[Cite as State v. Lipkins, 2023-Ohio-1192.]
COURT OF APPEALS STARK COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO, : JUDGES: : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J. Plaintiff - Appellee : Hon. William B. Hoffman, J. : Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J. -vs- : : TERREL J. LIPKINS, : Case No. 2022CA00053 : 2022CA00054 Defendant - Appellant : : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Stark County Court of Common Pleas, Case Nos. 2021 CR 1715A and 2021 CR 2188A
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT: April 10, 2023
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
KYLE L. STONE D. COLEMAN BOND Prosecuting Attorney 116 Cleveland Avenue NW Stark County, Ohio Suite 600 Canton, Ohio 44702 By: TIMOTHY E. YAHNER Assistant Prosecuting Attorney Appellate Division 110 Central Plaza South Ste. 510 Canton, Ohio 44702-1413 Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 2
Baldwin, J.
{¶1} Terrell J. Lipkins appeals his conviction of multiple offenses in case
numbers 2021CR1715(A) and 2021CR2188(A).
{¶2} In case number 2021CR1715(A), Lipkins was convicted of Murder, in
violation of R.C. 2903.02(B), an unclassified felony, with Firearm Specifications, R.C.
2941.145(A) and R.C. 2941.146(A) and a Repeat Violent Offender Specification, R.C.
2941.149(A); Felonious Assault, in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1)(2) a felony of the
second degree with Firearm Specifications, R.C. 2941.145(A) and R.C. 2941.146(A) and
a Repeat Violent Offender Specification, R.C. 2941.149(A); Discharge of a Firearm on or
Near Prohibited Premises, in violation of R.C. 2923.162(A)(3), a felony of the third degree,
with Firearm Specifications, R.C. 2941.145(A) and R.C. 2941.146(A); two counts of
Improperly Handling Firearms in a Motor Vehicle, in violation of R.C. 2923.16(A), felonies
of the fourth degree with a Firearm Specification, R.C. 2941.145(A); and Having Weapons
While Under Disability, in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2) a felony of the third degree with
a Firearm Specification, R.C. 2941.145(A).
{¶3} In case number 2021CR2188(A) Lipkins was convicted of two counts of
Felonious Assault in violation of R.C. 2903(A)(2), felonies of the second degree, with
Firearm Specifications, R.C. 2941.145(A) and R.C. 2941.146(A) and a Repeat Violent
Offender Specification, R.C. 2941.149(A).
{¶4} Lipkins also appeals the sentence imposed by the Stark County Court of
Common Pleas. The State of Ohio is Appellee. Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 3
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND THE CASE
{¶5} J.N. was the victim of a drive by shooting on August 7, 2021 near her home
and in the presence of her daughter, M.N. and two other witnesses, all of whom had been
talking immediately prior to the attack. The local authorities relied primarily on
circumstantial evidence to tie Lipkins to the offense, compiling video from local residences
and businesses with GPS monitoring to track his movements, a doorbell video recording
to establish access to a weapon and forensic examination of his clothing to demonstrate
that he was present when a weapon was fired.
{¶6} J.N., her adult daughter, M.N., their neighbor, N.H. and his brother, C.T.
were in an alley behind J.N.’s home engaged in conversation when a black vehicle with
tinted windows and damage to the left rear fender passed by them. They paid little
attention to the vehicle, finished their conversation and N.H. and C.T. began to walk
home.
{¶7} Before they had moved far from the alley, the same black vehicle returned
and a passenger in the rear driver’s side vehicle fired seven to ten shots. N.H. and C.T.
dropped to the ground and escaped harm, but J.N. was shot in the stomach and doubled
over in pain. M.N.’s daughter called 911 and the Canton Police Department was first on
the scene.
{¶8} The police officer noted that J.N. suffered a wound that entered and exited
her body and he attempted to staunch the bleeding until the ambulance arrived. J.N.’s
wounds proved to be fatal, the bullet passing through her back, then arteries and veins
as well as her stomach. The coroner’s office ruled that the death was a homicide as a
result of a gunshot wound. Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 4
{¶9} The Canton Police Department began investigating the shooting within
minutes of the 911 call. From N.H. and C.T., they learned that the vehicle was a black
Malibu with a Spitzer dealership plate and that the weapon used had an extended
magazine. While at the scene, detectives from the Canton Police Department began
canvassing the neighborhood with the hope of finding a residential security camera that
may have recorded the offense. The detectives did find a such recording in a camera
about a block away from the scene of the shooting.
{¶10} Two witnesses, N.H. and A.F., noticed a pink steering wheel cover in the
Malibu. N.H. recalled that the gun was black, had an extended magazine and that seven
to ten shots were fired. The home of the decedent, J.N., was hit by two bullets and a
neighboring house was struck. Windows in vehicles were shattered and the vehicle
bodies were damaged by bullets.
{¶11} The Canton Police Department issued an alert to be on the lookout for a
black Malibu with a Spitzer plate frame and a visible scratch across a corner panel. They
also investigated the link to the local Chevrolet dealer, Spitzer, where a sales person
recalled selling a 2014 black Chevrolet Malibu with tinted windows and that the buyer had
asked if the tint was legal. The Canton Police Department, with the assistance of the
authority of the trial court, obtained a copy of the purchase agreement and discovered
that the vehicle was sold to Sabriah Johnson, the mother of Lipkins’ daughter.
{¶12} The Canton Police Department knew that Lipkins socialized with Javier
Blood and that Blood was obligated to wear a GPS monitor that would allow his
movements to be tracked. The Canton Police Department reviewed GPS record of
Blood’s whereabouts on the day of the shooting and after discovering the addresses of Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 5
locations that he visited, an officer reviewed video recordings from security cameras at
the different locations. The videos showed that Blood and Lipkins traveled together,
beginning at approximately 1:45 p.m., and that they were using a dark Chevrolet Malibu
with a pink steering wheel cover. Lipkins and Blood appeared in videos from five different
commercial establishments leading up to the time of the shooting.
{¶13} As they approached the scene of the shooting, two Ring cameras tracked
their progress. The cameras showed the Malibu circle the area once and then gunshots
were heard on the second pass. J.N. was shot at 8:37 p.m. and the 911 call was made
at 8:38 p.m. The GPS monitor traced the progress of Blood and Lipkins toward the
shooting just minutes before it occurred. A different GPS system showed that the speed
of the vehicle increased from 23 miles per hour before or near the time of the shooting
then increased to a speeds of 53, 59 and 71 miles per hour after the shooting.
{¶14} The Canton Police Department recovered shell casings from the scene and
determined that they were fired from a Glock, nine millimeter, hand gun. Based upon
witness statements, the police concluded that the gun was fitted with an extended
magazine. Sabriah Johnson had purchased a Glock nine millimeter hand gun in February
2021. And, upon searching Johnson’s residence, they discovered video from a door bell
camera that showed Lipkins with a hand gun and extended magazine, wearing a
balaclava style mask and a medallion, the latter two items being the same as seen in
videos of Blood and Lipkins recovered from business cameras on the day of the shooting.
{¶15} While at Johnson’s residence, the police also discovered the white t-shirt
with the distinctive graphic and the black pants Lipkins wore on the day of the shooting.
A forensic expert confirmed that the shirt and the pants contained gunshot residue. The Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 6
medallion he wore in the videos taken on the day of the shooting was on Lipkins’ person
when he was taken into custody.
{¶16} The officers did not recover the gun used in the shooting, but they did
discover two boxes of 9mm ammunition at Johnson’s home.
{¶17} The vehicle was recovered in Barberton, Ohio on August 11, 2021 and the
police found within it a pink steering wheel cover, Lipkins’ social security card, and the
Spitzer plate still attached to the vehicle.
{¶18} Lipkins, and co-defendant, Blood, were charged with: Murder in violation of
R.C. 2903.02(B), an unclassified felony; Felonious Assault in violation of R.C.
2903.11(A)(1)/(2), a felony of the second degree; Having Weapons Under a Disability in
violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2), a felony of the third degree; Discharging a Firearm on or
Near Prohibited Premises in violation of R.C. 2923.162(A)(3), a felony of the third degree;
and two counts of Improperly Handling Firearms in a Motor Vehicle in violation of R.C.
2923.16(A)/(B), both felonies of the fourth degree. All six counts contained three-year fire
arm specifications. (R.C. 2941.145(A)). The Murder, Felonious Assault, and Discharge of
Fire Arm on or Near Prohibited Premises included five-year Firearm Specifications. (R.C.
2941.146(A)). The Murder and Felonious Assault counts both contained repeat violent
offender specifications pursuant to R.C. 2941.149(A).
{¶19} On October 14, 2021, the grand jury issued a second, secret indictment
charging Lipkins and Blood with two additional counts of Felonious Assault, in violation of
R.C. 2903.11(A)(2), both felonies of the second degree. Each count carried a R.C.
2941.145(A) three-year Firearm Specification, a R.C. 2941.146(A) five-year Firearm
Specification, and a R.C. 2941.149(A) Repeat Violent Offender Specification. Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 7
{¶20} Blood and Lipkins were tried separately, and Blood’s trial ended with an
acquittal prior to the commencement of Lipkins’ trial. The jury found Lipkins guilty on all
counts as presented and the trial court then found him guilty of Having Weapons While
Under Disability, R.C. 2923.13(A)(2) with a Firearm Specification, R.C. 2941,145(A)as
well as a Repeat Violence Offender Specification, R.C. 2941.149(A).
{¶21} The trial court imposed a total prison term of forty-two years to life
imprisonment in Case No. 2021CR1715(A) to be served consecutive to the sentence
imposed in Case No. 2021CR2188(A) which was comprised of an aggregate minimum
prison term of sixteen years up to a maximum prison term of twenty years, with an
additional mandatory thirteen years on the specifications be served consecutive and prior
to any other prison term.
{¶22} Lipkins filed a timely appeal and submitted five assignments of error:
{¶23} “I. THE STATE FAILED TO PRESENT SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO
SUSTAIN A CONVICTION AGAINST THE APPELLANT, AND THE CONVICTIONS
MUST BE REVERSED.”
{¶24} “II. THE APPELLANT’S CONVICTION IS AGAINST THE MANIFEST
WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE PRESENTED, AND MUST BE REVERSED.”
{¶25} “III. APPELLANT’S RIGHTS UNDER THE EIGHTH AND
FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTIONS WERE
VIOLATED AS HE WAS DENIED APPELLATE REVIEW OF HIS SENTENCE UNDER
R.C. 2953.08, AS SUBSECTION (D)(3) UNCONSTITUTIONALLY PROHIBITS REVIEW
OF A SENTENCE IMPOSED FOR MURDER.” Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 8
{¶26} “IV. APPELLANT’S RIGHT TO PRESENT A DEFENSE, TO DUE
PROCESS AND A FUNDAMENTALLY FAIR TRIAL WAS DENIED BY THE TRIAL
COURT’S LIMITATION ON EVIDENCE DEMONSTRATING THAT THE PRINCIPAL
OFFENDER TO WHICH APPELLANT WAS ALLEGED TO HAVE AIDED AND
ABBETED(sic) WAS ACQUITED(sic) OF ALL CHARGES, AND BY PERMITTING
EVIDENCE OF APPELLANT’S PRIOR BAD ACTS, IN VIOLATION OF THE FIFTH,
SIXTH, EIGHTH, AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS AND ARTICLE I §§ 2, 9, 10, &
16 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION.”
{¶27} “V. THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION WHEN IT
SENTENCED APPELLANT ON OFFENSES THAT SHOULD HAVE MERGED AS A
MATTER OF LAW.”
I., II.
{¶28} Lipkins first and second assignments of error, that the conviction was not
supported by sufficient evidence and was against the manifest weight of the evidence are
closely related and will be combined for purposes of our analysis.
{¶29} The test for the sufficiency of the evidence involves a question of law for
resolution by the appellate court. State v. Walker, 150 Ohio St.3d 409, 2016-Ohio-8295,
82 N.E.3d 1124, ¶ 30. “This naturally entails a review of the elements of the charged
offense and a review of the state’s evidence.” State v. Richardson, 150 Ohio St.3d 554,
2016-Ohio-8448, 84 N.E.3d 993, ¶ 13.
{¶30} When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, an appellate court does not
ask whether the evidence should be believed. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574
N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus, superseded by State constitutional Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 9
amendment on other grounds as stated in State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 89, 102 at n.4,
684 N.E.2d 668 (1997). “The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jenks at paragraph
two of the syllabus. State v. Poutney, 152 Ohio St.3d 474, 2018-Ohio-22, 97 N.E.3d 478,
¶ 19. Thus, “on review for evidentiary sufficiency we do not second-guess the jury’s
credibility determinations; rather, we ask whether, ‘if believed, [the evidence] would
convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” State
v. Murphy, 91 Ohio St.3d 516, 543, 747 N.E.2d 765 (2001), quoting Jenks at paragraph
two of the syllabus. We will not “disturb a verdict on appeal on sufficiency grounds unless
‘reasonable minds could not reach the conclusion reached by the trier-of-fact.’ ” State v.
Ketterer, 111 Ohio St.3d 70, 2006-Ohio-5283, 855 N.E.2d 48, ¶ 94, quoting State v.
Dennis, 79 Ohio St.3d 421, 430, 683 N.E.2d 1096 (1997); State v. Montgomery, 148 Ohio
St.3d 347, 2016-Ohio-5487, 71 N.E.3d 180, ¶ 74.
{¶31} As to the weight of the evidence, the issue is whether the jury created a
manifest miscarriage of justice in resolving conflicting evidence, even though the
evidence of guilt was legally sufficient. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386–387,
678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), superseded by constitutional amendment on other grounds as
stated by State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 89, 684 N.E.2d 668, 1997-Ohio-355; State v. Issa,
93 Ohio St.3d 49, 67, 752 N.E.2d 904 (2001).
“[I]n determining whether the judgment below is manifestly against the
weight of the evidence, every reasonable intendment and every reasonable
presumption must be made in favor of the judgment and the finding of facts. Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 10
***
“If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the reviewing
court is bound to give it that interpretation which is consistent with the
verdict and judgment, most favorable to sustaining the verdict and
judgment.”
Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984), fn.
3, quoting 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review, Section 60, at 191–192 (1978).
{¶32} The reviewing court must bear in mind; however, that credibility generally is
an issue for the trier of fact to resolve. State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 67, 752 N.E.2d
904 (2001); State v. Murphy, 4th Dist. Ross No. 07CA2953, 2008-Ohio-1744, ¶ 31.
Because the trier of fact sees and hears the witnesses and is particularly competent to
decide whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of particular witnesses, the
appellate court must afford substantial deference to its determinations of credibility.
Barberton v. Jenney, 126 Ohio St.3d 5, 2010-Ohio-2420, 929 N.E.2d 1047, ¶ 20. In other
words, “[w]hen there exist two fairly reasonable views of the evidence or two conflicting
versions of events, neither of which is unbelievable, it is not our province to choose which
one we believe.” State v. Dyke, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 99 CA 149, 2002-Ohio-1152, ¶ 13,
citing State v. Gore, 131 Ohio App.3d 197, 201, 722 N.E.2d 125 (7th Dist. 1999). Thus,
an appellate court will leave the issues of weight and credibility of the evidence to the
fact-finder, as long as a rational basis exists in the record for its decision. State v.
Picklesimer, 4th Dist. Pickaway No. 11CA9, 2012-Ohio-1282, ¶ 24.
{¶33} In the first assignment of error, Lipkins presents five arguments to support
his contention that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction: Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 11
{¶34} [A]ny rational trier of fact could not have found, beyond a reasonable doubt,
that the Appellant was guilty of aggravated murder because there was no[t] sufficient
evidence of the necessary element of prior calculation and design (Appellant’s Brief, p.
18);
{¶35} [T]he State failed to present sufficient evidence that Appellant was involved
in the alleged shooting incident or at the scene of the crime (Appellant’s Brief, p. 18);
{¶36} [T]he State failed to present any evidence that Appellant attempt to cause
any physical harm to either of those individuals (regarding Felonious Assault) (Appellant’s
Brief, p. 19);
{¶37} [T]he State failed to present any evidence of Appellant's prior convictions at
trial, and instead after it rested, the State presented this evidence for the first time during
the sentencing hearing.(Regarding Weapons Under a Disability) (Appellant’s Brief, p. 20).
{¶38} We will review each argument separately.
MURDER
{¶39} Lipkins was charged with and convicted of a violation of R.C. 2903.02(B),
Murder, and not Aggravated Murder, R.C. 2903.01 as he claims in his brief. Aggravated
Murder does contain an element of “prior calculation and design” in subsection A, but the
charge of Murder under R.C. 2903.02(B) requires proof that Lipkins caused “the death of
another as a proximate result of the offender's committing or attempting to commit an
offense of violence that is a felony of the first or second degree and that is not a violation
of section 2903.03 or 2903.04 of the Revised Code” and contains no requirement of “prior
calculation and design.” Lipkins sole argument related to the murder charge is based Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 12
upon a mistaken characterization of the basis of the conviction and requires no further
analysis.
{¶40} Lipkins first assignment of error regarding the charge of Murder is denied.
IDENTITY OF THE OFFENDER
{¶41} Lipkins contends the record contains insufficient evidence to support the
jury’s finding that he was involved in the offense. He relies on the lack of eyewitnesses
that identify him as being in the vehicle despite his distinctive clothing and that one
witness described the shooter as having a long black sleeve and that description was
inconsistent with the state’s evidence regarding the offender’s clothing. Further, Lipkins
contends that there was no evidence to show that he was still in the vehicle from the time
that the vehicle left the Gables of Canton until the time of the shooting.
{¶42} The Appellee provided evidence connecting Lipkins to the vehicle as well
as video and GPS documentation tracing his movements for several hours prior to the
offense. Despite his assertion to the contrary, Lipkins was seen leaving the vehicle after
leaving the Gables of Canton. He and Blood stopped at BellStore and were seen leaving
the store around 8:28 p.m. and the vehicle was tracked to the scene of the shooting which
occurred approximately ten minutes later.
{¶43} The vehicle was recovered and searched. The officers not only found the
pink steering wheel cover described by the witnesses, but they also found Lipkins’ Social
Security Card in the vehicle. After obtaining a warrant, the officers searched the residence
where Lipkins resided and recovered clothing that matched what he was wearing prior to
the shooting. The clothing tested positive for gunpowder residue confirming that it was in
the vicinity of a weapon when it was fired. Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 13
{¶44} The police did not recover the weapon, but they did discover ammunition
for the weapon at Lipkins’ residence as well as doorbell videos showing him in possession
of a weapon that matched the description of the firearm used in the shooting, a black
Glock 9mm with an extended magazine.
{¶45} The testimony of the witnesses can be interpreted as inconsistent or
conflicting, but the trier of fact was free to accept or reject any and all of the evidence
offered by the parties and assess the witness's credibility. “While the [trier of fact] may
take note of the inconsistencies and resolve or discount them accordingly * * * such
inconsistencies *503 do not render defendant's conviction against the manifest weight or
sufficiency of the evidence.” State v. Craig, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 99AP–739, 2000 WL
297252 (Mar 23, 2000) quoting State v. Nivens, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 95APA09–1236,
1996 WL 284714 (May 28, 1996). Indeed, the [trier of fact] need not believe all of a
witness' testimony, but may accept only portions of it as true. State v. Raver, 10th Dist.
Franklin No. 02AP–604, 2003-Ohio-958, 2003 WL 723225, ¶ 21, quoting State v. Antill,
176 Ohio St. 61, 67, 197 N.E.2d 548 (1964); State v. Burke, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP–
1238, 2003-Ohio-2889, 2003 WL 21291042, quoting State v. Caldwell, 79 Ohio App.3d
667, 607 N.E.2d 1096 (4th Dist.1992).
{¶46} And, we acknowledge that the state relies upon circumstantial evidence to
support the charges against Lipkins but “[c]ircumstantial evidence and direct evidence
inherently possess the same probative value [.]” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 272,
574 N.E.2d 492, 502 (1991) paragraph one of the syllabus. Furthermore, “[s]ince
circumstantial evidence and direct evidence are indistinguishable so far as the jury's fact-
finding function is concerned, all that is required of the jury is that it weigh all of the Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 14
evidence, direct and circumstantial, against the standard of proof beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Jenks, supra at 272.
{¶47} While inferences cannot be based on inferences, a number of conclusions
can result from the same set of facts. State v. Lott (1990), 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 168, 555
N.E.2d 293, quoting Hurt v. Charles J. Rogers Transp. Co. (1955), 164 Ohio St. 329, 331,
130 N.E.2d 820. Moreover, a series of facts and circumstances can be employed by a
jury as the basis for its ultimate conclusions in a case. Lott, supra at 168 quoting Hurt,
supra at 331.
{¶48} The Appellee provided sufficient evidence, if believed, to demonstrate that
Lipkins was the driver of the vehicle involved in the shooting. The distinct combination of
characteristics of the vehicle, the fact that it was titled to the mother of his child and the
fact that it was found abandoned with his social security card within the vehicle could lead
a jury to the conclusion that he was the driver. The video recordings of Lipkins in the car
hours before the shooting and up to approximately ten minutes before the shooting as
well as the GPS information that tracked Blood, the other person in the vehicle, passing
by the victims at the time of the shooting further bolsters the logic of the jury’s conclusion.
The gun shot residue on Lipkins’ clothing and the doorbell video showing him in
possession of a weapon that matched the description of the firearm used to commit the
offense are additional facts that serve to support the jury’s finding of guilt.
{¶49} After review of the record, we are persuaded that that if believed, [the
evidence] would convince the average mind of the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.’ ” Murphy, supra at 543 and that reasonable minds could reach the conclusion
reached by the trier-of-fact. Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 15
{¶50} Lipkins assignment of error regarding this issue is denied.
FELONIOUS ASSAULT/ATTEMPT TO CAUSE HARM
{¶51} In his next argument, Lipkins contends that Appellee failed to present any
evidence that he attempted to cause any physical harm to either C.T or N.H and thus he
cannot be found guilty of Felonious Assault. Lipkins concludes that because there was
no evidence that the bullets were aimed at either person and there is no evidence
regarding how close the shots came to striking either, Lipkins did not commit a Felonious
Assault.
{¶52} Lipkins was convicted of Felonious Assault, a violation of R.C.
2903.11(A)(2) which states in relevant part that “No person shall knowingly * * * [c]ause
or attempt to cause physical harm to another or to another's unborn by means of a deadly
weapon or dangerous ordnance.” Lipkins argument suggests that he believes that the
Appellee must establish that there was an intent to harm either C.T. or N.H., but knowingly
is not synonymous with intentional. “A person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose,
when the person is aware that the person's conduct will probably cause a certain result
or will probably be of a certain nature.” R.C. 2901.22(B) Lipkins is attempting to amend
the statute and require proof that the attempt to injure the victims was committed
purposefully, with a “specific intention to cause a certain result,” which would be wounding
the victims. We must reject Lipkins invitation to amend the statute.
{¶53} The trier of fact may determine an accused's intent from the facts and
circumstances present in a particular case. State v. Seiber (1990), 56 Ohio St.3d 4, 564
N.E.2d 408. Because the intent of an accused person is only in his mind and is not
ascertainable by another, it cannot be proven by direct testimony of another person but Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 16
must be determined from the surrounding facts and circumstances. State v. Flowers
(1984), 16 Ohio App.3d 313, 475 N.E.2d 790, citing State v. Huffman (1936), 131 Ohio
St. 27, 1 N.E.2d 313.
{¶54} In this case, the record shows that Lipkins and Blood drove past C.T. and
N.H. once, then when they passed by a second time, seven to ten shots were fired in the
direction of C.T., N.H., J.N. and M.N., causing both C.T. and N.H. to drop to the ground.
The bullets struck and eventually killed J.N. and caused damage to homes and vehicles
in the area. The shooting was not accidental and by all accounts was directed toward the
persons talking by the side of the road. The second drive by, then number of shots fired,
the damage to property and the reaction of the victims all support the conclusion that the
shooting was done with knowledge that the bullets were likely to strike the victims.
{¶55} We find that the facts in the record support the jury’s conclusion that Lipkins
acted knowingly in an attempt to cause harm to C.T. and N.H. The first assignment of
error is denied with regard to this issue.
WEAPONS UNDER A DISABILITY
{¶56} Lipkins asserts that the Appellee failed to present any evidence of prior
convictions at trial and instead, after resting, presented evidence for the first time at
sentencing. For this reason, Lipkins concludes, the Weapons Under Disability charge
must be dismissed.
{¶57} The trial court addressed the charge of Having Weapons Under a Disability
prior to sentencing when it stated: “There was also one count that was tried to the Court,
having weapons under disability, which the court feels there’s evidence beyond a Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 17
reasonable doubt to find the Defendant guilty of that charge as well.” (Trial Transcript, p
629, lines 15-20).
{¶58} At the sentencing hearing, the trial court greeted the parties and the persons
in attendance and began by noting that “Before we get started, there’s a couple of things
that I want to address right off the bat,” and the trial court then addressed the repeat
violator offender specification. (Sentencing Transcript, p. 5, line 17 to p. 6, line 10). Before
proceeding with sentencing, the Appellee interjected:
MR. BARR: Just briefly, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Oh.
MR. BARR: Before the Court goes any further, the State would at this time
move to admit State's Exhibits 33 and 34 which go to the prior repeat violent
offender specification.
THE COURT: Okay.
MR. BARR: They are copies of those convictions in 2020CR1394B and
2016CR1016, both of which are convictions for Felonious Assault. And I
would present those to the Court at this time.
MR. BARR: Those also go, Your Honor, to the weapons under disability
charge. We are a little -- we also in conversations with Mr. Kovalchik have
-the defense attorney has told us that they will stipulate that Mr. Lipkins is
the one and the same person that is in those convictions.
THE COURT: Okay, thank you. So it's based on these convictions State's
Exhibit 33 and 34. That included the intimidation, aggravated menacing in Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 18
Stark County Common Pleas Case No. 2016CR-1016 and Case
No. 2020CR1394B two counts of Felonious Assault.
(Sentencing Transcript, p. 6, line 11 to p. 7, line 16).
{¶59} Lipkins’ counsel had prior knowledge of these documents and the intent to
offer them at this time based upon the Appellee’s representation of Lipkins’ stipulation.
Lipkins’ offered no objection to the submission of the exhibits or their consideration by the
court.
{¶60} Pursuant to Evid. R. 103(A), a party's failure to object to the admission of
evidence at trial constitutes a waiver of all but plain error on appeal. State v. Frazier
(1995), 73 Ohio St.3d 323, 332, 1995-Ohio-235, 652 N.E.2d 1000; State v. Lott (1990),
51 Ohio St.3d 160, 174, 555 N.E.2d 293 quoting State v. Gordon (1971), 28 Ohio St.2d
45, 276 N.E.2d 243, at paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶61} Crim.R. 52(B) provides that “[p]lain errors or defects affecting substantial
rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the court.”
However, for a reviewing court to find plain error, the court must find that the error is an
obvious defect in trial proceedings which affected the defendant's substantial rights. State
v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 2002-Ohio-68, 759 N.E.2d 1240. Notice of plain error “is to
be taken with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a
manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Long (1978), 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804,
paragraph three of syllabus.
{¶62} Lipkins does not offer any argument to support a finding a plain error and
we are reluctant to create one on his behalf on the record before us. Had he objected,
the trial court would have had the discretion to reopen the record for submission of further Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 19
evidence. Askin v. Askin, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 94APF05–720, 1995 WL 41600, *7, 1995
Ohio App. LEXIS 313, *20, quoting Pyle v. Pyle, 11 Ohio App.3d 31, 37, 463 N.E.2d 98
(8th Dist.1983). We find nothing in the record that would suggest that reopening the record
in this case would have constituted an abuse of discretion and, consequently, we find no
plain error.
{¶63} As Lipkins has waived this objection and the record does not reflect plain
error, the assignment of error regarding this issue is denied.
{¶64} For the forgoing reason, the first assignment of error is denied.
{¶65} Further we have reviewed the record and conclude that there is no evidence
that the jury lost its way and issued a decision against the manifest weight of the evidence.
The record presents sufficient evidence to support the jury’s resolution of any conflicts of
issues of credibility and we find nothing that would suggest that Lipkins was a victim of a
manifest miscarriage of justice.
{¶66} Lipkins second assignment of error is denied.
III.
{¶67} In his third assignment of error, Lipkins states that his rights under the
Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitutions were violated as
he was denied appellate review of his sentence under R.C. 2953.08, as subsection (d)(3)
unconstitutionally prohibits review of a sentence imposed for murder.
{¶68} Counsel for Lipkins presented the same assignment of error and argument
to this court in the case of State v. Nelson, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2021CA00112, 2022-Ohio-
4170 and Lipkins has not persuaded us we should reach a different conclusion in this
case. In Nelson we adopted our analysis in State v. Weaver, 2017-Ohio-4374, 93 N.E.3d Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 20
178 (5th Dist.), appeal not allowed, 151 Ohio St.3d 1510, 2018-Ohio-365, 90 N.E.3d 950
where we concluded that “we were without statutory authority to review the sentence for
aggravated murder.” Nelson, supra at ¶ 53. We next reviewed and applied our decision
from Weaver “that that R.C. 2953.08(D)(3) did not violate the defendant's rights under the
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.”
State v. Weaver, 2017-Ohio-4347, ¶ 20 as quoted in Nelson, supra at ¶ 54 and we
concluded that “that the absence of appellate review for Nelson's sentence does not
violate the Eighth Amendment. Nelson, supra at ¶ 54.
{¶69} Within the Nelson decision and in the briefs before us, there are references
to a pending case before the Supreme Court of Ohio, State v. Grevious, 2022-Ohio-4361.
The Supreme Court of Ohio recently issued its opinion affirming the Twelfth District Court
of Appeals decision that R.C. 2953.08(D)(3) was constitutional. State v. Grevious, 2022-
Ohio-4361, ¶ 1, so we find that Grevious does not support Lipkins’ assertions, but instead
confirms our holding in Nelson.
{¶70} Lipkins third assignment of error is denied.
IV.
{¶71} In his fourth assignment of error, Lipkins asserts the trial court erred by
prohibiting him from introducing evidence that his co-defendant, Blood, was acquitted at
trial and that the trial court erroneously permitted the Appellee to introduce video and
photographs of him holding a weapon that matched the description of the firearm used in
the shooting.
{¶72} “[A] trial court is vested with broad discretion in determining the admissibility
of evidence in any particular case, so long as such discretion is exercised in line with the Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 21
rules of procedure and evidence.” Rigby v. Lake Cty., 58 Ohio St.3d 269, 271, 569 N.E.2d
1056 (1991). In order to find an abuse of discretion, we must determine the trial court's
decision was unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable and not merely an error of law or
judgment. Blakemore v. Blakemore (1983), 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140.
Even in the event of an abuse of discretion, a judgment will not be disturbed unless the
abuse affected the substantial rights of the adverse party or is inconsistent with
substantial justice. Id.” Beard v. Meridia Huron Hosp., 106 Ohio St.3d 237, 2005-Ohio-
4787, 834 N.E.2d 323.
{¶73} Lipkins acknowledges that he was charged with complicity in the offenses
arising from the shooting and that:
[w]hile the State was not required to establish the identity of the principal
offender to convict an offender of complicity, the State is required to show
that a principal committed the offense. See State v. Perryman (1976), 49
Ohio St.2d 14, 27, 359 N.E.2d 1040 ("[I]n order to convict an offender of
complicity, the state need not establish the principal's identity. Pursuant to
R.C. 2923.03(C), the state need only prove that a principal committed the
offense."
Appellant’s Brief, p. 28.
{¶74} In support of his argument, Lipkins offers a citation to a case from the
Supreme Court of Judicature of New York decided in 1835, People v. Buckland, 1835 WL
2558 (1835). Not only is that case not binding on this court and of questionable relevance
as it considered the offense of compounding a larceny, the holding in that matter seems
to have been refuted in People v. Beintner, 168 N.Y.S. 945, 948 (Sup. Ct.1918) where Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 22
that court decided that: “The conclusion is that a judgment in the principal felon's case,
whether of conviction or acquittal, is not admissible for any purpose in an action against
the accessory.” Id. at 948. At least with regard to this ancient case, the law in New York
seems to support the trial court’s decision in this case.
{¶75} Lipkins discretely admits the weakness in his argument when he cites us to
State v. Hinzman, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92767, 2010-Ohio-771 ¶ 27-28, where the
Eighth District held that a “co-defendant's acquittal cannot be used as evidence of an
accused's innocence. See State v. Tutt (Apr. 12, 1986), Warren App. No. CA85-09-056
(“[a] co-defendant's conviction can no more be used as evidence against an accused as
a co-defendant's acquittal could be used by the accused as evidence of his innocence”).
* * * In other words, Dillon's acquittal does not have the tendency to make a fact of
consequence any more or less probable than it would be without the evidence.”
{¶76} We agree with the logic used by the courts in Hinzman and Tutt and find
that the trial court did not err by refusing to permit Lipkins to present evidence of Blood’s
acquittal in his trial.
{¶77} In the next part of the fourth assignment of error, Lipkins complains that the
trial court erred by admitting video showing him carrying a firearm that matched the
description of the weapon used in the offense claiming that admission of this prior act was
prohibited by Evid. R. 404(B) because it only “demonstrates that he had a general
propensity to carry weapons, and that evidence is specifically prohibited.” (Appellant’s
Brief, p. 28). Appellee responds that: “The State did not offer the video to show a general
propensity to carry weapons, but to show that Lipkins had access to a gun like the one
used in the shooting, shortly before the shooting occurred.” (Appellee’s Brief, p. 23). Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 23
{¶78} Lipkins filed a motion in limine to exclude the video, and that motion was
denied. Lipkins did not then object to the playing of the video before the jury, but instead
cross examined the witness Appellee used to authenticate the video thus failing to
preserve the issue in the record The decision on the motion in limine was a “tentative,
preliminary or presumptive ruling about an evidentiary issue that is anticipated” but we
need not review the propriety of the order because the claimed error was not preserved
by a timely objection when the issue was reached during the trial. State v. White (1982),
6 Ohio App.3d 1, 451 N.E.2d 533 as quoted in State v. Grubb, 28 Ohio St.3d 199, 203,
503 N.E.2d 142 (1986). The “[f]ailure to object to evidence at the trial constitutes a **147
waiver of any challenge, regardless of the disposition made for a preliminary motion in
limine. Evid.R. 103(A)(1); State v. White, supra; Fetzek v. Lafon (December 13, 1979),
Franklin App. No. 79AP-419, unreported.” State v. Wilson (1982), 8 Ohio App.3d 216,
220, 456 N.E.2d 1287, as quoted in Grubb, supra at 203.
{¶79} Lipkins has waived the error, leaving nothing for our review. But, even if we
were to consider the assignment of error, our decision would remain unchanged.
{¶80} The video showing Lipkins in possession of a firearm that matched the
description of the weapon used in the shooting proves “something other than the
defendant's disposition to commit certain acts.” State v. Hartman, 161 Ohio St.3d 214,
2020-Ohio-4440, 161 N.E.3d 651, ¶ 22. It is relevant to a “non-character-based issue that
is material to the case,” the fact that Lipkins had access to a weapon that matched the
description of the firearm used in the offense and further serves to support Appellee’s
contention that he participated in the offense. State v. Smith, 162 Ohio St.3d 353, 2020-
Ohio-4441, 165 N.E.3d 1123 ¶ 38. Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 24
{¶81} After reviewing the arguments, we find that the trial court did not err in
permitting this evidence as “the evidence's value ‘[was not] substantially outweighed by
the danger of unfair prejudice, of confusion of the issues, or of misleading the jury.’ Evid.R.
403(A); Hartman at ¶ 29.” Id.
{¶82} Lipkins’ fourth assignment of error is denied.
V.
{¶83} In his fifth assignment of error, Lipkins contends that the trial court
committed two errors regarding merger of offenses. First, he contends the trial court
“erred when it sentenced Appellant on the three-year Firearm Specification
accompanying Count II in Case No. 2021 CR 1715A” because the Trial Court found that
Count II Felonious Assault in Case No. 2021 CR 1715A, merged with Count I, murder.
As such, Appellant was not convicted of the offense of Felonious Assault in Count II. See
R.C. 2941.25(A).” (Appellant’s Brief, p. 29)
{¶84} We addressed an analogous situation in State v. Bollar, 5th Dist. No. 2020
CA 00077, 2021-Ohio-1578, 172 N.E.3d 499 and concluded that the “the Firearm
Specifications accompanying the involuntary manslaughter and Felonious Assault were
not subject to merger pursuant to R.C. 2929.14(B).” State v. Bollar, 5th Dist. No. 2020 CA
00077, 2021-Ohio-1578, 172 N.E.3d 499, ¶ 29. Recently the Supreme Court of Ohio
affirmed our opinion in State v. Bollar, 2022-Ohio-4370, 2022 WL 17542971 so Lipkins
assertion that the merger has an impact on the Firearm Specifications has been rejected
by this court and the Supreme Court of Ohio.
{¶85} Lipkins also argues that the “Trial Court erred when it did not merge Count
I and Count II in Case No. 2021CR 2188A with Count I in Case No. 2021 CR 1715A Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 25
because the offenses were allied offenses of similar import within the meaning of R.C.
2941.25.
{¶86} The indictment makes clear that the offenses involved harm to different
victims. Count One and Two in Case 2021CR 2188A list N.H. and C.T. as victims of
Felonious Assault. Count I in Case 2021 CR 1715A is the Murder charge involving J.N.
as the victim. We need not engage in lengthy analysis as it is clear that these offenses
are separate and do not merge. “When a defendant's conduct victimizes more than one
person, the harm for each person is separate and distinct, and therefore, the defendant
can be convicted of multiple counts.” State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995,
34 N.E.3d 892, ¶ 26. See State v. Merritt, 5th Dist. Richland No. 2020 CA 0063, 2021-
Ohio-2847, ¶ 55 appeal not allowed, 165 Ohio St.3d 1480, 2021-Ohio-4289, 177 N.E.3d
1000, ¶ 55 (Counts one and eight involved different victims from each other and from the
counts arising from the discovery of the weapons under the mattress. Therefore, the harm
for A.M. and for W.W. is separate and distinct, and Appellant can be convicted of multiple
counts.)
{¶87} We find that the record demonstrates that the harm to the victims is
separate and distinct and that the trial court did not commit plain error by failing to merge
the offenses.
{¶88} Lipkins’ fifth assignment of error is denied. Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 26
{¶89} The decision of the Stark County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
By: Baldwin, J.
Gwin, P.J. concur.
Hoffman, J., concurs in part and dissents in part Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00053, 2022CA00054 27
Hoffman, J., concurring in part, and dissenting in part
{¶90} I concur in the majority’s analysis and disposition of Appellant’s
assignments of error III, IV, and V. I further concur in the majority’s analysis and
disposition of Appellant’s assignments of error I and II, with the singular exception as to
its analysis of the weapons under a disability conviction.
{¶91} The state of Ohio did not move to reopen the trial record to admit the
exhibits. While Appellant’s counsel stipulated Appellant was the person in those
convictions, such stipulation went to authentication and identity. That is not the same as
stipulating to allowing the exhibits to be admitted at this stage of the proceedings as trial
evidence to establish a necessary element of the offense.
{¶92} I find the evidence produced at trial was insufficient to support Appellant’s
conviction on the having a weapon under a disability charge and find such amounts to