[Cite as State v. Marcum, 2023-Ohio-4058.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO : : Appellee : C.A. No. 29823 : v. : Trial Court Case No. 2021 CR 01947 : JOSHUA MARCUM : (Criminal Appeal from Common Pleas : Court) Appellant : :
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OPINION
Rendered on November 9, 2023
JOSHUA MARCUM, Pro Se Appellant
MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by SARAH H. CHANEY, Attorney for Appellee
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EPLEY, J.
{¶ 1} Joshua Marcum, pro se, appeals from the trial court’s denial of his petition
for postconviction relief. He claims that the trial court erred in determining that his
petition was untimely, in permitting the State to file an untimely response, and in rejecting
his Brady claim without a hearing. For the following reasons, the trial court’s judgment -2-
will be affirmed.
I. Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 2} We previously detailed the evidence presented at Marcum’s jury trial. See
State v. Marcum, 2022-Ohio-3576, 198 N.E.3d 599, ¶ 3-27 (2d Dist.). To summarize, on
June 11, 2021, Marcum and the complainant, to whom we referred as Jane Doe in
Marcum’s direct appeal, met through the Facebook dating app. That day, they
exchanged several messages and had two video chats. According to Doe, she invited
Marcum to her residence in Fairfield, Ohio, and he arrived around midnight. Doe was
already tipsy. When Marcum stated he needed to buy something to drink, Doe
suggested a nearby gas station and accompanied him there. While at the gas station,
Marcum slipped methamphetamine into a bottle of Smirnoff and handed it to Doe. Doe
testified that everything became foggy for her soon after. Marcum transported Doe to a
residence in Trotwood where, in a partially-furnished detached garage, he tied her hands
and raped her vaginally, anally, and orally.
{¶ 3} Testifying on his own behalf, Marcum stated that he and Doe had made plans
to go to his place in Trotwood while they were video chatting. He asserted that Doe
ingested the methamphetamine voluntarily during sex, and that they engaged in vaginal,
anal, and oral sex consensually. Marcum denied kidnapping or raping Doe or forcing
her to do anything.
{¶ 4} In October 2021, a jury found Marcum guilty of two counts of rape
(substantially impaired victim), both first-degree felonies, and one count of gross sexual
imposition (substantially impaired victim), a third-degree felony. It acquitted Marcum of -3-
two additional counts of rape (force or threat of force), one additional count of gross sexual
imposition (force or threat of force) and three counts of kidnapping. At sentencing, the
trial court imposed two consecutive prison sentences of a minimum of 10 years and a
maximum of 15 years for the rapes and a 60-month prison for gross sexual imposition, to
be served consecutively to the rape sentences. Marcum was designated a Tier III sex
offender for the rapes and a Tier I sex offender for the gross sexual imposition.
{¶ 5} Marcum appealed from his convictions, claiming that he was denied a fair
trial and received ineffective assistance of counsel when his trial counsel failed to object
to the testimony of a firefighter/paramedic, who commented on Doe’s veracity, and to the
State’s reference to this testimony in its closing statement. Upon review, we affirmed
Marcum’s convictions. Marcum, 2022-Ohio-3576, 198 N.E.3d 599. Marcum also filed
an application for reopening, seeking to challenge his convictions based on the sufficiency
and manifest weight of the evidence. We denied that application as well. Order (Feb.
23, 2023). The Ohio Supreme Court declined to accept his appeals from our rulings.
State v. Marcum, 170 Ohio St.3d 1419, 2023-Ohio-1507, 208 N.E.3d 851 (direct appeal);
State v. Marcum, 170 Ohio St.3d 1442, 2023-Ohio-1830, 210 N.E.3d 551 (Table)
(reopening).
{¶ 6} On January 23, 2023, Marcum filed a “petition to vacate or set aside
judgment of conviction and sentence” in the trial court. He asserted that the State took
custody of his black iPhone 11 when he was arrested on June 13, 2021, and that he
informed several law enforcement officers that his phone contained text messages
between him and Doe. Marcum argued that the State committed a Brady violation by -4-
failing to provide him the text messages from his phone, which he claimed were
exculpatory and relevant to impeach Doe’s trial testimony. Marcum attached affidavits
from himself, his trial attorney, and the individual who retrieved his cell phone after his
conviction, as well as screenshots of messages reportedly between him and Doe and a
copy of an email from his trial counsel to him.
{¶ 7} The trial court ordered the State to respond to Marcum’s petition by April 28,
2023, and Marcum had until May 19, 2023 to file a reply memorandum. Marcum moved
to quash the court’s scheduling order on the ground that the court lacked statutory
authority to set a briefing schedule; he asserted that the State was required to respond
within 10 days of the filing of his petition, pursuant to R.C. 2953.21(E). The State filed
its response to the petition on April 27, 2023. Marcum moved to strike the alleged
untimely filing.
{¶ 8} On May 26, 2023, the trial court denied the petition for postconviction relief.
It held that Marcum’s petition was untimely and that Marcum did not show that he was
unavoidably prevented from discovering the facts upon which he relied. The court further
concluded that, even if the petition were timely, it nevertheless lacked merit. The court
stated that “nothing in the text messages constitutes new evidence that is material to the
defendant’s guilt or innocence in this case.” In addition, the court found no evidence that
the text messages were suppressed by the State and that there was no reasonable
probability that, had they been disclosed to the defense, the jury’s verdict would have
been different.
{¶ 9} Marcum appeals from the trial court’s judgment, raising three assignments of -5-
error. We will address them in an order that facilitates our analysis.
II. Timeliness of Marcum’s Petition for Postconviction Relief
{¶ 10} In his second assignment of error, Marcum claims that the trial court erred
in concluding that his petition was untimely. Specifically, he asserts that he was
unavoidably prevented from submitting a timely petition due to his appellate counsel’s
delay in providing him a copy of the trial transcript. We agree with Marcum that his
petition was timely, albeit not for the reason he advances.
{¶ 11} A petition for postconviction relief “is a means by which the petitioner may
present constitutional issues to the court that would otherwise be impossible to review
because the evidence supporting those issues is not contained in the record of the
petitioner’s criminal conviction.” State v. Clark, 2017-Ohio-120, 80 N.E.3d 1251, ¶ 14
(2d Dist.), quoting State v. Monroe, 2015-Ohio-844, 29 N.E.3d 391, ¶ 37 (10th Dist.). “A
postconviction proceeding is not an appeal of a criminal conviction, but, rather, a collateral
civil attack on the judgment.” State v. Steffen, 70 Ohio St.3d 399, 410, 639 N.E.2d 67
(1994); State v. Gondor, 112 Ohio St.3d 377, 2006-Ohio-6679, 860 N.E.2d 77, ¶ 48.
{¶ 12} When a defendant has pursued a direct appeal of his or her conviction, as
Marcum has, a petition for postconviction relief must be filed no later than 365 days “after
the date on which the trial transcript is filed in the court of appeals in the direct appeal of
the judgment of conviction or adjudication.” R.C. 2953.21(A)(2). Trial courts lack
jurisdiction to consider an untimely or successive petition for postconviction relief unless
the untimeliness is excused under R.C. 2953.23(A). State v. Taylor, 2021-Ohio-1670,
170 N.E.3d 1310, ¶ 38 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Current, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 2012- -6-
CA-33, 2013-Ohio-1921, ¶ 16.
{¶ 13} A court may consider an untimely petition if both of the following apply:
(1) the petitioner was unavoidably prevented from discovery of the facts upon which the
petitioner must rely to present the claim, or the United State Supreme Court has
recognized a new federal or state right that applies retroactively, and (2) the petitioner
shows by clear and convincing evidence that, but for constitutional error at trial, no
reasonable factfinder would have found the petitioner guilty. R.C. 2953.23(A)(1). “Each
of these showings is a jurisdictional requirement and both must be met before a trial court
may consider an otherwise-untimely petition for post-conviction relief.” State v. Moody,
2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27737, 2018-Ohio-2561, ¶ 4.
{¶ 14} Here, the transcripts of Marcum’s jury trial and sentencing hearing were filed
in Marcum’s direct appeal on January 19, 2022; the clerk of court issued an App.R. 11(B)
notice that day. See State v. Marcum, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 29300. On March 21,
2022, appellate counsel for Marcum filed a motion for an extension of time to file his
appellate brief, citing in part that jury selection had not been transcribed; the praecipe to
the court reporter had expressly requested that voir dire be included. We granted the
extension, and the transcript of voir dire was filed on April 13, 2022. The clerk promptly
issued an amended App.R. 11(B) notice.
{¶ 15} The trial court found that Marcum’s petition was untimely, reasoning that the
written transcripts were filed on January 19, 2022, and the petition was filed more than
365 days later. However, we have held that the term “trial transcript” as used in R.C.
2953.21(A)(2) means those transcripts that are objectively necessary for inclusion in the -7-
appellate record. See State v. Deaton, 2019-Ohio-2128, 137 N.E.3d 696, ¶ 14-15 (2d
Dist.). A transcript of voir dire – part of the trial itself – satisfies that standard. See id.
The fact that Marcum ultimately did not raise on direct appeal any issues regarding jury
selection is irrelevant. Id. at ¶ 15.
{¶ 16} Where the record is supplemented with a transcript that was objectively
necessary for the inclusion in the appellate record, the time for filing the petition for
postconviction relief begins to run from the filing of the supplemental transcript.
Marcum’s petition was filed within 365 days of the filing of the transcript of the voir dire
portion of his trial. Accordingly, his petition was timely filed, and we need not address
his argument that he was unavoidably prevented from submitting a timely petition due to
his appellate counsel’s delay in providing him a copy of the trial transcript.
{¶ 17} Marcum’s second assignment of error is sustained.
III. Timeliness of the State’s Response
{¶ 18} In his third assignment of error, Marcum claims that the trial court erred
when it set submission dates and permitted the State to file an untimely answer without
requesting leave and showing good cause. He argues that R.C. 2953.21(E) required the
State to file its response by February 2, 2023.
{¶ 19} When a petition for postconviction relief is filed, the clerk of court must
docket the petition and promptly bring it to the trial court’s attention. R.C. 2953.21(B).
In addition, the clerk “immediately shall forward a copy of the petition * * * to the
prosecuting attorney of the county served by the court.” Id. “Within ten days after the
docketing of the petition, or within any further time that the court may fix for good cause -8-
shown, the prosecuting attorney shall respond by answer or motion.” R.C. 2953.21(E).
{¶ 20} In this case, the record does not reflect when the trial court and prosecutor
each became aware of Marcum’s petition for postconviction relief. The trial court’s entry
setting submission dates was filed almost three months after Marcum filed his petition.
It is undisputed that the State filed its response within the court’s deadline.
{¶ 21} We find no error in the trial court’s setting submission dates and permitting
the State to file a response. The time provided in R.C. 2953.21(E) for the State to
respond to a petition is directory, not mandatory. State v. Quinn, 2017-Ohio-8107, 98
N.E.3d 1184, ¶ 24 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Kingsolver, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2002-CA-84,
2003-Ohio-3833, ¶ 9 (addressing former R.C. 2953.21(D), now R.C. 2953.21(E)). The
trial court has the discretion to extend the deadline for responding to the petition.
{¶ 22} We further note that “[t]he State is not required to file a response to a
postconviction petition, and the trial court is not required to consider the State’s response,
if any, before ruling on the petition.” Kingsolver at ¶ 9, citing State v. Hansbro, 2d Dist.
Clark No. 2001-CA-88, 2002-Ohio-2922, ¶ 11; State v. DeVaughns, 2017-Ohio-475, 84
N.E.3d 332, ¶ 23 (2d Dist.) (rejecting petitioner’s argument that the trial court was required
to grant his petition for postconviction relief simply because the State allegedly did not file
a timely response). Because the trial court has an independent obligation to analyze the
petition under R.C. 2953.21(D), any error in allowing the State’s response would be
harmless. See State v. Hartman, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27162, 2017-Ohio-7933,
¶ 10-11, citing State v. McCabe, 4th Dist. Washington No. 97CA32, 1998 WL 725985
(Sept. 14, 1998). -9-
{¶ 23} Marcum’s third assignment of error is overruled.
IV. Merits of Marcum’s Brady Claim
{¶ 24} Marcum’s first assignment of error challenges the trial court’s denial of his
Brady claim without a hearing.
{¶ 25} The postconviction relief statute permits “[a]ny person who has been
convicted of a criminal offense * * * and who claims that there was such a denial or
infringement of the person’s rights as to render the judgment void or voidable under the
Ohio Constitution or the Constitution of the United States” to file a petition in the trial court,
stating the grounds for relief relied upon and asking the court to vacate or set aside the
judgment or sentence or to grant other appropriate relief. R.C. 2953.21(A)(1)(a)(i). The
petitioner may file a supporting affidavit and other documentary evidence in support of
the claim for relief. R.C. 2953.21(A)(1)(b). To prevail on a petition for postconviction
relief, the defendant must establish a violation of his constitutional rights which renders
the judgment of conviction void or voidable. R.C. 2953.21.
{¶ 26} The postconviction relief statutes do “not expressly mandate a hearing for
every postconviction relief petition and, therefore, a hearing is not automatically required.”
State v. Jackson, 64 Ohio St.2d 107, 110, 413 N.E.2d 819 (1980). Rather, in addressing
a petition for postconviction relief, a trial court plays a gatekeeping role as to whether a
defendant will receive a hearing. Gondor, 112 Ohio St.3d 377, 2006-Ohio-6679, 860
N.E.2d 77, at ¶ 51. Before granting a hearing, the trial court must determine whether
there are substantive grounds for relief. R.C. 2953.21(D). In making that determination,
the court must consider, in addition to the petition, the supporting affidavits, the -10-
documentary evidence, all the files and records pertaining to the proceedings against the
petitioner, including, but not limited to, the indictment, the court’s journal entries, the
journalized records of the clerk of the court, and the court reporter’s transcript. Id.
{¶ 27} A trial court may dismiss a petition for postconviction relief without a hearing
“where the petition, the supporting affidavits, the documentary evidence, the files, and the
records do not demonstrate that petitioner set forth sufficient operative facts to establish
substantive grounds for relief.” State v. Calhoun, 86 Ohio St.3d 279, 714 N.E.2d 905
(1999), paragraph two of the syllabus; Gondor at ¶ 51.
{¶ 28} We review the trial court’s denial of a petition for postconviction relief for an
abuse of discretion. Gondor at ¶ 52; Taylor, 2021-Ohio-1670, 170 N.E.3d 1310, at ¶ 40.
An abuse of discretion suggests the trial court’s decision was unreasonable, arbitrary, or
unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140
(1983).
{¶ 29} Marcum alleged that the State had violated his constitutional rights by
withholding exculpatory or impeachment evidence, contrary to Brady v. Maryland, 373
U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963). Brady held that “the suppression by the
prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process when
the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or
bad faith of the prosecution.” Disciplinary Counsel v. Kellogg-Martin, 124 Ohio St.3d
415, 2010-Ohio-282, 923 N.E.2d 125, ¶ 24, citing Brady at 87; State v. Jenkins, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 28595, 2020-Ohio-5409, ¶ 20.
{¶ 30} To establish a Brady violation, the defendant must demonstrate that (1) the -11-
prosecution failed to disclose evidence upon request; (2) the evidence was favorable to
the defendant; and (3) the evidence was material. State v. Housley, 2d Dist. Miami No.
2019-CA-12, 2020-Ohio-1143, ¶ 19, citing State v. Wade, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2006-CA-
108, 2007-Ohio-6611, ¶ 12. Evidence suppressed by the State “shall be deemed
material only if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to
the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” State v. Aldridge,
120 Ohio App.3d 122, 145, 697 N.E.2d 228 (2d Dist.1997), quoting State v. Johnston, 39
Ohio St.3d 48, 529 N.E.2d 898 (1988), paragraph five of the syllabus. The defendant
bears the burden of proving that evidence was materially exculpatory. State v. Pickens,
141 Ohio St.3d 462, 2014-Ohio-5445, 25 N.E.3d 1023, ¶ 102.
{¶ 31} When reviewing a Brady claim, the focus is “whether, in the absence of the
undisclosed evidence, the defendant received a fair trial, i.e., a trial resulting in a verdict
worthy of confidence; the analysis is not based on the likelihood of a different verdict.”
State v. Bendolph, 2018-Ohio-1729, 111 N.E.3d 872, ¶ 45 (2d Dist.). “The rule in Brady
only applies to evidence unknown to the defendant at the time of the trial.” State v.
Royster, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26378, 2015-Ohio-625, ¶ 17; Housley at ¶ 20.
{¶ 32} Here, Marcum has not demonstrated a Brady or discovery violation by the
State. Significantly, the evidence that allegedly was not disclosed – text messages
between Marcum and Doe from June 12, 2021 – were not unknown to Marcum. Marcum
stated in his affidavit that he had informed Officer Sherri Jackson while being transported
to the Trotwood police station that his cell phone contained text messages from Doe
showing that she was not in any distress. Marcum Aff., ¶ 2. Marcum further stated that -12-
he had offered to show the messages to Detective Jeremy Kinder during a June 13, 2021
interview. Id. at ¶ 3. In July 2021, while discussing the State’s discovery response,
Marcum told his defense counsel that text messages contained on his cell phone had not
been included. Id. at ¶ 5. Both Marcum and his defense counsel indicated that defense
counsel attempted to get copies of the text messages from Cricket Wireless, Marcum’s
cell phone service provider, but Cricket did not keep records of text messages. Id. at
¶ 11-12; Gramza Aff., ¶ 2; Gramza email. After Marcum’s conviction, the mother of his
four youngest children retrieved his phone from the police, accessed it with the password
that Marcum provided her, and sent him screenshots of the text messages. Ansley Aff.
{¶ 33} “The purpose of discovery is to even the playing field, avoid surprise, and
in a criminal case, to allow the accused to intelligently defend him or herself. Its purpose
is not for the State to do the work of the defense attorney.” State v. Clark, 2d Dist. Darke
No. 2021-CA-1, 2021-Ohio-2531, ¶ 29. While defense counsel sought copies of the text
messages from Cricket Wireless, there is no indication that Marcum pursued access to
contents of his cell phone through the trial court prior to trial; no motion to compel or
requesting analysis of the phone was filed.
{¶ 34} Moreover, there is no suggestion that the State obtained access to
Marcum’s phone and had copies of the text messages yet failed to provide them in
discovery. Rather, the record indicates that the State disclosed the communications
between Marcum and Doe that it had. The July 29, 2021 discovery packet receipt
reflects that the State provided 36 pages of screenshots from Doe’s phone, 3 pages of
screenshots from her brother’s phone, and a Trotwood police report that contained, -13-
among other records, five pages of Facebook Messenger screenshots. The August 17,
2021 discovery packet receipt included a disc of Marcum’s Facebook records and Doe’s
consent to search for her cell phone. Although the State had physical possession of
Marcum’s cell phone, Brady did not require the State to obtain the contents of his phone.
“[T]he state cannot suppress records that it does not have — and that have never been
in the possession of a state agent.” State v. Jury, 2022-Ohio-4419, 203 N.E.3d 222, ¶ 17
(6th Dist.).
{¶ 35} Finally, we agree with the trial court that “nothing in the text messages
constituted new evidence that was material to the defendant’s guilt or innocence in this
case.” Marcum was convicted of only three of the nine charges: two counts of rape
(substantially impaired victim) and one count of gross sexual imposition (substantially
impaired victim). To convict Marcum of rape under R.C. 2907.02(A)(1), the State had to
prove that Marcum had sexual conduct with Doe, that her ability to consent had been
substantially impaired, and that Marcum knew or had reasonable cause to believe that
Doe was substantially impaired. Marcum, 2022-Ohio-3576, 198 N.E.3d 599, at ¶ 41.
Further, to convict Marcum of gross sexual imposition under R.C. 2907.05(A)(2), the State
had to prove that Marcum had sexual contact with Doe and that he substantially impaired
the judgment of Doe by administering a drug to her surreptitiously, by force, or through
deception. Id.
{¶ 36} We noted in Marcum’s direct appeal that “[t]he six not guilty verdicts make
it very clear that this was not a case in which the jury blindly followed the complaining
witness’s testimony. The jury discerned what it believed from Doe’s story and what it -14-
believed from Marcum’s story, which resulted in six not guilty verdicts and three guilty
verdicts. The fact that the three guilty verdicts all centered around counts from the
indictment that required Doe’s being substantially impaired was understandable, given
that Marcum himself provided sufficient testimony to establish that Doe was substantially
impaired as a result of methamphetamine that Marcum had administered to Doe.” Id. at
¶ 44.
{¶ 37} Marcum asserted in his petition that the content of the undisclosed text
messages demonstrated that Doe intended to leave her house with him just after
midnight, leaving her minor child alone in the house. He further asserted that the
messages would have disproved the State’s theory that he lured Doe into his vehicle,
would have impeached Doe’s testimony regarding when she had access to her phone on
June 12, and would have shown that the sexual conduct was consensual. Having
reviewed the trial transcript, the text messages at issue relate more closely to the offenses
of which Marcum was acquitted. None are exculpatory, particularly as to the substantial-
impairment offenses. Even assuming that the State had a duty to disclose the text
messages to Marcum, any error is now harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
{¶ 38} Marcum’s first assignment of error is overruled.
V. Conclusion
{¶ 39} Notwithstanding the trial court’s erroneous conclusion that the petition for
postconviction relief was untimely, it correctly determined that the petition was without
merit. The trial court’s judgment will be affirmed.
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LEWIS, J. and HUFFMAN, J., concur.