[Cite as State v. Littler, 2023-Ohio-4759.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT ROSS COUNTY STATE OF OHIO, : : Plaintiff-Appellee, : Case No. 22CA37 : v. : : DECISION AND JUDGMENT RYAN T. LITTLER, : ENTRY : Defendant-Appellant. : RELEASED 12/26/2023
APPEARANCES:
Steven H. Eckstein, Washington Court House, Ohio, for Appellant.
Jeffrey C. Marks, Ross County Prosecuting Attorney, Pamela C. Wells, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Chillicothe, Ohio, for Appellee.
Smith, P.J.
{¶1} Ryan T. Littler appeals the September 1, 2022 Judgment Entry of
Sentence of the Ross County Court of Common Pleas. Littler asserts a sole
assignment of error challenging the knowing and voluntary nature of his plea,
given that a lack of competency had been suggested earlier during the trial court
proceedings. For the reasons which follow, we find no merit to the assignment of
error. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
{¶2} On February 5, 2021, Mr. Littler was indicted in Case Number
21CR44, for Count One, Aggravated Murder, R.C. 2903.01, with a firearm Ross App. No. 22CA37 2
specification, and Count Two, Murder, R.C. 2903.02, also with a firearm
specification. The indictment alleged that on or about January 6, 2021, purposely
and with prior calculation and design, Littler caused the death of Joseph Sprouse.
The record contains few details surrounding Mr. Sprouse’s death.
{¶3} Both parties indicate that Mr. Sprouse was shot when Mr. Littler
discovered Sprouse exiting a trailer in Littler’s driveway. The State’s brief
indicates that Littler suspected Sprouse was stealing from him. Littler’s brief
makes the same assertion, but also indicates that Sprouse attacked him. Littler
claims not to have known that it was Sprouse when he shot at the intruder.
{¶4} Upon arraignment, Littler was appointed counsel and later co-counsel.
On July 2, 2021, Littler’s attorneys filed a Motion for Determination of
Competency. The reason for the motion was set forth as follows:
Counsel met most recently with Mr. Littler at the Ross County Jail on June 10, 2021, 25, and 28 for approximately one or two hours each visit. During those meetings it became increasingly obvious to counsel for the Defendant that [Littler’s] ability to communicate in a rational and coherent fashion was becoming more labored with each visit. Mr. Littler’s condition became most obvious during the meeting on June 25, when Mr. Littler met with both counsel for the first time. It appeared that the addition of new counsel created a reset that further effects his ability to assist in his defense.
The trial court granted the motion.
{¶5} Pursuant to R.C. 2945.371(G)(3), Kevin J. Edwards, Ph.D., a forensic
psychologist at the Netcare Forensic Center, conducted a forensic evaluation of Ross App. No. 22CA37 3
Mr. Littler on September 6, 2021. Dr. Edwards prepared a report dated September
13, 2021.1 In the report, Dr. Edwards explained that he conducted a competency
interview approximately two hours in length. During the interview he gathered a
personal history and conducted a mental status examination and a behavioral
observation. Dr. Edwards reviewed documents relating to the criminal
proceedings. Dr. Edwards gave several opinions: (1) Littler did not have a
historical diagnosis, and his current mental condition was not marked by
impairment consistent with a mental disorder; (2) Littler did not meet criteria for
intellectual disability; (3) Littler had intact capacity for factual and rational
understanding of the nature and objective of the legal proceedings against him;
and, (4) Littler was capable in assisting in his own defense. At Littler’s
competency hearing on October 6, 2021, both parties stipulated to Dr. Edwards’
report. Thereafter, the trial court found, having reviewed the report and based
upon the stipulation of both parties, that Littler was competent to proceed to trial. 2
{¶6} Littler’s case was scheduled for a jury trial. However, on August 19,
2022, Littler entered into a plea agreement to resolve the underlying matter subject
of this appeal and another felony case, 21CR33.3 The record reflects that Littler
1 The cover letter attached to the report contains an apparent error, showing the date as “September 13, 2020.” 2 During the proceedings, Littler filed a pro se motion to dismiss the case against him as being against the manifest weight of the evidence. Littler also filed a motion to dismiss his counsel. The trial court overruled these motions. 3 According to the Ross County Clerk of Courts, this case was a two-count indictment, both counts being complicity to felonious assault and involving different victims. We may take judicial notice of such matters. See State v. Hazelton, 4th Dist. Washington No. 22CA18, 2023-Ohio-2498, at fn.1. Ross App. No. 22CA37 4
executed a written Plea of Guilty which also set forth the terms of the plea
agreement.
{¶7} Littler was sentenced on August 26, 2022. During the dispositional
hearing, the trial court heard from several of Joseph Sprouse’s family members.
Mr. Sprouse was a Marine Corps veteran and hero of the war in Iraq. Mr.
Sprouse’s mother and other family members indicated that Mr. Sprouse struggled
with his health and made poor choices when he returned from his service. Littler
also spoke and apologized to Sprouse’s family. When the trial court sentenced
Littler, he described as tragedy the fact that Mr. Sprouse had lost his life and Mr.
Littler, also a veteran, had lost his freedom.
{¶8} The trial court imposed a prison term of 20 years to life, along with the
mandatory gun specification of 3 years to be served first and consecutively. The
sentence imposed in Case Number 21CR33 was to be served concurrently. The
trial court also awarded restitution to Mr. Sprouse’s mother for funeral expenses.
{¶9} This timely appeal followed.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
I. DEFENDANT-APPELLANT’S GUILTY PLEA WAS OBTAINED IN VIOLATION OF THE FIFTH AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE I, SECTION 10 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION AND CRIM. R. 11(C). Ross App. No. 22CA37 5
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
{¶10} Littler challenges the knowing, intelligent, and voluntary nature of
his plea to aggravated murder, in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A) and the
accompanying firearm specification, R.C. 2941.145. Crim.R. 11(C)(2) governs the
acceptance of guilty pleas by the trial court in felony cases and provides that a trial
court should not accept a guilty plea without first addressing the defendant
personally and:
(a) Determining that the defendant is making the plea voluntarily, with understanding of the nature of the charges and of the maximum penalty involved, and, if applicable, that the defendant is not eligible for probation or for the imposition of community control sanctions at the sentencing hearing.
(b) Informing the defendant of and determining that the defendant understands the effect of the plea of guilty or no contest, and that the court, upon acceptance of the plea, may proceed with judgment and sentence.
(c) Informing the defendant and determining that the defendant understands that by the plea the defendant is waiving the rights to jury trial, to confront witnesses against him or her, to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in the defendant's favor, and to require the state to prove the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt at a trial at which the defendant cannot be compelled to testify against himself or herself.
{¶11} “Thus, prior to accepting a guilty plea, a ‘court must inform the
defendant that he is waiving his privilege against compulsory self-incrimination,
his right to jury trial, his right to confront his accusers, and his right of compulsory Ross App. No. 22CA37 6
process of witnesses.’ ” State v. Tolle, 2022-Ohio-2839, 194 N.E.3d 410, at ¶ 9
(4thDist.), quoting State v. Ballard, 66 Ohio St.2d 473, 423 N.E.2d 115 (1981),
paragraph one of the syllabus. See also Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c). “In addition to these
constitutional rights, the trial court must determine that the defendant understands
the nature of the charge, the maximum penalty involved, and the effect of the
plea.” State v. Montgomery, 148 Ohio St.3d 347, 2016-Ohio-5487, 71 N.E.3d 180,
¶ 41.
{¶12} When reviewing a defendant's constitutional rights (right to a jury
trial, right to call witnesses, etc.), a trial court must strictly comply with Crim.R.
11(C)(2)(c). Tolle, supra, at ¶ 10; State v. Veney, 120 Ohio St.3d 176, 2008-Ohio-
5200, 897 N.E.2d 621, ¶ 18. In contrast, when reviewing a defendant's non-
constitutional rights (maximum penalty involved, understanding effect of plea,
etc.), a trial court must substantially comply with Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a) and (b).
Tolle, at ¶11; State v. Veney, supra, ¶ 18. “ ‘[S]ubstantial compliance’ means that
‘under the totality of the circumstances the defendant subjectively understands the
implications of his plea and the rights he is waiving.’ ” State v. Morrison, 4th Dist.
Adams No. 07CA854, 2008-Ohio-4913, at ¶ 9, quoting State v. Puckett, 4th Dist.
Scioto No. 03CA2920, 2005-Ohio-1640, at ¶ 10, citing State v. Stewart, 51 Ohio
St.2d 86, 364 N.E.2d 1163 (1977); State v. Carter, 60 Ohio St.2d 34, 396 N.E.2d
757 (1979). Ross App. No. 22CA37 7
{¶13} In Veney, the Court held as follows regarding the acceptance of guilty
pleas:
“When a defendant enters a plea in a criminal case, the plea must be made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. Failure on any of those points renders enforcement of the plea unconstitutional under both the United States Constitution and the Ohio Constitution.” Veney, supra, at ¶ 7, quoting State v. Engle, 74 Ohio St.3d 525, 527, 660 N.E.2d 450 (1996); State v. Montgomery, supra, at ¶ 40; State v. Barker, 129 Ohio St.3d 472, 2011-Ohio-4130, 953 N.E.2d 826, ¶ 9.
See also, Tolle, at ¶ 12. “ ‘It is the trial court's duty, therefore, to ensure that a
defendant “has a full understanding of what the plea connotes and of its
consequence.” ’ ” Tolle, at ¶ 13, quoting Montgomery at ¶ 40, quoting Boykin v.
Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 244, 89 S.Ct. 1709 (1969); State v. Conley, 4th Dist.
Adams No. 19CA1091, 2019-Ohio-4172, at ¶ 34.
{¶14} When appellate courts evaluate whether a defendant knowingly,
intelligently, and voluntarily entered a guilty plea, a court must independently
review the record to ensure that the trial court complied with the Crim.R. 11
constitutional and procedural safeguards. See Tolle, at ¶ 14; State v. Leonhart, 4th
Dist. Washington No. 13CA38, 2014-Ohio-5601, at ¶ 36; State v. Eckler, 4th Dist.
Adams No. 09CA878, 2009-Ohio-7064, at ¶ 48; Veney, supra, at ¶ 13. (Internal
citations omitted.)
B. LEGAL ANALYSIS
{¶15} In his brief, Littler does not assert that the trial court Ross App. No. 22CA37 8
failed to meet the procedural safeguards for acceptance of his plea. Instead, he
argues that because his competency to stand trial was placed at issue earlier in the
proceedings, this somehow affects his competency to enter pleas. Littler contends
that at the plea hearing, the trial court never revisited the competency issue and
allowed him to plead guilty, despite the earlier suggestion in the record. Littler
concludes this omission by the court demonstrates a violation of his due process
rights. Thus, Littler urges us to conclude that his plea was not knowingly and
voluntarily made, must be vacated, and the finding of guilt reversed. For the
reasons which follow, these arguments are completely without merit.
{¶16} Due process requires a criminal defendant be competent
to stand trial. State v. Smith, 4th Dist. Pickaway No. 19CA33, 2021-Ohio-2866, at
¶ 14; see Lechner, supra, at ¶ 25; State v. Berry, 72 Ohio St.3d 354, 359, 1995-
Ohio-310, 650 N.E.2d 433. “It has long been accepted that a person who lacks the
capacity to understand the nature and object of the proceedings against him, to
consult with counsel, and to assist in preparing his defense may not be subjected to
a trial.” Drope v. Missouri, 95 S.Ct. 896, 420 U.S. 162, 171 (1975). Thus,
“[c]onviction of an accused while he or she is legally incompetent is a violation of
due process.” State v. Merryman, 4th Dist. Athens No. 12CA28, 2013-Ohio-4810,
¶ 14. Ross App. No. 22CA37 9
{¶17} “ ‘The United States Supreme Court established the test for
competency and requires the court to determine if an accused “has sufficient
present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational
understanding—and whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of
the proceedings against him.” ’ ” Smith, at ¶15, quoting Lechner, supra, at ¶ 26,
quoting Dusky v. United States, 80 S.Ct. 788, 789, 362 U.S. 402 (1960). Ohio has
codified the competency test in R.C. 2945.37(G) as follows:
A defendant is presumed to be competent to stand trial. If, after a hearing, the court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that, because of the defendant's present mental condition, the defendant is incapable of understanding the nature and objective of the proceedings against the defendant or of assisting in the defendant's defense, the court shall find the defendant incompetent to stand trial and shall enter an order authorized by section 2945.38 of the Revised Code.
{¶18} Under the above subjective test, if a defendant is capable of
understanding the nature and objective of the proceedings and assisting in the
defense, then the defendant is competent to stand trial. Smith, supra, at ¶ 16. A
defendant with mental illness or intellectual deficiencies may still be competent to
stand trial. See Lechner, at ¶ 27.
“Incompetency must not be equated with mere mental or emotional instability or even with outright insanity. A defendant may be emotionally disturbed or even psychotic and still be capable of understanding the charges against him and of assisting his counsel.” Lechner, supra, quoting State v. Bock, 28 Ohio St.3d 108, 110, 502 N.E.2d 1016 (1986). Ross App. No. 22CA37 10
{¶19} At Littler’s competency hearing both parties stipulated to the report’s
findings and the trial court found Littler competent to proceed to trial. The
competency standard for entering a plea “is the same as the competency standard
for standing trial.” State v. Morrison, 4th Dist. Adams No. 07CA854, 2008-Ohio-
4913, at ¶ 11. See Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389, 391, 113 S.Ct. 2680 (1992);
State v. Mink, 101 Ohio St.3d 350, 2004-Ohio-1064, ¶ 57; State v. Bolin, 128 Ohio
App.3d 58, 713 N.E.2d 1092 (1998); State v. Jenkins, 3d. Dist. Henry No. 07-05-
06, 2005-Ohio-5616, ¶ 8. However, “ ‘[a] finding that a defendant is competent to
stand trial * * * is not all that is necessary before he may be permitted to plead
guilty or waive his right to counsel.’ ” Morrison, supra, quoting Godinez at 400-
401. As discussed above, “a trial court must satisfy itself whether the waiver of his
constitutional rights is knowing and voluntary.” Godinez, supra. (Citations
omitted.)
{¶20} In Merryman, the appellant appealed his convictions
upon guilty pleas to one count of kidnapping and two counts of rape. He first
argued that the trial court abused its discretion in finding him competent to stand
trial because although two defense experts evaluated him and found him not
competent, the trial court credited the state’s expert who did find competency.
Merryman argued that due to some evidence of incompetency, his plea was not Ross App. No. 22CA37 11
voluntary and violated his due process rights. This court rejected both arguments.
We observed:
The crux of Merryman's argument that his pleas were not voluntary is based on his assertion that he was incompetent to make the plea because Dr. Bram's and Dr. Reardon's reports find him incompetent to stand trial. However, we have already concluded that the trial court properly found Merryman competent to stand trial in spite of expert testimony to the contrary. Therefore, we reject Merryman's underlying premise that he was not competent to enter a guilty plea. It follows, ipso facto, that his “voluntariness” argument is meritless.
Merryman, at ¶ 38. We concluded:
Although Merryman does not specifically contend that the trial court failed to satisfy the requirements of Crim.R. 11(C)(2), a review of the record indicates that the trial court properly advised Merryman of the nature of the charges and the maximum penalty involved, the effect of the plea, as well as all of the rights Merryman was waiving by pleading guilty. The record indicates that Merryman understood the consequences of his plea and understood what rights he was waiving. Thus, we cannot say that Merryman's plea was anything but knowingly and voluntarily made.
Id. at ¶ 39.
{¶21} In Smith, supra, from the the beginning of the proceedings Smith was
uncooperative and belligerent, refused to acknowledge his legal name, interrupted
the judge and his attorney, filed various irregular documents pro se, refused to
acknowledge the court’s jurisdiction, and had to be removed from the courtroom
during the trial court proceedings. During Smith’s jury trial, he was removed to
jail due to his behavior. He watched the trial proceedings from the remote Ross App. No. 22CA37 12
location, except for his own testimony. On appeal, Smith claimed that the trial
court abused its discretion in determining he was competent to stand trial during
the pretrial proceedings. However, based upon our review of the record, we did
not agree. Like Littler, Smith had a court-ordered competency evaluation, was
found competent and capable of assisting in his own defense, and the parties
stipulated to the competency report at the competency hearing. We found, despite
Smith’s multiple and repeated outbursts and objections, the record demonstrated
that the trial court handled Smith’s competency determination properly and in
accordance with the controlling statutes.
{¶22} As previously discussed, the parties stipulated to Dr. Edwards’ report
at Littler’s competency hearing and the trial court made a finding of competency.
And as noted above, the competency standard for entering a plea is the same as for
standing trial. Given that Littler has not challenged his plea on any other basis, our
analysis could safely end here. Nevertheless, we will briefly examine the plea
colloquy.
{¶23} We note that after the prosecutor explained the terms of the plea
agreement, to which Littler’s counsel acknowledged understanding of the terms,
the trial court addressed Littler as follows:
Mr. Littler, before I can accept your pleas in both of these cases, I need to ask you a series of questions to make sure you understand the nature of these proceedings and any potential penalties that you are facing. Ross App. No. 22CA37 13
The court asked Littler’s name, age, date of birth, educational level, fluency
in English, ability to read and write, and citizenship and military status.
Littler responded appropriately and affirmatively. The colloquy continued
in pertinent part:
Court: All right, are you presently under the influence of any medication, drugs, or alcohol?
Defendant: No, Your Honor.
Court: Do you now or have you ever suffered from any mental illness, disease, or incapacity?
Defendant: No, Your Honor. (Emphasis added.)
***
Court: Has anybody threatened or coerced you into entering this [sic] pleas today?
Court: Aside from the plea negotiation has anyone promised you anything in exchange for your pleas?
Court Now, Mr. Marks has read into the record the terms of the plea agreement that you have reached with the state. Did you hear what the prosecuting attorney just said?
Defendant: Yes, Your Honor. Ross App. No. 22CA37 14
Court: Is that the same information you discussed with your attorneys before today’s hearing?
Defendant: Yes, Your Honor.
Court: Do you have any specific questions for the court about the terms of that plea agreement?
Court: *** Did you have an opportunity to review those plea forms with your attorneys?
Court: Do you believe you understood what those plea forms said?
Court: And did you voluntarily sign those plea forms?
Court: Do you understand that by signing the plea forms you are making a complete admission of your guilt to the charges listed in those plea forms?
Court: All right. You understand that while you and the state have presented to the court a recommendation for sentencing this court does not have to accept it? Ross App. No. 22CA37 15
Defendant: That is correct Your Honor.
Court: All right. Knowing that the court is not obligated to follow the plea recommendation do you still wish to proceed with your plea today?
{¶23} As in Smith, the trial court handled Littler’s competency
determination properly and in accordance with the controlling statutes. As in
Merryman, Littler has not specifically contended that the trial court failed to satisfy
the requirements of Crim.R. 11(C)(2). However, as in Merryman, our review of
the trial court proceedings herein convinces us that the trial court properly advised
Littler of the nature of the charges and the maximum penalty involved, the effect of
the plea, as well as all the rights Littler was waiving by pleading guilty. The
record herein indicates that Mr. Littler understood the consequences of his plea and
understood what rights he was waiving. Therefore, we cannot find that Mr.
Littler’s plea was anything but knowingly and voluntarily made.
{¶24} Based on the foregoing, we find no merit to Littler’s argument in this
appeal. Accordingly, we overrule the sole assignment of error and affirm the
judgment of the trial court.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED. Ross App. No. 22CA37 16
JUDGMENT ENTRY
It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE AFFIRMED and costs be assessed to Appellant.
The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Ross County Court of Common Pleas to carry this judgment into execution.
IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON BAIL HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR THIS COURT, it is temporarily continued for a period not to exceed 60 days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court. If a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the 60-day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio in the 45-day appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses the appeal prior to expiration of 60 days, the stay will terminate as of the date of such dismissal.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Hess, J., & Wilkin, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.
For the Court,
__________________________________ Jason P. Smith Presiding Judge
NOTICE TO COUNSEL
Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.