[Cite as State v. Lilliard, 2013-Ohio-4906.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION Nos. 99382, 99383, and 99385
STATE OF OHIO
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE
vs.
ANTHONY LILLIARD
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case Nos. CR-563860, CR-559328, and CR-539327
BEFORE: Jones, J., Boyle, P.J., and Blackmon, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: November 7, 2013 ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
Joseph Vincent Pagano P.O. Box 16869 Rocky River, Ohio 44116
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Timothy J. McGinty Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
BY: Edward D. Brydle Assistant County Prosecutor The Justice Center, 8th Floor 1200 Ontario Street Cleveland, Ohio 44113
LARRY A. JONES, SR., J.: {¶1} Defendant-appellant Anthony Lilliard appeals his aggravated robbery,
kidnapping, and firearm specification convictions, which were rendered after a jury trial.
We affirm.
I. Procedural History
{¶2} Lilliard was indicted in three separate cases. In the first, Lilliard was
charged with the kidnapping and aggravated robbery of Jerri Davis. The crimes were
alleged to have occurred on or about January 5, 2012.
{¶3} In the second, Lilliard was charged with the kidnapping and aggravated
robbery of Lisa Jackson. The crimes were alleged to have occurred on or about January
12, 2012.
{¶4} In the third, Lilliard was charged with the kidnapping and aggravated robbery
of Yolanda Riley. The crimes were alleged to have occurred on or about January 19,
2012.
{¶5} Both counts in all three cases contained one- and three-year firearm
specifications.
{¶6} Lilliard filed motions to suppress in all three cases, and after a hearing, the
motions were denied. The state filed motions for joinder of the three cases, and after a
hearing, the joinder motions were granted. The matter proceeded to a jury trial. At the
conclusion of the state’s case, the defense made a Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal, which
was denied. The defense rested without presenting evidence and renewed its Crim.R. 29
motion, that was again denied. {¶7} The jury found Lilliard guilty of all counts and specifications. The trial
court sentenced him to a total of five years on the underlying offenses in each case, to run
concurrent. The trial court further sentenced Lilliard to a total of three years on each
case for the firearm specifications. The firearm specifications were ordered to be served
consecutive to each other and the sentences on the underlying charges. Lilliard,
therefore, was sentenced to an aggregate 14-year prison term.
II. Facts
Suppression Hearing
{¶8} In his suppression motions, Lilliard challenged the victims’ identification of
him and the procedure used for the identifications. The three victims testified at the
hearing.
{¶9} Jerri Davis testified that at approximately 7:30 a.m. on the morning of the
incident she was walking from her house to her car to go to work when a man came
running across the street toward her with a gun and said “give me everything you got.”
Davis testified that it was light outside, and that she had the opportunity to see the
robber’s face because he was “right there” in front of her. Davis gave the robber her
purse and work bag. During the incident, she fell to the ground. Davis testified that
the robber then ran and fired his gun up in the air three times.
{¶10} Davis attempted to pursue him in her car, but was unsuccessful. She
returned home and called the police, who responded to her home. Davis described the
robber to the police as a short, dark-complected African American man with ears that stuck out.
{¶11} Davis testified that she was contacted by a detective a few days later and
went to the police station where she viewed two photo lineups. Davis testified that the
detective who called her was not the detective who showed her the line-ups. The
detective who presented the line-ups told her that “if you don’t know who the person is,
then you don’t know who the person is.”
{¶12} Davis did not make an identification from the first line-up, but did on the
second line-up. According to Davis, she was in the room alone when she viewed the
line-up and no one forced her or suggested anything to her to make her identification.
Davis testified that “as soon as [she] got the [second line-up], [she] spotted the guy * *
*.” Davis identified Lilliard. Davis made an in-court identification of Lilliard as the
man who had robbed her.
{¶13} Lisa Jackson testified that on the evening of the incident at approximately
6:20, she was unloading her car after work when a man approached her walking fast from
her neighbor’s yard and said “give me the money”; the man had a gun pointed at her.
Jackson gave the man her purse. The man asked if the money was in her purse, to which
Jackson responded “yes.” The man told Jackson to lay on the ground until he left, which
she did. The man started to leave, but then returned and asked Jackson what was in a lab
jacket that she had; the man took the jacket and left. Jackson testified that she thought
he was coming back to kill her because she had seen his face.
{¶14} Jackson testified that, although it was dark outside, she was able to see the man because her interior car lights were on and her neighbor’s motion detector flood light
was also on — it had been activated when the man cut through the yard. Jackson
described the robber as a “little, young boy,” who reminded her of her son. She
described him as sounding like a “young man,” and told her husband that she got robbed
by a “kid.” Jackson testified that by “kid” and “little, young boy” she meant a
20-something young adult. She described the robber as being a dark-skinned African
American, who was dressed mainly in black.
{¶15} Jackson testified that she called the police that evening and they responded
to her home. She further testified that she did not give the police a description of the
robber that evening because she was too nervous — she was concerned that because he
knew where she lived he would return to retaliate.
{¶16} But her husband urged her to make an identification if she could and when
the police asked Jackson to view a photo line-up she agreed. Jackson testified that a
different detective from the one who asked her to view the line-up actually showed her
the line-up. That detective told her to look at the line-up and see if she saw the man who
robbed her. He told her he would give her a minute and then he walked away.
{¶17} Jackson testified that upon seeing the line-up it did not take her long to
identify Lilliard because she quickly recognized that “little face.” Jackson testified that
she was “sure” about her identification. Jackson identified Lilliard in court as the man
who had robbed her.
{¶18} Yolanda Riley testified that she was robbed at approximately 7:15 a.m. as she was preparing to take her daughter to daycare. Riley testified that as she was
walking from her home to her car, which was parked on the street right outside of her
house, a man walked by and said “good morning, ma’am.” Riley responded “good
morning,” and continued walking to her car. She testified that by the time she got to the
driver’s side door of car, “there was a gun in [her] face,” and the man said “F that.”
Thinking that she was being carjacked, Riley attempted to give the man the keys to her
car, but he started “wrestling” with her for her purse. Riley eventually let go of her purse
and the man ran off with it.
{¶19} Riley testified that it was light outside when the robbery occurred and that
she had an opportunity to look at his face when he said “good morning, ma’am,”and again
when he approached with her the gun pointed in her face. She testified that “because of
the neighborhood” she pays attention to people, “especially these young guys,” as their
demeanor is a “determining factor [if she] should really even come off [her] porch.” She
described the robber as a dark-skinned African American who was wearing a black
“hoody” and jeans.
{¶20} Riley’s mother called the police, who responded to the scene. A few days
later, Riley went to the police to view a photo line-up. The investigating detective was
not the same detective who presented the line-up. She was instructed by the detective
presenting the line-up that if she was to make an identification she should circle the
photograph of the person, but if she was not able to identify anyone that was “okay.”
Neither detective was in the room when Riley viewed the line-up. Riley picked Lilliard from the line-up. She also identified him in court as the man who had robbed her.
{¶21} Based on the above testimony, the trial court ruled that the photo line-up
from which the victims identified Lilliard was not unduly suggestive and the
identification procedure was compliant with the statutory requirements. The suppression
motions were therefore denied.
Trial Testimony
{¶22} In addition to the testimony of the victims presented at the suppression
hearing as set forth above, the following additional victim testimony was elicited at trial.
{¶23} A recording of Davis’s 911 call was played for the jury. On the recording,
when asked for a description of the robber, Davis stated that she did not see his face.
Davis admitted that in a subsequent interaction with the police she told them that she
could not make an identification because she did not see his face. She testified,
however, that her prior assertions that she did not see the robber’s face were inaccurate;
she did see his face.
{¶24} Davis maintained that she was not mistaken in her identification of Lilliard
as the robber. She further maintained that she did not force herself to just pick anyone; to
illustrate her point, she testified that she did not make an identification from the first
line-up she viewed, and at the time she viewed the first line up she was not even aware
that she was going to view a second line-up.
{¶25} A recording of Jackson’s 911 call was also played for the jury. On the
recording, Jackson told the dispatcher that she did not know what the robber was wearing. When the police arrived, however, she told them that the robber was dressed in black.
Jackson also testified that she looked “dead at” the robber.
{¶26} Other trial testimony presented by the state included that of Sergeant Arneil
Rose. The sergeant testified that in late 2011 through early 2012 there had been a
string of robberies in the Lee-Harvard area of Cleveland. He responded to at least three
of the robberies, which occurred at approximately 7:30 in the morning, and the suspect
was described as a dark-complected African American male, dressed in black and
carrying a handgun. Sergeant Rose responded to the dispatch calls in which Davis and
Riley were the victims.
{¶27} In regard to the January 5, 2012 robbery of Davis, Sergeant Rose testified
that it had snowed the night before into the early morning so the ground was covered with
fresh snow. Rose and his partner followed the footprints from Davis’s home, and they
led him to the side door of 15601 Invermere Avenue, a home in the Lee-Harvard area.
Rose knocked on both the side and front doors but did not get a response.
{¶28} Regarding the January 19, 2012 robbery of Yolanda Riley, Rose was not
able to track snowprints but he went back to the house at 15601 Invermere Avenue on a
“hunch.” When Rose arrived there, he observed “fresh footprints going up the
driveway to the side door.” He knocked on the door; his partner saw the blinds or
curtains move, but no one answered the door.
{¶29} The sergeant prepared a “detail” for the area, which meant that extra
manpower would be assigned to monitor the area, including an unmarked police vehicle. The “detail” also consisted of monitoring 15601 Invermere Avenue.
{¶30} Sergeant Rose learned from the mailman that Eric Bullock resided at the
house. He obtained a picture of Bullock and saw that he did not meet the description of
the robber, but still turned the information over to the detective bureau.
{¶31} Eric Bullock, who was Lilliard’s friend, reluctantly testified for the state.
In January 2012, Bullock was living at the Invermere Avenue house, which his mother
had been renting, because his mother had moved out, but wanted someone to live there to
keep it safe from vandals. Bullock testified that he initially lived there with his
girlfriend and their young child.
{¶32} Lilliard and Lilliard’s girlfriend came to live with Bullock in the house in
December 2011, and Bullock charged Lilliard rent, despite that he (Bullock) was not
paying his mother rent. Bullock testified that in January 2012, Lilliard had not paid his
rent, so Bullock told Lilliard that he needed to pay up and the two had “words.”
{¶33} Bullock testified that one morning in January 2012, at approximately seven,
he was awakened by a knock on the front door. Lilliard was already awake and heard
the knock too. The two looked out the door and saw that it was the police. Bullock
testified that he did not answer the door because his mother was not home, and Lilliard
did not answer the door because he was of the philosophy “why answer the door for the
police?” According to Bullock, he did “wonder” why the police where there, but he
went back to sleep and forgot about it.
{¶34} The lead detective, Paul Burgio, testified that on January 25, 2012, he was assigned to investigate six robberies that had occurred in the Lee-Harvard area. Without
objection, the detective testified to his investigation into the cases. The six cases all had
similar modes of operandi and possibly matching suspects. After putting the crimes in
chronological order and making a map of the area where the crimes had occurred, the
detective noted the following “interesting similarities”: (1) four of the crimes occurred on
a Thursday morning, (2) all of the victims were women over the age of 40, with two of
the victims being elderly, and (3) they all occurred within a three-block radius.
{¶35} When he was assigned the case, Detective Burgio learned of the “detail” of
the Invermere Avenue house and that Bullock resided there; he interviewed Bullock on
January 25, 2012, the same day he was assigned the case. Burgio went to the house on
Invermere and Bullock’s mother answered the door and let him in. Burgio told Bullock
of his investigation into the robberies; Bullock said he had no information.
{¶36} The detective gave Bullock a description of the suspect and asked if he
knew anyone fitting the description; Bullock told him that he did not think so, but gave
him the names of twin boys who lived down the street who maybe fit the description.
The “lead” was “false”; the house where the twins supposedly lived was vacant.
{¶37} Bullock’s testimony of the encounter differed, however. Bullock admitted
that Detective Burgio specifically inquired of him whether anyone else lived with him.
According to Bullock, the detective told Bullock that he (Bullock) fit the description of
the suspected robber and that threw Bullock “for a loop” and he forgot to mention that
Lilliard was living there. But Bullock did give the detective a “lead” — the names of twins who lived down the street and had the same complexions as Bullock.
{¶38} As Bullock was testifying, he remembered that Lilliard had not, in fact, been
living at the house at the time of the detective’s visit. According to Bullock, right after
the police initially came to the house (when the two did not answer the door), Bullock
found a house for himself and was preparing to move, and Lilliard had made other
arrangements and moved out.
{¶39} Officer Marvin Young also testified about the string of burglaries occurring
in January 2012 in the Lee-Harvard area; at the time, the officer was assigned to patrol
the area. While patrolling one day, Young learned that officers attempted to question a
male who fit the description of the suspected robber; the male took off running and the
police engaged in a foot chase, but eventually lost sight of the suspect. The suspect was
later identified as Bullock.
{¶40} Later that same day, at the intersection of Lee Road and Invermere Avenue,
Young saw a male jump into the backseat of a car. Young followed the car, radioed in
the license plate, and activated his lights. He received information from dispatch that
the vehicle had possibly been used in the area robberies.
{¶41} Young testified that as he approached the vehicle to effectuate the stop, the
back seat passenger exited and ran. Young apprehended the driver, Bullock. Other
officers attempted to locate the suspect who ran, but were unsuccessful. No gun was
found in the car. The officer did not tell Bullock that a gun was found.
{¶42} On cross-examination, Officer Young admitted that two days prior to the events he testified to, he had apprehended two other young black males in the
Lee-Harvard area. One of the males was a juvenile who the officer returned home to his
mother. The mother told Young that the other male her son had been with was probably
“J,” who was known to be committing aggravated robberies.
{¶43} Bullock also testified about the incident involving the car. At the time of
the incident, Bullock had moved out of his mother’s house, but was at the house when he
had a telephone conversation with Lilliard. The two were trying to arrange a time for
Bullock to come see Lilliard’s new place. An hour or two later, Lilliard called Bullock
and Bullock could immediately tell that something was “point blank wrong.” Lilliard
told Bullock that he was “at the top of the street.”
{¶44} Bullock hung up the phone and “sped up the street” in his car. Bullock
called Lilliard to see where he was, to which Lilliard responded, “here I come.” Bullock
then saw Lilliard, who “jumped” in the backseat of the car and told Bullock to “go.”
Bullock saw a police car stopped at the light on the opposite side of the street. He
testified that he and the officer looked at each other.
{¶45} When Bullock started driving, the officer followed behind him and activated
the cruiser’s lights. Bullock “kept rolling a little bit” as he asked Lilliard if he had
“anything” on him. Lilliard responded “no” and Bullock pulled over. Lilliard said
“I’m gone” and got out of the car and “took off.”
{¶46} Bullock told the police that an unknown man jumped in his car, put a gun to
his head, and told him to go; he admitted at trial that that was a lie, and that he lied because he was afraid because there were “60 or 70 police running up and down the
street.”
{¶47} According to Bullock, the police found a gun in the car, which Bullock
denied was his. After the police told him about finding the gun, Bullock told the police
that the passenger was Lilliard. Bullock was arrested on an outstanding warrant.
{¶48} Bullock testified that his mother had also been arrested on an unrelated
matter and was in the jail with him. The police “paraded” her, crying, in front of him,
when they were questioning him about the suspected robber. Bullock testified that the
police showed him a line-up and asked if he knew anyone from it. Bullock testified that
he knew two of the males — Lilliard and another male. When he indicated that he knew
the other male, the police said that was not who they wanted, so he identified Lilliard.
{¶49} Bullock denied the incident earlier that day with the police, when the police
said they attempted to speak with him and he ran away.
{¶50} Detective Burgio was the detective who got Bullock’s identification of
Lilliard as suspect. When the detective talked to Bullock, Bullock’s mother had not yet
been arrested and was not present at all.
{¶51} Lilliard turned himself in to the police, and Detective Burgio testified that
he attempted to have Lilliard participate in an “old-fashioned stand-up lineup”1 for two
of the other robbery victims who were not the subjects of these cases. The detective
An “old-fashioned stand-up lineup” is one where the victim views suspects live through a 1
two-way glass, where the suspect cannot see the victim. testified that Lilliard refused to go to the line-up and “cowered in the corner.” The
defense’s objection was sustained as to the detective’s description of Lilliard “cowering
in the corner.” Lilliard told the detective that he believed he was being set up and he did
not do anything. Detective Burgio responded, over the defense’s unsuccessful objection,
that “[t]hey’ll never identify you if you didn’t do anything.” The detective testified that
Lilliard refused and “curled up in a ball in the corner” of his jail cell. Defense counsel
objected to this and the court sustained the objection.
{¶52} On this testimony, the jury convicted Lilliard of all counts and
specifications. Lilliard now raises the following assignments of error for our review:
[I.] The trial court erred by granting the state’s motion to join the indictments in one trial which resulted in prejudice to appellant.
[II.] Appellant was denied due process when the trial court denied appellant’s motion to suppress identification testimony.
[III.] Appellant was denied a fair trial and his Sixth Amendment rights were violated when other acts evidence was admitted at trial without objection.
[IV.] Appellant’s convictions on firearm specifications were not supported by sufficient evidence and the trial court erred by denying his motions for acquittal in each case.
[V.] The convictions were against the manifest weight of the evidence.
III. Law and Analysis
Joinder of Indictments and “Other Acts” Evidence
{¶53} For his first assigned error, Lilliard contends that the trial court erred by
granting the state’s motion to join the indictments and that he suffered prejudice as a result. For his third assigned error, Lilliard contends that his counsel was ineffective for
failing to object to “other acts” evidence.
{¶54} Crim.R. 8(A) governs joinder of offenses and provides:
Two or more offenses may be charged in the same indictment, information or complaint in a separate count for each offense if the offenses charged, whether felonies or misdemeanors or both, are of the same or similar character, or are based on the same act or transaction, or are based on two or more acts or transactions connected together or constituting parts of a common scheme or plan, or are part of a course of criminal conduct.
{¶55} Further, Crim.R. 13 provides for joinder as follows:
The court may order two or more indictments or informations or both to be tried together, if the offenses or the defendants could have been joined in a single indictment or information. The procedure shall be the same as if the prosecution were under such single indictment or information.
The court may order two or more complaints to be tried together, if the offenses or the defendants could have been joined in a single complaint. The procedure shall be the same as if the prosecution were under such single complaint.
{¶56} The law generally favors joining multiple offenses in a single trial if the
offenses charged are of the same or similar character. State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160,
163, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990). However, if it appears that a defendant would be
prejudiced by joinder, then the trial court is required to order separate trials. Crim.R. 14.
{¶57} Prejudice is not demonstrated if one offense would have been admissible as
“other acts” evidence under Evid.R. 404(B) or if the evidence of each crime joined at trial
is simple and direct. Lott at id. If the evidence is used for purposes other than proving
the accused acted in conformity with a particular character trait, Evid.R. 404(B) allows
the admission of “other acts” evidence so long as it is “related to and shares common features with the crime in question.” State v. Lowe, 69 Ohio St.3d 527, 634 N.E.2d 616
(1994), paragraph one of the syllabus. Specifically, evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or
acts is admissible under Evid.R. 404(B) if the evidence shows “proof of motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or
accident.” Evidence of other crimes, wrong, or acts is inadmissible merely to show that
an accused has the propensity to commit crime. Evid.R. 404(B).
{¶58} When a defendant claims that he was prejudiced by the joinder of multiple
offenses, the trial court must determine (1) whether evidence of other crimes would be
admissible even if the counts were severed and (2) if not, whether the evidence of each
crime is simple and distinct. State v. Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d 51, 59, 600 N.E.2d 661
(1992). “If the evidence of other crimes would be admissible at separate trials, any
‘prejudice that might result from the jury’s hearing the evidence of the other crime in a
joint trial would be no different from that possible in separate trials,’ and a court need not
inquire further.” Id., quoting Drew v. United States, 331 F.2d 85, 90 (D.C.1964).
{¶59} Lilliard cites this court’s decision in State v. Frazier, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 83024, 2004-Ohio-1121, in support of his contention that the trial court erred in
granting the state’s motion for joinder. We find that Frazier is not helpful to Lilliard for
two reasons.
{¶60} First, this court held that an objection to joinder must be raised at some point
during trial to preserve the issue for appellate review. Id. at fn. 4. Lilliard did not
object to the joinder at all during trial. Thus, he has waived all but plain error review. State v. Hughes, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 98667 and 98668, 2013-Ohio-1550, ¶ 25.
{¶61} Under Crim.R. 52(B), notice of plain error is to be taken with the utmost
caution, under exceptional circumstances, and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of
justice. See also State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph
three of the syllabus.
{¶62} Second, the facts and circumstances in Frazier are distinguishable from
here. In Frazier, the defendant was indicted in two separate cases of several sex-related
offenses involving two child victims. In one case, the defendant was charged with
crimes against Victim I alleged to have occurred in 1996. In the other case, the
defendant was charged with crimes against Victim II alleged to have occurred in 2001
and 2002.
{¶63} This court addressed the particular delicacy with which “other acts”
evidence in prosecutions for sexual offenses must be afforded:
* * * the offenses in this case are highly inflammatory in nature. Sexually-related offenses elicit emotional outrage, even more so when those offenses involve children. This, combined with the fact that the offenses against each victim varied in degree and that the testimony by each victim was similar, the fact-finder would have a very difficult time looking at the evidence supporting each offense as simple and distinct because the temptation would be too great to respond to the evidence emotionally, rather than rationally.
Id. at ¶ 18.
{¶64} Victim I testified that the defendant raped her in 1996. Victim II testified
that on an occasion in 2002 when she was sitting on a couch watching television, the
defendant sat next to her, grabbed her arm, put his hand on her knee, and said “let’s do it.” Id. at ¶ 6. Victim II declined, pushed the defendant away, and told him to leave,
which he did. On this testimony, the jury convicted the defendant of the rape of Victim I
and the attempted rape of Victim II.
{¶65} This court found that Victim I’s testimony prejudiced the defendant because
Victim II’s testimony was not sufficient to demonstrate a “substantial step” toward rape
that is required for attempted rape. Id. at ¶ 19. This court explained as follows:
Had these offenses against each of the victims been tried separately and evidence of other acts appropriately limited, it is unlikely that appellant would have been convicted of attempted rape. Instead, the jury heard the details of the evidence supporting the charges of rape involving Victim I, and most likely, concluded that appellant had the propensity to commit the same crime against Victim II on evidence that would otherwise be insufficient to support a conviction for attempted rape.
Id.
{¶66} The charges here were not sex offenses against children. The charges here
were also not separated by a five to six year time frame. Rather, law enforcement
testified to the string of robberies in the area (which included other robberies not
prosecuted in these cases) to set the background as to how these cases were investigated.
The testimony was not offered to show that Lilliard had a propensity to commit crime.
The testimony, therefore, would have been admissible even if each case had been tried
separately. Moreover, each victim testified to a separate and distinct crime that Lilliard
committed against her and, therefore, Lilliard was not prejudiced by the joinder of their
cases.
{¶67} This case is more akin to Hughes, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 98667 and 98668, 2013-Ohio-1550, which the state relies on for its contention that there was no
plain error.
{¶68} In Hughes, the defendant was charged in one case with crimes associated
with breaking and entering into a childcare center in Bedford in April 2011. In another
case, the defendant was charged with crimes associated with breaking and entering into a
Dunkin’ Donuts in Bedford in June 2011. Both break-ins were captured on the
business’s security videos, and the defendant was identified as the perpetrator in both
incidents.
{¶69} In finding that there was no plain error in the joinder of the two cases, this
court stated the following:
In the instant case, joinder was proper because the offenses are of similar nature and based on the same course of conduct. The evidence in each case was simple and direct, and there is no indication in the record that the jury confused the evidence as to the different counts or that it was influenced by the cumulative effect of the joinder. Both crimes were committed two months apart in the city of Bedford, both crimes were investigated by the same detective, and most importantly, both incidents were recorded on video surveillance cameras. * * * Thus, it cannot be said that [the defendant] was prejudiced by the joinder.
Id. at ¶ 27.
{¶70} Likewise, here, the offenses were of similar nature and based on the same
course of conduct: all three women were robbed in January 2012 within a three-mile
radius of one another in the Lee-Harvard area of Cleveland, when Lilliard approached
them with a gun and demanded money. Further, the same detective investigated all three
cases, and each victim’s testimony was simple and direct and unequivocally implicated Lilliard. On this record, we do not find plain error in the trial court’s decision to grant
the state’s motion for joinder.
{¶71} The first assignment of error is therefore overruled.
{¶72} In addition to the evidence regarding each of the three victims in the three
cases now before us, the state also presented testimony about three other robberies, and in
the investigation into them, that occurred in the Lee-Harvard area around the same time as
the robberies here. That “other acts” testimony is the subject of the third assignment of
error, wherein Lilliard contends that his counsel was ineffective for not objecting to it.
{¶73} We review a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel under the two-part
test set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674
(1984). In order to prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, an appellant
must demonstrate that his counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of
reasonable representation; and if so, show there was a reasonable probability that his
counsel’s errors affected the outcome of the proceedings. Id. at paragraph two of the
syllabus.
{¶74} The concern with “other acts” evidence is that other “bad acts” committed
by a defendant other than the ones he is then being prosecuted for, if introduced, will
show that a defendant has a propensity for “bad acts” or will be prejudicial to him.
{¶75} As previously mentioned, the testimony about the other three robberies was
not presented to tie Lilliard to them. Rather, it was presented to show how the
investigation in this case proceeded: the police were investigating a string of robberies of women in the Lee-Harvard area in a small area, close in time, where the perpetrator,
dressed in black, approached the victims with a gun and demanded money.
{¶76} The testimony of Detective Burgio about the attempted “old-fashioned
stand-up lineup” for the victims not named in this case was ostensibly to explain why
Lilliard was not charged with those crimes and, arguably, potentially problematic.2 But
defense counsel did object to that line of questioning, and the court sustained, at least in
part, some of those objections. Regardless, even with the portions of the testimony that
was admitted, it was not so prejudicial as to effect the outcome of the case. The victims
were unequivocal in their identification of Lilliard and although his friend Bullock
attempted to not implicate Lilliard, the state presented testimony tending to show that
Bullock was less than truthful.
{¶77} In light of the above, the third assignment of error is overruled.
Suppression of Identification Testimony
{¶78} For his second assigned error, Lilliard contends that the trial court erred by
not granting his motions to suppress the victims’ pretrial identification of him.
{¶79} A motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law and fact. State v.
Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8. Accordingly, we
give deference to the trial judge’s factual findings, but we review the application of law to
fact de novo. Id.; see also State v. Davis, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 83033,
However, if the victims had identified Lilliard and he had been charged, there is a great 2
likelihood that those cases would have been joined with these cases. 2004-Ohio-1908.
{¶80} Lilliard contends that the identification procedures did not comply with R.C.
2933.83. R.C. 2933.83 governs eyewitness identification procedures in lineups.
Subsection (B)(1) of the statute provides in part that “[u]nless impracticable, a blind or
blinded administrator shall conduct the live lineup or photo lineup.” A blind
administrator “means the administrator does not know the identity of the suspect.” R.C.
2933.83(A)(2). “If a blind administrator is conducting the live lineup or the photo
lineup, the administrator shall inform the eyewitness that the suspect may or may not be in
the lineup and that the administrator does not know who the suspect is.” R.C.
2933.83(B)(5).
{¶81} The suppression hearing consisted of the voir dire of the three victims.
Each victim testified that a detective other than lead Detective Burgio presented the array
to her, and that the detective administering the line-up left her alone to view the array,
without any indication whatsoever as to who the suspect was. On this record, the
identification procedures were compliant with the blind administrator requirement of R.C.
2933.83.
{¶82} Further, upon review, the line-ups were not unduly suggestive. The other
men depicted in the arrays with Lilliard appeared relatively similar to him in age, features,
skin tone, facial hair, dress, and photo background. See State v. Jacobs, 7th Dist.
Mahoning No. 99-CA-110, 2002-Ohio-5240, ¶ 18.
{¶83} In light of the above, the second assignment of error is overruled. Sufficiency of the Evidence
{¶84} In his fourth assignment of error, Lilliard contends that the evidence was
insufficient to support the firearm specification convictions because (1) no weapons or
casings were recovered from the robberies, (2) there was no evidence that any weapon
was operable or capable of being used, and (3) Jackson testified that she did not know if
the gun was fake or real.
{¶85} Our function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence is to examine
the evidence admitted at trial and determine whether such evidence, if believed, would
convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. State v.
Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. The
relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Id., citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99
S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).
{¶86} “[A] firearm penalty-enhancement specification can be proven beyond a
reasonable doubt by circumstantial evidence. In determining whether an individual was
in possession of a firearm and whether the firearm was operable or capable of being
readily rendered operable at the time of the offense, the trier of fact may consider all
relevant facts and circumstances surrounding the crime, which include any implicit threat
made by the individual in control of the firearm.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d
380, 385, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). Thus, where an individual brandishes a gun and implicitly, but not expressly, threatens to discharge the firearm at the time of the offense,
the threat can be sufficient to satisfy the state’s burden of proving that the firearm was
operable or capable of being readily rendered operable. Id. at 384.
{¶87} “Thompkins clarifies that actions alone, without verbal threats, may be
sufficient circumstances to establish operability of a firearm.” State v. Reynolds, 79
Ohio St.3d 158, 679 N.E.2d 1131 (1997) (noting circumstantial evidence of two masked
men waiving guns stating that they are committing a robbery was sufficient to sustain a
firearm specification). See also State v. Knight, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2003 CA 14,
2004-Ohio-1941, ¶ 19 (“both a weapon’s existence and its operability may be inferred
from the facts and circumstances.”).
{¶88} Furthermore, a victim’s belief that the weapon is a gun, together with the
defendant’s intent to create and use the victim’s belief for the defendant’s own criminal
purposes, is sufficient to prove a firearm specification. See State v. Jeffers, 143 Ohio
App.3d 91, 757 N.E.2d 417 (1st Dist.2001) (sufficient evidence existed to support firearm
specification when robbery defendant kept hand in pocket and told convenience store
clerk that he would “blow [her] head off” if she did not comply); State v. Obsaint, 1st
Dist. Hamilton No. C-60629, 2007-Ohio-2661 (defendant’s written admission that he had
a gun, in a note that made repeated references to shooting the teller, was sufficient
circumstantial evidence to show that he possessed an operable firearm); State v.
Greathouse, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21536, 2007-Ohio-2136 (sufficient evidence
supported firearm specification even though the victim never saw the gun when the defendant told the victim that he had a gun and that he would kill her and dump her body
if she did not comply).
{¶89} The evidence here was sufficient to support the firearm specification
convictions. All three women testified that Lilliard had a gun. Davis even testified
that Lilliard shot the gun three times into the air as he ran away after the robbery.
Moreover, although Jackson testified that she was not sure if the gun was real or fake, she
nonetheless testified that Lilliard had a gun pointed at her, and when he returned for her
lab jacket she thought he was going to kill her because she had previously seen his face.
See State v. Lott, 9th Dist. Summit No. 22434, 2005-Ohio-3303, affirming firearm
specification where defendant pointed gun at victims even though victims testified they
did not know if gun was real or fake.
{¶90} In light of the above, the fourth assignment of error is overruled.
Weight of the Evidence
{¶91} For his final assigned error, Lilliard contends that the weight of the evidence
did not support his convictions.
{¶92} When presented with a challenge to the manifest weight of the evidence, an
appellate court may not merely substitute its view for that of the trier of fact, but must
review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the
credibility of witnesses and determine whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the
trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the
conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541. An appellate court should reserve reversal of a conviction as
being against the manifest weight of the evidence for only the most “exceptional case in
which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.” Id.
{¶93} In addressing a manifest weight of the evidence argument, we are able to
consider the credibility of the witnesses. State v. Cattledge, 10th Dist. Franklin No.
10AP-105, 2010-Ohio-4953, ¶ 6. However, in conducting our review, we are guided by
the presumption that the jury, or the trial court in a bench trial, is “best able to view the
witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, and use these
observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered testimony.” Seasons Coal Co.
v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984). Accordingly, we afford
great deference to the jury’s determination of witness credibility. State v. DeHass, 10
Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967), paragraph one of the syllabus.
{¶94} This is not an exceptional case where the jury clearly lost its way. The
three victims were robbed in the same neighborhood under the same circumstances. All
three of them independently identified Lilliard as the robber.
{¶95} On this record, the fifth assignment of error is overruled.
{¶96} Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common
pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction having been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case remanded to the trial court
for execution of sentence.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
LARRY A. JONES, SR., JUDGE
MARY J. BOYLE, P.J., and PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, J., CONCUR