GANTT, J.
The defendants appeal from a conviction of grand larceny in the circuit court of St. Louis. .The prosecution is by information. There is no irregularity in the record proper. The errors for which a reversal is sought are those which it is insisted occurred on the trial of the cause, and the insufficiency of the evidence.
The prosecuting witness was one Lunsford Sawyer. It appears from his evidence that at the date of [430]*430the alleged larceny he was rooming in St. Lonis on Laclede avenue. Prior to that time he had been a clerk in New York. On the afternoon of the 15th of March, 1904, he left his room about two o’clock in the afternoon and went down into the city and had been down there about an hour and a half when he met the defendant Lockhart about Twentieth street and Pine. Pie was walking along Pine street and she spoke to him and he stopped and she invited him to her room. He accompanied her to 2111 Market street. She opened the door and he and she went up stairs and went into a front room. Saw no one else until he passed defendant Dale in the hall as he was leaving. The room had folding doors between it and the room in the rear of it, and a curtain, “a lace curtain affair, like lace curtains on a front window, ’ ’ hung in front of the folding door. After he reached the room he proceeded to undress himself and hung his coat on the chair. Plis other clothing he placed on a trunk at the foot of the bed. The trunk was almost in line with portiere. He did not enter any other room in that house that day. After he had placed his clothing on the trunk, the defendant Lockhart threw the bed cover back over thé foot of the bed, and practically over his clothing on the trunk, and got in the bed and he then went to bed with her. He testified he had $220 in the hip pocket of his pants, in a pocket-book at his boarding-house that day. The money consisted of one one-hundred-dollar bill, five twenties, and a ten-dollar bill. He had ten more in that pocket and the rest of his money was in an outside pocket loose. He gave the defendant Lockhart $1. He says he was in this room perhaps one-half hour, and when he left, he went down stairs by himself and passed the other defendant Dale in the hall, but said nothing to her.
He took a car just after coming out of the said house.No. 2111 Market street, and returned to his room and soon after reaching it examined his pocket-book and found all of his money gone but two five-dollar [431]*431bills. He returned to the city and consulted a policeman wbo advised bim to go and he did return to No. 2111 Market and there met the old woman, the defendant'Dale, and inquired for defendant Lockhart, and she told him she was out. He then told her he had lost some money up there that afternoon, and she said she knew nothing about it and requested him to wait until defendant Lockhart returned about seven o’clock. He left and went hack at seven that afternoon and found both of the defendants there. He told them the amount he had lost, $210, and that they must give it back, ,or he would have them arrested. Both women protested they knew nothing of his money and the defendant Dale tried to settle with him for $10.0; that she didn’t want him to think he had lost his money in her house; but he remained positive in his demand and finally the defendant Dale went into another room and brought him $210, but in different denominations from the money he had lost.
Asked if he heard any noise in the room while he occupied the bed, he said, “Not any great noise; I seen these curtains wave like the wind was blowing there and since then, 1 have kind of mistrusted there must be a person come through that door.” He made no mention of the curtains blowing to the woman; he could see the curtains as he lay on the bed. He testified that defendant Lockhart was in his presence all the time he was in the room with her; that most of the time she was on the bed with him and he did not see her touch his clothing; that he dressed himself immediately after getting out of the bed and felt his pocket-book in his pocket. His pocket-book was in a pocket that was buttoned and it was still buttoned when he put on his trousers and felt his pocket-book in there, but he recognized after going to his room that the button was loose, but he did not undertake to say that it was not in that condition when he went to defendant’s house and did not observe that condition when he dressed after getting [432]*432out of the bed. Defendant Lockhart had nothing to say or do about paying the prosecutor any money and took no part in that transaction. In the course of his argument the assistant prosecuting attorney, over the objection of defendants, stated that “2111 Market street is a house of prostitution, an open and notorious house of prostitution,” and upon objection that there was no evidence to that effect”'the court said, “That is a proper subject of inference from the testimony; you do not need to have the direct statement from the witness.” Continuing, the representative of the State said, “I say the young man was a victim of the panel game, and the testimony of young Sawyer goes to show that this was a room wherein a game of this kind could be successfully worked there, and it was worked there.” The court held this proper argument.
I. The defendants jointly and severally urge that the verdicts of the jury are without any substantial support in the' evidence.
An appellate court always enters upon an examination of this point with reluctance, inasmuch as the law provides that the jury are the judges of all questions of fact, but it has been so long, and well, settled that whether there is any substantial evidence of any material fact is a question for the court, that when the proposition is properly presented, it is our duty to consider it just as any other assignment of error. For convenience, the testimony tending to connect the defendant Lockhart with the alleged larceny will be first considered. Her guilt depends altogether upon the evidence of Sawyer. He met her on Pine street, and she solicited him to go to her room about 3:30 or 4 p. m. He was not averse to her proposition. They were strangers to each other. According to his story, they indulged in no unnecessary conversation, but went at once to her room in the house No. 2111 Market street. She opened the door and he followed her in and, with[433]*433out seeing any other person, they ascended the stairs to the second story and went into a front room, with two windows in it. Once in the room no time was wasted in conversation or preliminaries. She removed her hat and placed it on a dresser and retired from the room a minute or two, and he at once took off his coat and placed it on a chair near the door. She returned and they both disrobed. He placed his pants on a trunk near the foot of the bed. When she had undressed, she threw back the bed cover and in so doing partially covered his clothing on the trunk and then got in bed first. There is not a word or syllable of evidence tending to show that she knew how much money Sawyer had, whether much or little, or that- she knew he carried his money in his pocket book in his pants pocket. He had not displayed it in any manner, and says he carefully refrained from examining his pocket-book when he had accomplished his mission there because he thought it dangerous to display money in a large city.
They were on the bed together, undressed, and it is clear that, during the time they occupied the bed, it was a physical impossibility for her to have extracted the money from his pocket-book, as it was not in her reach.
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GANTT, J.
The defendants appeal from a conviction of grand larceny in the circuit court of St. Louis. .The prosecution is by information. There is no irregularity in the record proper. The errors for which a reversal is sought are those which it is insisted occurred on the trial of the cause, and the insufficiency of the evidence.
The prosecuting witness was one Lunsford Sawyer. It appears from his evidence that at the date of [430]*430the alleged larceny he was rooming in St. Lonis on Laclede avenue. Prior to that time he had been a clerk in New York. On the afternoon of the 15th of March, 1904, he left his room about two o’clock in the afternoon and went down into the city and had been down there about an hour and a half when he met the defendant Lockhart about Twentieth street and Pine. Pie was walking along Pine street and she spoke to him and he stopped and she invited him to her room. He accompanied her to 2111 Market street. She opened the door and he and she went up stairs and went into a front room. Saw no one else until he passed defendant Dale in the hall as he was leaving. The room had folding doors between it and the room in the rear of it, and a curtain, “a lace curtain affair, like lace curtains on a front window, ’ ’ hung in front of the folding door. After he reached the room he proceeded to undress himself and hung his coat on the chair. Plis other clothing he placed on a trunk at the foot of the bed. The trunk was almost in line with portiere. He did not enter any other room in that house that day. After he had placed his clothing on the trunk, the defendant Lockhart threw the bed cover back over thé foot of the bed, and practically over his clothing on the trunk, and got in the bed and he then went to bed with her. He testified he had $220 in the hip pocket of his pants, in a pocket-book at his boarding-house that day. The money consisted of one one-hundred-dollar bill, five twenties, and a ten-dollar bill. He had ten more in that pocket and the rest of his money was in an outside pocket loose. He gave the defendant Lockhart $1. He says he was in this room perhaps one-half hour, and when he left, he went down stairs by himself and passed the other defendant Dale in the hall, but said nothing to her.
He took a car just after coming out of the said house.No. 2111 Market street, and returned to his room and soon after reaching it examined his pocket-book and found all of his money gone but two five-dollar [431]*431bills. He returned to the city and consulted a policeman wbo advised bim to go and he did return to No. 2111 Market and there met the old woman, the defendant'Dale, and inquired for defendant Lockhart, and she told him she was out. He then told her he had lost some money up there that afternoon, and she said she knew nothing about it and requested him to wait until defendant Lockhart returned about seven o’clock. He left and went hack at seven that afternoon and found both of the defendants there. He told them the amount he had lost, $210, and that they must give it back, ,or he would have them arrested. Both women protested they knew nothing of his money and the defendant Dale tried to settle with him for $10.0; that she didn’t want him to think he had lost his money in her house; but he remained positive in his demand and finally the defendant Dale went into another room and brought him $210, but in different denominations from the money he had lost.
Asked if he heard any noise in the room while he occupied the bed, he said, “Not any great noise; I seen these curtains wave like the wind was blowing there and since then, 1 have kind of mistrusted there must be a person come through that door.” He made no mention of the curtains blowing to the woman; he could see the curtains as he lay on the bed. He testified that defendant Lockhart was in his presence all the time he was in the room with her; that most of the time she was on the bed with him and he did not see her touch his clothing; that he dressed himself immediately after getting out of the bed and felt his pocket-book in his pocket. His pocket-book was in a pocket that was buttoned and it was still buttoned when he put on his trousers and felt his pocket-book in there, but he recognized after going to his room that the button was loose, but he did not undertake to say that it was not in that condition when he went to defendant’s house and did not observe that condition when he dressed after getting [432]*432out of the bed. Defendant Lockhart had nothing to say or do about paying the prosecutor any money and took no part in that transaction. In the course of his argument the assistant prosecuting attorney, over the objection of defendants, stated that “2111 Market street is a house of prostitution, an open and notorious house of prostitution,” and upon objection that there was no evidence to that effect”'the court said, “That is a proper subject of inference from the testimony; you do not need to have the direct statement from the witness.” Continuing, the representative of the State said, “I say the young man was a victim of the panel game, and the testimony of young Sawyer goes to show that this was a room wherein a game of this kind could be successfully worked there, and it was worked there.” The court held this proper argument.
I. The defendants jointly and severally urge that the verdicts of the jury are without any substantial support in the' evidence.
An appellate court always enters upon an examination of this point with reluctance, inasmuch as the law provides that the jury are the judges of all questions of fact, but it has been so long, and well, settled that whether there is any substantial evidence of any material fact is a question for the court, that when the proposition is properly presented, it is our duty to consider it just as any other assignment of error. For convenience, the testimony tending to connect the defendant Lockhart with the alleged larceny will be first considered. Her guilt depends altogether upon the evidence of Sawyer. He met her on Pine street, and she solicited him to go to her room about 3:30 or 4 p. m. He was not averse to her proposition. They were strangers to each other. According to his story, they indulged in no unnecessary conversation, but went at once to her room in the house No. 2111 Market street. She opened the door and he followed her in and, with[433]*433out seeing any other person, they ascended the stairs to the second story and went into a front room, with two windows in it. Once in the room no time was wasted in conversation or preliminaries. She removed her hat and placed it on a dresser and retired from the room a minute or two, and he at once took off his coat and placed it on a chair near the door. She returned and they both disrobed. He placed his pants on a trunk near the foot of the bed. When she had undressed, she threw back the bed cover and in so doing partially covered his clothing on the trunk and then got in bed first. There is not a word or syllable of evidence tending to show that she knew how much money Sawyer had, whether much or little, or that- she knew he carried his money in his pocket book in his pants pocket. He had not displayed it in any manner, and says he carefully refrained from examining his pocket-book when he had accomplished his mission there because he thought it dangerous to display money in a large city.
They were on the bed together, undressed, and it is clear that, during the time they occupied the bed, it was a physical impossibility for her to have extracted the money from his pocket-book, as it was not in her reach.
When they concluded the business in hand, they arose and dressed. She did not touch his pants, and the evidence leaves not a doubt that it would have been practically impossible for her to have gone to his pants, unbuttoned the pocket, even if she had known he had money in it, and taken a portion of the money out of his pocket-book, restored the five-dollar bills, replaced the pocket-book in the pocket and rebuttoned the pocket as he says he found it when he felt for it while dressing, all without being seen or observed by Sawyer, the prosecutor.
There is not even an intimation that the latter was intoxicated or had indulged in spirituous liquors that [434]*434day, or for that matter ever did. Indeed, we judge from the subsequent surmise of Sawyer and the argument of the assistant prosecuting attorney that neither of them thought the evidence even tended to prove that the defendant Lockhart personally abstracted the money from Sawyer’s pocket, and the testimony of Sawyer leaves not even a ground of suspicion that she did so. So far as she was individually concerned, she was entirely exonerated from any actual caption or taking of the money, and outside of the bold, naked fact that she was an 'inmate of the house and a prostitute, there is not a scintilla of evidence showing any complicity whatever with the defendant Dale or any other person either in taking Sawyer’s money or having any knowledge that it had been taken, until accused by him. She stoutly denied it when accused, and it is not even intimated that she had any part in paying Sawyer the money by defendant Dale or in any manner consented to it. The prosecuting attorney relied on the theory of a panel game, that is to say, he insisted that No. 2111 Market street was a house with secret entrances to the rooms to facilitate thefts by accomplices, but it need only be said that there was absolutely no testimony that the house was of that character. Certainly the story of Sawyer as to the waving of the lace curtain did not even approach to a well-founded suspicion even in his own mind, and furnished no basis for the confident assertion of the prosecuting attorney that such was the case. This is not a case, in so far as it affects the defendant Lockhart, even of strong suspicion. It appears rather to be a case in which the State demonstrated she was not guilty of the alleged larceny, if the State’s sole witness, Sawyer, is to be believed. This is not a case wherein some unsophisticated or intoxicated man has carelessly displayed his money, and armed with this knowledge some designing prostitute or pimp has lured him into a house of prostitution and robbed him of his money or stolen it while [435]*435he was asleep or his attention distracted. So far as defendant Lockhart is concerned the proof shows she had never met Sawyer before, did not know he had money, nor how much, nor where on his person he carried it.
Sawyer was a sober man, with a large experience in Chicago and New York. His visit was in the middle of the afternoon. He saw none of the inmates of the house except defendant Lockhart and was with her only about thirty minutes. As already said, the facts detailed by him forbid the conclusion that she stole his money. After a careful review of every word of this testimony, we are driven to the. conclusion that the verdict against her is wholly unsupported by evidence, and that the circuit court should have peremptorily directed her acquittal at the close of the evidence, and accordingly as to her the judgment is .reversed with directions to discharge the defendant Lottie Lockhart.
II. As to the defendant Dale, the conviction must stand, if at all, upon the proof that she was fairly shown to be the proprietress of a house in which prostitution was practiced, and that the Lockhart woman resorted to it in plying her trade, and that when she was told that Sawyer had lost his money in her house, and had been threatened with arrest if it was not restored, she gave him $210, but at the time protested her ignorance of his- money and her innocence. It will not be seriously contended, in view of the testimony, that she was at any time in the room with Sawyer while he was in her house, or that she spoke to him or saw him, save as he passed her in the hall as he left the house after having spent a half hour with Lottie Lockhart. The evidence, then, is wholly and entirely circumstantial. Was it sufficient to convict? Were the facts detailed consistent with her guilt of the larceny? What fact, outside of the payment to Sawyer of the $210, points in the remotest degree to her guilt of the crime alleged? Was that alone sufficient to send the case to the jury as to her? Can not that fact be reasonably [436]*436reconciled with her innocence of this larceny? Assuming that the evidence disclosed that she was keeping a house of prostitution and that the charge made by Sawyer would bring that fact' to the knowledge of the police and State authorities, would she not naturally attempt to avoid prosecution for keeping a bawdy house by paying this money, even though she was entirely innocent of the larceny? There was no evidence that the house was a notorious house of prostitution, and the counsel for the State was not justified in stating such to be a fact to the jury. The house, doubtless, in the light of the evidence, was a house of prostitution, but it was not shown to be notorious as such, or that the officers of the law had discovered that it was a bawdy house, until the facts of this case developed it. Certainly the one act of prostitution shown did not make proof that it was notorious. If so surely the police officers could readily have furnished the evidence and not left it to stand upon the unsupported statement of the prosecuting attorney. Neither was there, as already said, anything even approaching the dignity of evidence tending to show it was a panel house or that the panel game was practiced there. There was no evidence that she was aware of the presence of Sawyer in the house prior to the time he passed her in the hall as he was leaving.
The payment of the $210 upon the demand and threat of arrest was a suspicious circumstance, but standing wholly disconnected with any other criminating fact, it would be violative of the fundamental principle of criminal law, that the guilt of an accused must be established beyond a reasonable doubt, to hold that one suspicious act was sufficient to convict her of larceny. It is to be noted that the money paid Sawyer under duress was not of the same denominations as that which he asserts was stolen from him. If it be conceded that Sawyer actually had the money on his person when he went into the house, the case is full of dif[437]*437fieulty in view of Ms evidence as to what occurred there. But it may he his money had been stolen before he met the Lockhart woman. It may be he is honestly mistaken as to when he last counted the money.,
In this connection the court excluded proof that, on the evening of the alleged theft, Sawyer said, “I have been robbed, but I don’t know where; I don’t know how any one could have robbed me.” This evidence certainly tended to impeach or impair the certainty of his statement that he lost his money at 2111 Market street.
The defendant Dale was doubtless guilty of a criminal offense in keeping a bawdy house, but she was not charged with nor convicted of that.
As there was no evidence of joint action in the commission of the larceny, if any was in fact committed, it was error to give instruction 4. It was well calculated to impress the jury with the idea that the larceny was the result of a criminal conspiracy between the two women to steal Sawyer’s money, when in fact there was no testimony on which to base it. The earnestness of the prosecuting attorney in asserting that the panel game was worked, and the fact that the women were inmates of a bawdy house, coupled with the payment by defendant Dale of the' $210 to Sawyer, probably accounts for the verdict. As already said, the last circumstance was suspicious, but mere suspicion is not enough to sustain a conviction. In view of the errors noted, the judgment should be reversed as to defendant Dale and the cause remanded for a new trial in accordance with the views herein expressed, but unless other and more convincing evidence is produced by the State than appears in this record, an acquittal ought to be directed by the circuit court.
Fox, J., concurs; Burgess, P. J., absent.