05/03/2022
DA 21-0051 Case Number: DA 21-0051
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2022 MT 86N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
MICHAEL BONACORSI,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Sixth Judicial District, In and For the County of Park, Cause No. DC 2020-83 Honorable Brenda R. Gilbert, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Jami L. Rebsom, Jami Rebsom Law Firm PLLC, Livingston, Montana
For Appellee:
Austin Knudsen, Montana Attorney General, Brad Fjeldheim, Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Kendra K. Lassiter, Park County Attorney, Livingston, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: April 6, 2022 Decided: May 3, 2022
Filed: c ir-641.—if __________________________________________ Clerk Chief Justice Mike McGrath delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion and shall not be cited and does not
serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this
Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana
Reports.
¶2 Michael Bonacorsi appeals a December 17, 2020 judgment and order from the Sixth
Judicial District Court in Park County. Bonacorsi pleaded guilty to charges of negligent
endangerment and disorderly conduct, and he argues on appeal that the District Court’s
sentencing conditions were unlawful. We affirm.
¶3 Law enforcement officers arrested Bonacorsi on July 29, 2020. They responded to
a noise complaint regarding a boisterous argument between Bonacorsi and his girlfriend at
his home. Bonacorsi was noticeably intoxicated, and he urged the officers to remove his
girlfriend from his home. The girlfriend insisted on staying and offered to sleep in her car.
The officers told the belligerent Bonacorsi that they could not force his girlfriend to leave
since she lived there, and after Bonacorsi entered the house and slammed the door, the
officers lingered outside for a few minutes to ensure that the altercation did not continue.
¶4 As the officers conferred on the sidewalk, Bonacorsi emerged from his house
wearing a bulletproof vest and carrying an AR-15 style rifle. He was silently and quickly
approaching the officers when one of them noticed and yelled repeatedly for Bonacorsi to
turn around and show his hands. Bonacorsi initially refused to comply, and then, when he
2 finally dropped his weapon, the officers pursued him into the backyard, tackled him, and
arrested him.
¶5 The State initially charged Bonacorsi with felony assault on a peace officer. After
negotiations, Bonacorsi entered a plea agreement with the State under which he would
plead guilty to modified charges, one count of misdemeanor negligent endangerment and
one count of misdemeanor disorderly conduct. The plea agreement deferred to the
discretion of the District Court on sentencing. Under § 45-5-208, MCA, the negligent
endangerment charge carried a maximum one year of imprisonment and maximum $1000
fine. Under § 45-8-101, MCA, the disorderly conduct charge carried a maximum $100
fine.
¶6 At sentencing, the District Court issued Bonacorsi a six-month sentence of
incarceration for the negligent endangerment charge—with all but 20 days suspended—
accompanied by an $800 fine and associated fees and costs. For the disorderly conduct
charge, the District Court ordered a $100 fine with additional fees and costs. The District
Court also placed conditions on the suspension of incarcerated time in Bonacorsi’s
sentence: during the six-month period, he had to perform 40 hours of community service,
continue a remote alcohol breath test program he had begun during his pretrial release, and
write letters of apology to the officers involved in his arrest. Bonacorsi appeals, and he
argues that we should reverse these conditions.
¶7 This Court reviews probation conditions “under a dual standard of review: we first
review de novo the legality of the probation conditions; we then review the conditions’
reasonableness for abuse of discretion.” State v. Stiles, 2008 MT 390, ¶ 7, 347 Mont. 95,
3 197 P.3d 966 (citing State v. Brotherton, 2008 MT 119, ¶ 10, 342 Mont. 511, 182 P.3d 88;
State v. Ashby, 2008 MT 83, ¶ 9, 342 Mont. 187, 179 P.3d 1164). The legality of a sentence
is appealable regardless of whether a defendant raised an objection in district court, but
other, discretionary elements of a sentence are merely objectionable. State v. Kotwicki,
2007 MT 17, ¶ 21, 335 Mont. 344, 151 P.3d 892; Stiles, ¶ 14; Ashby, ¶ 22.
¶8 We may reverse a statutorily authorized sentencing condition if it lacks some
“nexus” to the underlying offense or offender or if it is “overly broad or unduly punitive.”
State v. Bullplume, 2013 MT 169, ¶ 18, 370 Mont. 453, 305 P.3d 753. But such an analysis
falls under the abuse-of-discretion prong of our dual standard of review. Stiles, ¶ 13.
Defendants “must object to an improper condition at or before sentencing, and [a] failure
to do so may result in waiver.” Ashby, ¶ 22.
¶9 The three conditions that the District Court placed on Bonacorsi’s suspended
sentence arise under a statutory provision that permits sentencing judges to impose “any
reasonable restrictions or conditions during the period of the deferred imposition or
suspension of [a] sentence.” Section 46-18-201(4), MCA. This statute explicitly defines
community service as one reasonable restriction. Section 46-18-201(4)(j), MCA. The law
also lists sobriety and drug monitoring for certain alcohol- and drug-related crimes, and it
contemplates “any other reasonable restrictions or conditions considered necessary for
rehabilitation or for the protection of the victim or society.” Section 46-18-201(4)(n), (p),
MCA; see also § 46-18-202(1)(g), MCA (reiterating the rehabilitation standard). We have
stated previously that when a defendant fails to object to conditions imposed “under the
‘reasonable restrictions or conditions’ relating to rehabilitation and the protection of the
4 victim and society,” we will “refuse to consider [the defendant’s] arguments regarding
whether the offense—or offender—nexus existed.” Stiles, ¶ 14.
¶10 Here, Bonacorsi did not object below to the conditions he now challenges on appeal.
Because these conditions fall under the discretionary standard as we made clear in Ashby
and Stiles, they present only objectionable issues and are insufficient to invoke this Court’s
review for legality. Bonacorsi waived his claims regarding these conditions by failing to
object at sentencing.
¶11 In an attempt to get around this limitation, Bonacorsi makes two additional
arguments. The first argument re-casts the several conditions as “part of the sentence, and
not conditions of release.” Although the District Court’s subsequent written judgment
included the repeated phrase “as a condition of his suspended time,” during the sentencing
hearing, the District Court judge only verbalized that Bonacorsi was “going to be required
to write a letter,” that the judge was “imposing community service,” and that the
breathalyzer testing would “continue [] in effect during the whole six month period.”
Bonacorsi notes our well-settled rule that when oral and written judgments conflict, only
the oral judgment controls.
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05/03/2022
DA 21-0051 Case Number: DA 21-0051
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2022 MT 86N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
MICHAEL BONACORSI,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Sixth Judicial District, In and For the County of Park, Cause No. DC 2020-83 Honorable Brenda R. Gilbert, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Jami L. Rebsom, Jami Rebsom Law Firm PLLC, Livingston, Montana
For Appellee:
Austin Knudsen, Montana Attorney General, Brad Fjeldheim, Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Kendra K. Lassiter, Park County Attorney, Livingston, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: April 6, 2022 Decided: May 3, 2022
Filed: c ir-641.—if __________________________________________ Clerk Chief Justice Mike McGrath delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion and shall not be cited and does not
serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this
Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana
Reports.
¶2 Michael Bonacorsi appeals a December 17, 2020 judgment and order from the Sixth
Judicial District Court in Park County. Bonacorsi pleaded guilty to charges of negligent
endangerment and disorderly conduct, and he argues on appeal that the District Court’s
sentencing conditions were unlawful. We affirm.
¶3 Law enforcement officers arrested Bonacorsi on July 29, 2020. They responded to
a noise complaint regarding a boisterous argument between Bonacorsi and his girlfriend at
his home. Bonacorsi was noticeably intoxicated, and he urged the officers to remove his
girlfriend from his home. The girlfriend insisted on staying and offered to sleep in her car.
The officers told the belligerent Bonacorsi that they could not force his girlfriend to leave
since she lived there, and after Bonacorsi entered the house and slammed the door, the
officers lingered outside for a few minutes to ensure that the altercation did not continue.
¶4 As the officers conferred on the sidewalk, Bonacorsi emerged from his house
wearing a bulletproof vest and carrying an AR-15 style rifle. He was silently and quickly
approaching the officers when one of them noticed and yelled repeatedly for Bonacorsi to
turn around and show his hands. Bonacorsi initially refused to comply, and then, when he
2 finally dropped his weapon, the officers pursued him into the backyard, tackled him, and
arrested him.
¶5 The State initially charged Bonacorsi with felony assault on a peace officer. After
negotiations, Bonacorsi entered a plea agreement with the State under which he would
plead guilty to modified charges, one count of misdemeanor negligent endangerment and
one count of misdemeanor disorderly conduct. The plea agreement deferred to the
discretion of the District Court on sentencing. Under § 45-5-208, MCA, the negligent
endangerment charge carried a maximum one year of imprisonment and maximum $1000
fine. Under § 45-8-101, MCA, the disorderly conduct charge carried a maximum $100
fine.
¶6 At sentencing, the District Court issued Bonacorsi a six-month sentence of
incarceration for the negligent endangerment charge—with all but 20 days suspended—
accompanied by an $800 fine and associated fees and costs. For the disorderly conduct
charge, the District Court ordered a $100 fine with additional fees and costs. The District
Court also placed conditions on the suspension of incarcerated time in Bonacorsi’s
sentence: during the six-month period, he had to perform 40 hours of community service,
continue a remote alcohol breath test program he had begun during his pretrial release, and
write letters of apology to the officers involved in his arrest. Bonacorsi appeals, and he
argues that we should reverse these conditions.
¶7 This Court reviews probation conditions “under a dual standard of review: we first
review de novo the legality of the probation conditions; we then review the conditions’
reasonableness for abuse of discretion.” State v. Stiles, 2008 MT 390, ¶ 7, 347 Mont. 95,
3 197 P.3d 966 (citing State v. Brotherton, 2008 MT 119, ¶ 10, 342 Mont. 511, 182 P.3d 88;
State v. Ashby, 2008 MT 83, ¶ 9, 342 Mont. 187, 179 P.3d 1164). The legality of a sentence
is appealable regardless of whether a defendant raised an objection in district court, but
other, discretionary elements of a sentence are merely objectionable. State v. Kotwicki,
2007 MT 17, ¶ 21, 335 Mont. 344, 151 P.3d 892; Stiles, ¶ 14; Ashby, ¶ 22.
¶8 We may reverse a statutorily authorized sentencing condition if it lacks some
“nexus” to the underlying offense or offender or if it is “overly broad or unduly punitive.”
State v. Bullplume, 2013 MT 169, ¶ 18, 370 Mont. 453, 305 P.3d 753. But such an analysis
falls under the abuse-of-discretion prong of our dual standard of review. Stiles, ¶ 13.
Defendants “must object to an improper condition at or before sentencing, and [a] failure
to do so may result in waiver.” Ashby, ¶ 22.
¶9 The three conditions that the District Court placed on Bonacorsi’s suspended
sentence arise under a statutory provision that permits sentencing judges to impose “any
reasonable restrictions or conditions during the period of the deferred imposition or
suspension of [a] sentence.” Section 46-18-201(4), MCA. This statute explicitly defines
community service as one reasonable restriction. Section 46-18-201(4)(j), MCA. The law
also lists sobriety and drug monitoring for certain alcohol- and drug-related crimes, and it
contemplates “any other reasonable restrictions or conditions considered necessary for
rehabilitation or for the protection of the victim or society.” Section 46-18-201(4)(n), (p),
MCA; see also § 46-18-202(1)(g), MCA (reiterating the rehabilitation standard). We have
stated previously that when a defendant fails to object to conditions imposed “under the
‘reasonable restrictions or conditions’ relating to rehabilitation and the protection of the
4 victim and society,” we will “refuse to consider [the defendant’s] arguments regarding
whether the offense—or offender—nexus existed.” Stiles, ¶ 14.
¶10 Here, Bonacorsi did not object below to the conditions he now challenges on appeal.
Because these conditions fall under the discretionary standard as we made clear in Ashby
and Stiles, they present only objectionable issues and are insufficient to invoke this Court’s
review for legality. Bonacorsi waived his claims regarding these conditions by failing to
object at sentencing.
¶11 In an attempt to get around this limitation, Bonacorsi makes two additional
arguments. The first argument re-casts the several conditions as “part of the sentence, and
not conditions of release.” Although the District Court’s subsequent written judgment
included the repeated phrase “as a condition of his suspended time,” during the sentencing
hearing, the District Court judge only verbalized that Bonacorsi was “going to be required
to write a letter,” that the judge was “imposing community service,” and that the
breathalyzer testing would “continue [] in effect during the whole six month period.”
Bonacorsi notes our well-settled rule that when oral and written judgments conflict, only
the oral judgment controls. State v. Lane, 1998 MT 76, ¶ 40, 288 Mont. 286, 957 P.2d 9.
Bonacorsi argues that because the judge’s oral pronouncement did not specify that these
components were conditions, we must treat them as the substantive sentence and as
therefore reviewable for their legality.
¶12 But Bonacorsi’s framing ignores the context of the discussion at the sentencing
hearing that made the nature of the conditions obvious. The judge addressed the three
conditions immediately after explaining her reasoning for suspending the vast majority of
5 the jail time and in the midst of a discussion about when, during the suspended six-month
period, Bonacorsi could complete the ordered 20 days. The judge explicitly noted that the
community service and the sobriety monitoring were tied to the suspended six-month time
period, and the context of the discussion made abundantly clear that these conditions were
not substantive, independent sentencing provisions in addition to the fines and jail time that
the statutes defining the offenses provide. We recognize that “the written judgment and
commitment will serve as evidence of the sentence orally pronounced.” Lane, ¶ 40.
Contrary to Bonacorsi’s idea that his written judgment contradicts the oral pronouncement,
the status of the conditions is actually reinforced by the fact that the subsequent written
order explicitly describes the letters, community service, and sobriety testing as such. The
requirements were probationary conditions subject to the legal standards described above,
and as noted, Bonacorsi waived his challenges to their reasonableness by failing to object
to them below.
¶13 Bonacorsi’s second argument raises the Eighth Amendment to the United States
Constitution and Article II, Section 22, of the Montana Constitution. These constitutional
provisions prohibit cruel and unusual punishment, and Bonacorsi asks that we view the
conditions like the letters of apology as so disproportionate to his offense as to be cruel and
unusual. Not only does Bonacorsi fail to present a meaningful substantive argument for
why letters of apology would “shock[] the conscience” or “outrage[] the moral sense of the
community or of justice,” but he also, again, failed to make any such objection below.
State v. Bruns, 213 Mont. 372, 377, 691 P.2d 817, 820 (1984). As-applied constitutional
challenges are waived if not preserved by objection below. See State v. Parkhill,
6 2018 MT 69, ¶ 16, 391 Mont. 114, 414 P.3d 1244 (discussing State v. Lenihan, 184 Mont.
338, 602 P.2d 997 (1979)).
¶14 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of our
Internal Operating Rules, which provides for memorandum opinions. In the opinion of the
Court, the case presents a question controlled by settled law or by the clear application of
applicable standards of review.
¶15 The District Court’s December 17, 2020 judgment and order is affirmed.
/S/ MIKE McGRATH
We Concur:
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON /S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON /S/ BETH BAKER /S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR