Woodbury, J.
In this case the direction of the court was predicated on an impression that the issue, as to the fraudulent procurement of the conviction before the justice, was a material issue ; and that the conviction, if found to have [258]*258been obtained by the covin of the defendant, would be no ¡-jgj. £0 present prosecution
The only enquiry then is, whether the court gave an accurate direction in relation to what would render the conviction fraudulent. Fraud is “ a judgment of law on facts and intents”(2) If facts and intents amount to a deceit, x ' they constitute moral fraud ; but they must amount to a deceit accompanied by an injury, to constitute civil fraud : For the latter is “ one thing pretended and another done,” (4 Just. 76.) producing “damage,” (1 Com. Dig. Dect. A. 1. — 3 D. 6f E. 64) or it is “an injurious deceit.” (3 Woodes 198.) But the jury, according to the direction, must have been satisfied of the fact that the state sustained an injury by the conviction, as it protected the defendant from an adequate fine. According to the same direction, they must have been satisfied, also, that the proceedings in obtaining that conviction were all instituted by his procurement, and with an intent to effect the above injury. In other words, that to appearance the complaint was lodged and the prosecution managed by disinterested individuals, and for the purpose of enforcing due justice, when in reality all was a mere puppet show, and every wire moved by the offender himself. “ One thing was pretended, and another done,” to “ the damage”'of the state. The magistrate was deceived, the publick rights injured, and the defend[259]*259ant was the perpetrator of the offence. To declare that this was not a fraud, and that, under its cover, the author of it should be shielded from the present indictment, would in our opinion be a libel upon the administration of justice. In civil actions the idea would not be endured, that the rights of a nominal plaintiff, who had neither notice nor agency in relation to a suit, should be bound by the judgment. 6 John. 318. Much less would these rights he bound when the suit was instituted by the defendant himself, with a view to defraud the plaintiff, and that view accomplished. We are aware, that in criminal prosecutions, as the state always appears by an agent, and sometimes by only an implied agent, more difficulty exists in determining whether imposition be practised. Rut when prosecutions before the higher courts are managed by the attorney-general, the solicitor, or counsel appointed by the judges ; and before single magistrates, by similar counsel, or by the party aggrieved, or by disinterested individuals, such prosecutions can never, perhaps, be considered fraudulent; for such persons would be presumed to act with proper views, and when not express, might be deemed implied agents for the state. An offender, however, can possess no implied authority to conduct a prosecution against himself: because implications are founded on probabilities, {Phi. Ev. apx. 13) and nothing is less probable than that a person would be selected to inflict punishment on himself, or to enforce that justice which all his interests and feelings were enlisted to defeat. 1 Bl. C. 91. But in this case the offender did virtually conduct the first prosecution. His design in it was to shield himself from adequate punishment, and he so managed the proceedings as to effect that design. On these “ facts and intents,” then, we are satisfied that the judgment of the law must be that the conviction was obtained by covin and fraud. The verdict cannot be set aside.
J. Smith for the defendant.
i) stat.4 mn. q«.1x siliw'.
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