in a moving truck. Victim 7 became angry and challenged Defendant to a fight. Defendant refused to fight. Victim 8 then punched Defendant repeatedly in the head from the front passenger seat of the 9 truck and grabbed for the knife that was in the seat-back pouch behind the front 10 passenger seat. After struggling with Victim over the knife, Defendant gained control 11 of the knife and stabbed Victim three times. 12 {15} Although the evidence of Defendant’s subjective fear and the objective 13 reasonableness of his conduct is less clear than in Branchal, we “view the evidence 14 in the light most favorable to the giving of the requested instructions.” Swick, 2012- 15 NMSC-018, ¶ 60 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). The 16 evidence showed that the men struggled over the knife. Regardless of who possessed 17 the knife immediately after the struggle, a reasonable juror could conclude that 18 Defendant’s possession of the knife did not mitigate the threat of great bodily harm 19 presented to Defendant by Victim while Defendant remained within the confines of
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1 the truck. See UJI 14-131 NMRA (defining “great bodily harm” as “an injury to a 2 person which creates a high probability of death” (alteration omitted)). Because a 3 reasonable juror could so conclude, Defendant was entitled to a self-defense 4 instruction. See Rudolfo, 2008-NMSC-036, ¶ 27 (“If any reasonable minds could 5 differ, the instruction should be given.”). 6 CONCLUSION 7 {16} The district court erred in refusing Defendant’s requested self-defense 8 instruction. We therefore reverse and remand for a new trial. 9 {17} IT IS SO ORDERED.
10 ________________________________ 11 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
12 WE CONCUR:
13 ________________________________ 14 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
15 ________________________________ 16 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge