This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Appellate Reports. Please see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the filing date.
1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. No. 34,357
5 WARREN B. MARKER,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF LINCOLN COUNTY 8 Karen L. Parsons, District Judge
9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM 11 M. Victoria Wilson, Assistant Attorney General 12 Albuquerque, NM
13 for Appellee
14 Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender 15 Will O’Connell, Assistant Appellate Defender 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellant
18 MEMORANDUM OPINION
19 ZAMORA, Judge.
20 {1} Defendant, Warren B. Marker, appeals from convictions resulting in multiple
21 punishments for larceny, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-16-1(E) (2006), and 1 unlawful taking of a vehicle or motor vehicle, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-
2 16D-1 (2009). He now argues that the jury was instructed on an ambiguous theory of
3 the latter offense that can be read to violate the prohibition against double jeopardy
4 and that we should presume the jury found him guilty on that basis. We agree. We
5 vacate Defendant’s conviction for unlawful taking of a vehicle or motor vehicle,
6 which imposes the lesser sentence.
7 DISCUSSION
8 {2} The facts are known to the parties and are not in dispute. The evidence at trial
9 showed that Defendant hauled a windowless shop trailer away from its owner’s
10 condominium. He was later found on the roadside, attempting to remove a motorcycle
11 that had been locked inside the trailer. He was charged by criminal information with
12 several offenses, only two of which are relevant to this appeal. Count 1 charged
13 Defendant with larceny (over $2,500) for the theft of “a black 1996 shop trailer.”
14 Count 2 charged Defendant with “tak[ing] a vehicle or motor vehicle[,]” without
15 further specification.
16 {3} The jury instructions for Counts 1 and 2 largely mirrored the language in the
17 criminal information. The larceny instruction once again expressed that the basis for
18 the offense was the theft of “a shop trailer” with a market value of over $2,500. The
19 instruction for unlawful taking of a vehicle or motor vehicle again stated, in pertinent
2 1 part, only that “[D]efendant took a vehicle or motor vehicle without the owner’s
2 consent[.]”
3 {4} It is clear that this instruction, which was apparently drafted by the State, should
4 have been more specific. The instruction ostensibly followed its corresponding
5 uniform jury instruction, which provides:
6 For you to find the defendant guilty of unlawfully taking a 7 [vehicle] [motor vehicle] [as charged in Count ________ ], the state must 8 prove to your satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt each of the 9 following elements of the crime:
10 1. The defendant took a ________ (describe vehicle) without 11 the owner’s consent;
12 2. This happened in New Mexico on or about the ___, day of 13 ________.
14 UJI 14-1660 NMRA. But the emphasized language associated with the first element
15 of the uniform instruction calls for a description of the vehicle taken. Use Note 1 of
16 UJI 14-1660, further requires the court to modify the introductory language by
17 selecting the applicable bracketed phrase—“vehicle” or “motor vehicle”—before
18 giving the instruction. A court can include both alternatives (connected by the word
19 “or”) when each is supported by the evidence, see UJI-Criminal, General Use Note,
20 but doing so obviously invites the jury to consider and base a conviction on either
21 alternative. In this case, the district court extended that invitation to the jury.
3 1 {5} Because it was established at trial that Defendant hauled the trailer away and
2 then later removed the motorcycle from the trailer, the evidence supported a
3 conviction under Section 30-16D-1 for both unlawfully taking the trailer, a “vehicle”
4 (in the language of the jury instruction), and for unlawfully taking the motorcycle, a
5 “motor vehicle.” Since Defendant’s larceny conviction was unquestionably based on
6 the theft of the trailer, the flawed instruction raises the possibility that he was twice
7 convicted for stealing a trailer under two different statutes.
8 {6} Our Supreme Court in State v. Gutierrez, 2011-NMSC-024, ¶¶ 52, 58-59, 150
9 N.M. 232, 258 P.3d 1024, held that the only essential element of Section 30-16D-1
10 was subsumed within the “anything of value” element of the robbery statute because
11 the jury in that case was charged to find that the taking of a 1996 Oldsmobile satisfied
12 both offenses. Robbery is an aggravated form of larceny; the only element that
13 distinguishes the two offenses is the use or threatened use of force. See State v.
14 Bernal, 2006-NMSC-050, ¶ 28, 140 N.M. 644, 146 P.3d 289. Both offenses share the
15 critical “anything of value” language, compare § 30-16-1(A), with NMSA 1978, § 30-
16 16-2 (1973), and accordingly, the analysis in Gutierrez is controlling here.
17 {7} If Defendant was twice convicted of stealing a trailer under Sections 30-16-1
18 and 30-16D-1, those convictions would involve conduct that is necessarily unitary.
19 Gutierrez, 2011-NMSC-024, ¶ 54 (“[W]hen the same conduct supports two different
4 1 statutory offenses, there is no way for the conduct not to be unitary[.]” (emphasis,
2 internal quotation marks, and citation omitted)). And they would offend Gutierrez’s
3 central holding that, as a matter of legislative intent, the unlawful taking of a vehicle
4 or motor vehicle is subsumed within a separate theft offense that also criminalizes the
5 taking of that same vehicle. Id. ¶¶ 58-59. This would satisfy both prongs of our
6 relevant double jeopardy analysis. See Swafford v. State, 1991-NMSC-043, ¶¶ 26, 30,
7 112 N.M. 3, 810 P.2d 1223 (setting forth the test for double-description claims).
8 {8} Amazingly, the State’s only argument responding to this issue—which is the
9 only issue on appeal—is contained in a single footnote in its brief. According to the
10 State, the jury’s intent is clear. The language on the verdict form indicates that
11 Defendant’s conviction under Section 30-16D-1 was for stealing the motorcycle, thus
12 curing the error.
13 {9} The State cites no authority to support the notion that a verdict form can cure
14 an erroneous jury instruction, and we assume that, “after a diligent search,” it was
15 unable to find any. State Human Rights Comm’n v. Accurate Mach. & Tool Co., 2010-
16 NMCA-107, ¶ 12, 149 N.M. 119, 245 P.3d 63. The verdict form states: “We find
17 [D]efendant GUILTY of unlawful taking of a motor vehicle, as charged in Count 2.”
18 This pre-printed form was the only “guilty” form the jury received. The State’s
19 argument would have some force if the jury had chosen between two guilty forms, one
5 1 styled “unlawful taking of a vehicle,” and the other “unlawful taking of a motor
2 vehicle.” The State’s argument would have been even more persuasive if there had
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This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Appellate Reports. Please see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the filing date.
1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. No. 34,357
5 WARREN B. MARKER,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF LINCOLN COUNTY 8 Karen L. Parsons, District Judge
9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM 11 M. Victoria Wilson, Assistant Attorney General 12 Albuquerque, NM
13 for Appellee
14 Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender 15 Will O’Connell, Assistant Appellate Defender 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellant
18 MEMORANDUM OPINION
19 ZAMORA, Judge.
20 {1} Defendant, Warren B. Marker, appeals from convictions resulting in multiple
21 punishments for larceny, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-16-1(E) (2006), and 1 unlawful taking of a vehicle or motor vehicle, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-
2 16D-1 (2009). He now argues that the jury was instructed on an ambiguous theory of
3 the latter offense that can be read to violate the prohibition against double jeopardy
4 and that we should presume the jury found him guilty on that basis. We agree. We
5 vacate Defendant’s conviction for unlawful taking of a vehicle or motor vehicle,
6 which imposes the lesser sentence.
7 DISCUSSION
8 {2} The facts are known to the parties and are not in dispute. The evidence at trial
9 showed that Defendant hauled a windowless shop trailer away from its owner’s
10 condominium. He was later found on the roadside, attempting to remove a motorcycle
11 that had been locked inside the trailer. He was charged by criminal information with
12 several offenses, only two of which are relevant to this appeal. Count 1 charged
13 Defendant with larceny (over $2,500) for the theft of “a black 1996 shop trailer.”
14 Count 2 charged Defendant with “tak[ing] a vehicle or motor vehicle[,]” without
15 further specification.
16 {3} The jury instructions for Counts 1 and 2 largely mirrored the language in the
17 criminal information. The larceny instruction once again expressed that the basis for
18 the offense was the theft of “a shop trailer” with a market value of over $2,500. The
19 instruction for unlawful taking of a vehicle or motor vehicle again stated, in pertinent
2 1 part, only that “[D]efendant took a vehicle or motor vehicle without the owner’s
2 consent[.]”
3 {4} It is clear that this instruction, which was apparently drafted by the State, should
4 have been more specific. The instruction ostensibly followed its corresponding
5 uniform jury instruction, which provides:
6 For you to find the defendant guilty of unlawfully taking a 7 [vehicle] [motor vehicle] [as charged in Count ________ ], the state must 8 prove to your satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt each of the 9 following elements of the crime:
10 1. The defendant took a ________ (describe vehicle) without 11 the owner’s consent;
12 2. This happened in New Mexico on or about the ___, day of 13 ________.
14 UJI 14-1660 NMRA. But the emphasized language associated with the first element
15 of the uniform instruction calls for a description of the vehicle taken. Use Note 1 of
16 UJI 14-1660, further requires the court to modify the introductory language by
17 selecting the applicable bracketed phrase—“vehicle” or “motor vehicle”—before
18 giving the instruction. A court can include both alternatives (connected by the word
19 “or”) when each is supported by the evidence, see UJI-Criminal, General Use Note,
20 but doing so obviously invites the jury to consider and base a conviction on either
21 alternative. In this case, the district court extended that invitation to the jury.
3 1 {5} Because it was established at trial that Defendant hauled the trailer away and
2 then later removed the motorcycle from the trailer, the evidence supported a
3 conviction under Section 30-16D-1 for both unlawfully taking the trailer, a “vehicle”
4 (in the language of the jury instruction), and for unlawfully taking the motorcycle, a
5 “motor vehicle.” Since Defendant’s larceny conviction was unquestionably based on
6 the theft of the trailer, the flawed instruction raises the possibility that he was twice
7 convicted for stealing a trailer under two different statutes.
8 {6} Our Supreme Court in State v. Gutierrez, 2011-NMSC-024, ¶¶ 52, 58-59, 150
9 N.M. 232, 258 P.3d 1024, held that the only essential element of Section 30-16D-1
10 was subsumed within the “anything of value” element of the robbery statute because
11 the jury in that case was charged to find that the taking of a 1996 Oldsmobile satisfied
12 both offenses. Robbery is an aggravated form of larceny; the only element that
13 distinguishes the two offenses is the use or threatened use of force. See State v.
14 Bernal, 2006-NMSC-050, ¶ 28, 140 N.M. 644, 146 P.3d 289. Both offenses share the
15 critical “anything of value” language, compare § 30-16-1(A), with NMSA 1978, § 30-
16 16-2 (1973), and accordingly, the analysis in Gutierrez is controlling here.
17 {7} If Defendant was twice convicted of stealing a trailer under Sections 30-16-1
18 and 30-16D-1, those convictions would involve conduct that is necessarily unitary.
19 Gutierrez, 2011-NMSC-024, ¶ 54 (“[W]hen the same conduct supports two different
4 1 statutory offenses, there is no way for the conduct not to be unitary[.]” (emphasis,
2 internal quotation marks, and citation omitted)). And they would offend Gutierrez’s
3 central holding that, as a matter of legislative intent, the unlawful taking of a vehicle
4 or motor vehicle is subsumed within a separate theft offense that also criminalizes the
5 taking of that same vehicle. Id. ¶¶ 58-59. This would satisfy both prongs of our
6 relevant double jeopardy analysis. See Swafford v. State, 1991-NMSC-043, ¶¶ 26, 30,
7 112 N.M. 3, 810 P.2d 1223 (setting forth the test for double-description claims).
8 {8} Amazingly, the State’s only argument responding to this issue—which is the
9 only issue on appeal—is contained in a single footnote in its brief. According to the
10 State, the jury’s intent is clear. The language on the verdict form indicates that
11 Defendant’s conviction under Section 30-16D-1 was for stealing the motorcycle, thus
12 curing the error.
13 {9} The State cites no authority to support the notion that a verdict form can cure
14 an erroneous jury instruction, and we assume that, “after a diligent search,” it was
15 unable to find any. State Human Rights Comm’n v. Accurate Mach. & Tool Co., 2010-
16 NMCA-107, ¶ 12, 149 N.M. 119, 245 P.3d 63. The verdict form states: “We find
17 [D]efendant GUILTY of unlawful taking of a motor vehicle, as charged in Count 2.”
18 This pre-printed form was the only “guilty” form the jury received. The State’s
19 argument would have some force if the jury had chosen between two guilty forms, one
5 1 styled “unlawful taking of a vehicle,” and the other “unlawful taking of a motor
2 vehicle.” The State’s argument would have been even more persuasive if there had
3 been a special interrogatory specifying which vehicle supported the conviction. See
4 State v. Rodriguez, 1992-NMCA-035, ¶ 14, 113 N.M. 767, 833 P.2d 244 (“Had the
5 state . . . requested special verdict forms so that we would know whether [the]
6 defendant was convicted on both theories, then, . . . multiple punishments would have
7 been proper.”). But in this case, the foreperson simply signed the only guilty form that
8 was in the jury room, presumably after the jury had already deliberated over the
9 ambiguous instruction. Notwithstanding the language on the verdict form, we will
10 assume that the jury followed its instructions as written. See State v. Perry, 2009-
11 NMCA-052, ¶ 45, 146 N.M. 208, 207 P.3d 1185.
12 {10} When a jury returns a guilty verdict based on an instruction with two factually-
13 supported theories, and one of those theories offends principles of double jeopardy,
14 it is well-settled that we presume the jury decided on the improper basis. See State v.
15 Gonzales, 2007-NMSC-059, ¶ 12, 143 N.M. 25, 172 P.3d 162; State v. Foster, 1999-
16 NMSC-007, ¶ 2, 126 N.M. 646, 974 P.2d 140, abrogated on other grounds by Kersey
17 v. Hatch, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 17, 148 N.M. 381, 237 P.3d 683; State v. Montoya,
18 2011-NMCA-074, ¶ 30, 150 N.M. 415, 259 P.3d 820; Rodriguez, 1992-NMCA-035,
19 ¶ 14. This presumption is derived from the sound rationale that jurors are equipped to
6 1 spot a factually inadequate theory, but their intelligence and expertise cannot ferret out
2 an error in the law. See generally Griffin v. United States, 502 U.S. 46, 58-59 (1991).
3 It is therefore entirely possible that the jury, which had no reason to know any better,
4 twice convicted Defendant for stealing a trailer under two separate statutes, contrary
5 to Gutierrez, 2011-NMSC-024, ¶¶ 58-59.
6 {11} “[W]here one of two otherwise valid convictions must be vacated to avoid
7 violation of double jeopardy protections, [our appellate courts] must vacate the
8 conviction carrying the shorter sentence.” State v. Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶ 55,
9 306 P.3d 426. That is the unlawful taking of a vehicle or a motor vehicle (charged as
10 a first offense in this case), which is a fourth degree felony. See § 30-16D-1(A)(1).
11 CONCLUSION
12 {12} Defendant’s conviction pursuant to Section 30-16D-1 is vacated.
13 {13} IT IS SO ORDERED.
14 15 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge
16 WE CONCUR:
17 18 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge
7 1 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge