Scudder, J.
The offence intended to be charged in this indictment is statutory, and not indictable at common law. The statute converts a private injury into a public wrong, or misdemeanor, punishable with fine and imprisonment. The rules of pleading and evidence, therefore, applicable to such cases must be used in determining the questions submitted to us by the court below. In the statement of the offence, certainty is required. The rule is thus given in Sedg. Stat. & Const. Law 115. “ An indictment for an offence against a statute must, by the ancient rules of pleading, with precision and certainty charge the defendant to have committed or omitted the acts, under the circumstances and with the intent mentioned in the statute; and if any of these ingredients be omitted, the defendant may demur, and move in arrest of judgment, or bring a writ of error. The defect will not be aided by verdict, nor be cured by the formal conclusion that the defendant’s acts are contra formam statuti.”
This is but a repetition and summary of what will be found in all the books. Arch. Cr. Pl., 46 a, (ed. 1840;) Arch. Cr. Prac. & Pl. (vol. I., 282, ed. 1860;) 2 Hale’s Pleas of the Crown 170; 1 Wharton’s Am. Cr. Law, § 364, &c. ; People v. Gates, 13 Wend. 311; People v. Allen, 5 Denio 76; State v. Gibbons, 1 South. 40; State v. Stimson, 4 Zab. 9; State v. [414]*414Drake, 1 Vroom 422; Rex. v. Wheatley, 2 Burr. 1125. In the last case, Lord Mansfield says that in a criminal charge there is no latitude of intention to include anything more than is charged; the charge must be explicit enough to support itself.
Upon the motion to quash the indictment in the court below, it was insisted that the words of the statute which are descriptive of the offence were not set out with particularity, and therefore there was no indictable offence charged under the statute. This is the first point certified.
Our statute is recent, and is copied from the Statute of New York, 5th ed., vol. 3, 977.
There are no adjudged cases, that I can find, under either statute; but the interpretation is plain.
The first clause of section one is directed against the removal of any monument, &e., erected for the purpose of designating the corner, or any other point in the boundary line of any lot or tract of land, road, or street.
The second clause is against those who shall willfully and maliciously deface or alter the marks upon any tree, post, or other monument made for the purpose of designating any point, course, or line on the boundary of any lot or tract of land, road, or street.
The third clause, upon which this indictment is found, is as follows; “Or shall willfully and maliciously cut down or remove any tree upon which any such marks shall be made for such purpose, with the intent to destroy such marks, shall, in every such case, upon conviction thereof, be adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor,” &c.
The words “ such marks ” and “ such purpose ” refer to the preceding clause, and mean marks upon any tree, made for the purpose of designating any point, course, or line in the boundary of a lot, tract of land, road, or street.
The material averments which are descriptive of the offence are thus apparent.
The tree cut must be a marked tree, designating a point, course, or line in the boundary of a lot or tract of land, &c., [415]*415and the cutting or removal must be with the intent to destroy such marks.
This indictment charges that the defendant did cut down and remove a certain white oak tree, (pine tree in the other case,) then and there standing, and having and containing thereon divers marks, made thereon for the purpose of designating a corner to a tract of land of Isaac E. Messimore, trustee for Mary M. Messimore, and other lands situate then in Ihe township of Washington, now in the new township of Randolph, in the county aforesaid, with intent to destroy said marks made for the purpose aforesaid, &c. The corner designated is not stated to be in the boundary of a lot or tract of land, nor in the line of the lands named and lands •of oilier persons. We may infer that this was the intendment, but this we cannot do; the words must speak for themselves. The essential quality that the comer is in a boundary of such lands is not stated. Uor can we say that equivalent words are used, as in the case of State v. Hickman, 3 Halst. 299, for here there is not a substitution, but an omission.
The use of the word comer for point is equivalent, but the expression corner of a tract of land is not equivalent to point in the boundary of a trad of land. It, may be a corner as fenced, or divided off into fields, or merely an angle, and not necessarily in a boundary. The term is other lands ” may be lands of the same person, within an including survey which marks the true boundary lines between the 'person named and other persons. .The landmarks námed in the statute were doubtless intended to be between separate and distinct tracts of land, and not such as merely mark convenient sub-divisions of a person’s own land. The averment omitted is, therefore, an essential ingredient of the offence, and cannot be left to conjecture. The exactness required in criminal pleadings, especially in cases of statutory crimes, does not admit of such latitude of intention. The bill of indictment is, therefore, defective, and the court below is so advised.
[416]*416This disposes of the case, but as the court can recommit or bail the defendant anew, to answer another indictment, more accurately drawn, it may aid in the further prosecution of the case to determine the other points referred.
It is difficult to separate the questions of malice and intent, as has been done in the second and third points submitted ; nor is it correct to do so where they are dependent,, as in this statute. The crime consists in the particular intent with which a certain act is done, and without it no malice can-be inferred, but, with it, malice is connected, and follows as-a legal consequence. Thus, if a man cut down a marked tree-in a boundary line, with intent to destroy the marks, no express malice need be shown — it will be inferred; but if he cut down the tree with some other manifest intent, not directly- or indirectly involving a purpose to destroy the marks, then he could not be convicted under this statute. Malice and intent are both to be proved by the same kind of evidence^ They may be shown by admissions, which, if believed, will be conclusive; or they may be shown by overt acts, from which they will be inferred. They can rarely be shown by more direct proof, because they are within the mind of another. To require such proof would render conviction almost impossible. Circumstantial or presumptive evidence is more usual, and often the only kind that is attainable. The universal rule applicable to such cases is, that a sane man shall be taken to intend that which he does, or which is the immediate and natural consequence of his act. 1 Stark Ev. 572; 1 Arch. Cr. Pl.. & Prac. 392.
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Scudder, J.
The offence intended to be charged in this indictment is statutory, and not indictable at common law. The statute converts a private injury into a public wrong, or misdemeanor, punishable with fine and imprisonment. The rules of pleading and evidence, therefore, applicable to such cases must be used in determining the questions submitted to us by the court below. In the statement of the offence, certainty is required. The rule is thus given in Sedg. Stat. & Const. Law 115. “ An indictment for an offence against a statute must, by the ancient rules of pleading, with precision and certainty charge the defendant to have committed or omitted the acts, under the circumstances and with the intent mentioned in the statute; and if any of these ingredients be omitted, the defendant may demur, and move in arrest of judgment, or bring a writ of error. The defect will not be aided by verdict, nor be cured by the formal conclusion that the defendant’s acts are contra formam statuti.”
This is but a repetition and summary of what will be found in all the books. Arch. Cr. Pl., 46 a, (ed. 1840;) Arch. Cr. Prac. & Pl. (vol. I., 282, ed. 1860;) 2 Hale’s Pleas of the Crown 170; 1 Wharton’s Am. Cr. Law, § 364, &c. ; People v. Gates, 13 Wend. 311; People v. Allen, 5 Denio 76; State v. Gibbons, 1 South. 40; State v. Stimson, 4 Zab. 9; State v. [414]*414Drake, 1 Vroom 422; Rex. v. Wheatley, 2 Burr. 1125. In the last case, Lord Mansfield says that in a criminal charge there is no latitude of intention to include anything more than is charged; the charge must be explicit enough to support itself.
Upon the motion to quash the indictment in the court below, it was insisted that the words of the statute which are descriptive of the offence were not set out with particularity, and therefore there was no indictable offence charged under the statute. This is the first point certified.
Our statute is recent, and is copied from the Statute of New York, 5th ed., vol. 3, 977.
There are no adjudged cases, that I can find, under either statute; but the interpretation is plain.
The first clause of section one is directed against the removal of any monument, &e., erected for the purpose of designating the corner, or any other point in the boundary line of any lot or tract of land, road, or street.
The second clause is against those who shall willfully and maliciously deface or alter the marks upon any tree, post, or other monument made for the purpose of designating any point, course, or line on the boundary of any lot or tract of land, road, or street.
The third clause, upon which this indictment is found, is as follows; “Or shall willfully and maliciously cut down or remove any tree upon which any such marks shall be made for such purpose, with the intent to destroy such marks, shall, in every such case, upon conviction thereof, be adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor,” &c.
The words “ such marks ” and “ such purpose ” refer to the preceding clause, and mean marks upon any tree, made for the purpose of designating any point, course, or line in the boundary of a lot, tract of land, road, or street.
The material averments which are descriptive of the offence are thus apparent.
The tree cut must be a marked tree, designating a point, course, or line in the boundary of a lot or tract of land, &c., [415]*415and the cutting or removal must be with the intent to destroy such marks.
This indictment charges that the defendant did cut down and remove a certain white oak tree, (pine tree in the other case,) then and there standing, and having and containing thereon divers marks, made thereon for the purpose of designating a corner to a tract of land of Isaac E. Messimore, trustee for Mary M. Messimore, and other lands situate then in Ihe township of Washington, now in the new township of Randolph, in the county aforesaid, with intent to destroy said marks made for the purpose aforesaid, &c. The corner designated is not stated to be in the boundary of a lot or tract of land, nor in the line of the lands named and lands •of oilier persons. We may infer that this was the intendment, but this we cannot do; the words must speak for themselves. The essential quality that the comer is in a boundary of such lands is not stated. Uor can we say that equivalent words are used, as in the case of State v. Hickman, 3 Halst. 299, for here there is not a substitution, but an omission.
The use of the word comer for point is equivalent, but the expression corner of a tract of land is not equivalent to point in the boundary of a trad of land. It, may be a corner as fenced, or divided off into fields, or merely an angle, and not necessarily in a boundary. The term is other lands ” may be lands of the same person, within an including survey which marks the true boundary lines between the 'person named and other persons. .The landmarks námed in the statute were doubtless intended to be between separate and distinct tracts of land, and not such as merely mark convenient sub-divisions of a person’s own land. The averment omitted is, therefore, an essential ingredient of the offence, and cannot be left to conjecture. The exactness required in criminal pleadings, especially in cases of statutory crimes, does not admit of such latitude of intention. The bill of indictment is, therefore, defective, and the court below is so advised.
[416]*416This disposes of the case, but as the court can recommit or bail the defendant anew, to answer another indictment, more accurately drawn, it may aid in the further prosecution of the case to determine the other points referred.
It is difficult to separate the questions of malice and intent, as has been done in the second and third points submitted ; nor is it correct to do so where they are dependent,, as in this statute. The crime consists in the particular intent with which a certain act is done, and without it no malice can-be inferred, but, with it, malice is connected, and follows as-a legal consequence. Thus, if a man cut down a marked tree-in a boundary line, with intent to destroy the marks, no express malice need be shown — it will be inferred; but if he cut down the tree with some other manifest intent, not directly- or indirectly involving a purpose to destroy the marks, then he could not be convicted under this statute. Malice and intent are both to be proved by the same kind of evidence^ They may be shown by admissions, which, if believed, will be conclusive; or they may be shown by overt acts, from which they will be inferred. They can rarely be shown by more direct proof, because they are within the mind of another. To require such proof would render conviction almost impossible. Circumstantial or presumptive evidence is more usual, and often the only kind that is attainable. The universal rule applicable to such cases is, that a sane man shall be taken to intend that which he does, or which is the immediate and natural consequence of his act. 1 Stark Ev. 572; 1 Arch. Cr. Pl.. & Prac. 392.
Thus, in this case, if he cut down a particular tree, the law will, presume that he intended -to cut that tree down, and if the immediate and natural consequence of cutting it down is to destroy certain marks upon it, it may be presumed that he intended to destroy those marks, in the absence of all contradictory or explanatory reasons for his act, showing some other purpose not involving such intent.
But this is not such an immediate and necessary consequence that it will be inferred as matter of law, regardless-[417]*417of such contradictory or explanatory proof. It is a particular and special consequence, and whether he intended such consequence or not is a question of fact for the jury. Thus, it is said, “ a man, it seems, intends that consequence which he contemplates, and which he expects to result from his act, and he, therefore, must be taken to intend every consequence which is the natural and immediate result of any act which he voluntarily does. In this respect, the legal sense of the term intention does not differ from its usual and ordinary meaning. It is, therefore, a question for the jury whether The agent did not, in attempting to attain his primary object, also intend the collateral mischief which was the necessary or even the natural consequence of the means used.” 2 Stark. Ev. 573.
So, in the cases before us, if in the one case the primary object was to get a turf-cutter, or, in the other case, to make ■charcoal under an alleged right by lease or grant, the question would still be for the jury to determine, whether the •collateral mischief of destroying the marks upon the tree was also intended. This further intent might be gathered from the circumstances, among them, the utter recklessness •of consequences shown in destroying a tree having this peculiar value, which was known to the offender.
The particular intent must, therefore, be left to the jury to be determined by all the facts in the case, and should not, in this case, bo given to them as a legal presumption. It must be remembered that this act is only criminal if done with a particular intent, and that the intent must, therefore, be alleged and proved according to all the terms of the statute. Commonwealth v. Dana, 2 Metc. 329; Miller v. People, 5 Barb. 203; Commonwealth v. York, 9 Metc. 93; 1 Arch. Cr. Pl. & Prac. 119-121 ; 3 Greenleafs Ev. 13; 1 Stark. Ev. 524.
In this view of the case, I think the charge of the judge below is too restrictive. The case should bo left to the jury to find, or not, the particular intent specified in the statute, as a question of fact, to be proven by the state, and deter[418]*418mined from all the affirmative proof, 'and also from the contradictory and explanatory circumstances shown on the part of the defence.
The court below to be advised accordingly.
Beasley, Chief Justice, and Dalrimple and VanSyckel, Justices, concurred.
Cited in State v. Crowley, 10 Vr. 272.