[Cite as State v. Lewis, 2019-Ohio-3929.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT LUCAS COUNTY
State of Ohio Court of Appeals No. L-18-1069
Appellee Trial Court No. CR0201701790
v.
Terrance Lewis DECISION AND JUDGMENT
Appellant Decided: September 27, 2019
*****
Julia R. Bates, Lucas County Prosecuting Attorney, and Alyssa Breyman, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.
Karin L. Coble, for appellant.
SINGER, J.
{¶ 1} This is an appeal by appellant, Terrance Lewis, from the March 22, 2018
judgment of the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas, after he was found guilty of two counts of felonious assault with specifications, and was sentenced to 20 years in prison.
For the reasons that follow, we affirm, in part, vacate, in part, and modify the sentence.
{¶ 2} Appellant sets forth four assignments of error:
Assignment of Error One: The guilty verdict was against the
manifest weight of the evidence.
Assignment of Error Two: Defense counsel rendered ineffective
assistance of counsel, depriving appellant of Due Process in violation of the
Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and Article I, Section 10 of the
Ohio Constitution.
Assignment of Error Three: The trial court erred in sentencing
Lewis pursuant to the post-2016 version of R.C. 2941.146 rather than the
version in effect at the time of the offense, and therefore erred in imposing
two prison terms for two specifications.
Assignment of Error Four: The trial court’s judgment entry relative
to costs does not reflect the waiver of all costs stated at the sentencing
hearing.
Facts
{¶ 3} On the evening of October 20, 2015, D.B. was driving a vehicle eastbound
on Alexis Road in Toledo, Ohio, with his fiancée, J.C., as a passenger. At the same time
and in the same general vicinity, approximately 15 to 20 motorcyclists were also
travelling east on Alexis Road; appellant was one of the motorcyclists. When D.B.’s
vehicle and the motorcyclists were near the on-ramp to the highway, an interaction
2. occurred between D.B. and appellant, and appellant took out his gun and fired shots. No
one was struck by the bullets. Appellant then drove onto the highway, followed by D.B.
D.B.’s fiancée called 911, and both she and D.B. spoke to the 911 operator and were able
to provide the license plate number of the motorcycle. In time, D.B. lost sight of
appellant. D.B. stopped his vehicle at a fast food restaurant and he and his fiancée met
with police. Two bullet holes were found in the rear passenger door of D.B.’s vehicle.
{¶ 4} Police investigated the incident and located a 9 millimeter shell casing in the
area where the shooting occurred. Police also identified the owner of the motorcycle
(“the owner”). On October 22, 2015, D.B. and J.C. went to the police station to view a
photo array, which included the owner but did not include appellant. Neither D.B. nor
J.C. recognized the owner as the shooter. With no further leads, the case went inactive.
{¶ 5} In the winter of 2016-2017, the police learned of the association between the
owner and appellant. D.B. and J.C. were contacted by police and, in March 2017, the
couple went to the police station to view a photo array which included appellant. D.B.
identified appellant as the shooter, but J.C. did not.
{¶ 6} Appellant was arrested on March 16, 2017, and was interviewed by police.
Appellant admitted riding the owner’s motorcycle on October 20, 2015, he admitted
owning a 9 millimeter gun, which he claims was later stolen, and he admitted shooting
two times at D.B.’s vehicle because “he turned towards me like he was trying to run me
off the road so that’s when I did that.”
{¶ 7} On May 9, 2017, appellant was indicted on two counts of felonious assault,
in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) and (D), both felonies of the second degree. Each
3. count included a firearm specification, pursuant to R.C. 2941.145, and a specification that
the firearm was discharged from a motor vehicle, pursuant to R.C. 2941.146. Appellant
pled not guilty.
{¶ 8} A jury trial commenced on February 26, 2018. After the presentation of
testimony, evidence and arguments, the court gave the jury instructions, which included
an instruction on self-defense. On March 1, 2018, the jury found appellant guilty of the
two counts of felonious assault and all of the specifications. On March 16, 2018,
appellant was sentenced to a total of 20 years of incarceration. Appellant timely
appealed.
First Assignment of Error
{¶ 9} Appellant argues the verdict was against the manifest weight of the
evidence, as the state failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant knowingly
attempted to cause physical harm. Appellant asserts he intentionally fired shots at the
trunk of the car, as he wanted D.B. to leave him alone. Appellant contends he is not a
firearms expert and he did not have a subjective belief that any probability for physical
harm existed.
{¶ 10} The state counters it presented competent and credible evidence from
which the jury could find appellant acted knowingly when he fired two gunshots at the
vehicle occupied by D.B. and J.C.
Law
{¶ 11} In a manifest weight challenge, we determine whether the greater amount
of credible evidence supports the conviction. Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328,
4. 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 12. We must review the entire record, weigh the
evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of the witnesses and
determine whether the jury, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, “‘clearly lost its way
and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed
and a new trial ordered.’” (Citation omitted.) State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380,
387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).
{¶ 12} When we consider witness credibility, we must remember “the choice
between credible witnesses and their conflicting testimony rests solely with the finder of
fact and an appellate court may not substitute its own judgment for that of the finder of
fact.” State v. Awan, 22 Ohio St.3d 120, 123, 489 N.E.2d 277 (1986). The trier of fact is
“in the best position to observe the evidence presented, the witnesses’ testimony,
including their demeanor, voice inflection, and mannerisms, in order to determine the
credibility of each witness.” State v. Saunders, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 99AP-1486, 2000
WL 1724823, *3 (Nov. 21, 2000).
{¶ 13} Felonious assault is defined as knowingly attempting or causing physical
harm with a deadly weapon. R.C. 2903.11(A)(2). A person acts knowingly when,
regardless of purpose, the person is “aware that his conduct will probably cause a certain
result or will probably be of a certain nature.” R.C. 2901.22(B).
{¶ 14} To support a conviction on a firearm specification, as defined in R.C.
2941.145, the state must prove the offender had a firearm while committing the offense.
To obtain a conviction on a specification for discharging a firearm from a motor vehicle,
as defined in R.C. 2941.146, the state must prove the offender knowingly attempted to
5. cause the death of or physical harm to another, and that was committed by discharging a
firearm from a motor vehicle. R.C. 4501.01(B) and (ZZ) define a motorcycle as a motor
vehicle.
{¶ 15} Self-defense is an affirmative defense and must be proven by a
preponderance of the evidence. R.C. 2901.05(A). To establish self-defense, appellant
would have to show (1) he was not at fault in creating the situation giving rise to the
shooting; (2) he had a bona fide belief that he was in imminent danger of death or great
bodily harm and the only means of escape from such danger was the use of deadly force;
and (3) he did not violate any duty to retreat or avoid the danger. See State v. Robbins, 58
Ohio St.2d 74, 388 N.E.2d 755 (1979), paragraph two of the syllabus.
Analysis
{¶ 16} At trial, several witnesses testified. The relevant testimony follows.
{¶ 17} D.B. testified that on October 20, 2015, he was driving down Alexis Road
when “all of a sudden a big pack of bikes [came] around us, cutting in between us, going
around us, doing whatever they got to do to stay together. Just driving very recklessly,
just wheelies * * *.” D.B. was at a red light near the interchange for the highway when
one motorcyclist, appellant, “went all the around us and another vehicle that was next to
us in to oncoming traffic, cut us off, got in the lane beside us.” Appellant pulled up next
to D.B.’s passenger window, lifted his mask up and tried to say something. The windows
on D.B. vehicle were down, so while D.B. rolled up his tinted windows he waived
appellant away with his hand, and pulled his vehicle forward about five feet. As D.B.
looked back, he saw appellant pulling something out of his jacket. D.B. heard three
6. shots, saw appellant accelerate to meet up with the rest of the motorcyclists, and stop.
D.B. was then able to read the license plate of the motorcycle appellant was riding.
{¶ 18} Appellant then took off onto the highway with the other motorcyclists.
D.B. chased appellant, while J.C. was on the phone calling 9-1-1. Police were able to
stop some of the motorcyclists as they exited the highway, but appellant was not among
them.
{¶ 19} J.C. testified she was a passenger in the vehicle driven by D.B. and she
noticed 15 to 20 crotch rocket motorcycles driving recklessly. When their vehicle
stopped in the area of the highway interchange, appellant was right next to them. J.C.
saw appellant’s eyes, as the visor on his helmet was up. D.B. pulled the car forward and
J.C. looked straight ahead, hoping appellant would leave them alone. D.B. rolled up the
windows, then J.C. heard three shots. Appellant drove off onto the highway. J.C. said,
“[w]e didn’t know the car got hit with shots, we just knew he shot * * * [w]e called the
cops first and then we went behind him.”
{¶ 20} After D.B. stopped the car, J.C. discovered “there was a bullet hole literally
so close to hitting me and it just made me break down completely, like this bullet could
have hit me * * * he was trying to kill us obviously.”
{¶ 21} Appellant testified he was riding a motorcycle with a group of
motorcyclists, on October 20, 2015, and he was not driving recklessly. He became aware
of D.B.’s car when the traffic light turned green because the car’s tires squealed and the
car sped up. Appellant noticed the windows of D.B.’s car were tinted and up, so he could
not see into D.B.’s car. Appellant said he was riding in the right, curb lane and never left
7. his lane, while D.B.’s car was in the left lane. As they approached the highway on-ramp,
the motorcycles slowed down and got into a single file formation. Appellant saw D.B.’s
car “hanging to my left side,” then the car swerved into appellant’s lane a little bit. The
car went back into its own lane while appellant went over towards the curb a little bit.
While still moving, appellant threw up his arms “to just signal like what the, what the,
what’s going on.” D.B. “rolls his window down * * * he’s leaned over * * * because the
passenger, she like leaned back so he could lean over, over her to say [a racial slur].”
Appellant described D.B. as “aggravated, angry * * * [when] [h]e came back, like his car
came back towards me.” Appellant estimated the car was just a few feet away from him.
{¶ 22} Appellant testified he reached into his jacket “and unholstered my weapon
and I leaned over, my right hand, and looked toward the back of the car and fired twice.”
Appellant never stopped the motorcycle, but he had slowed down when he fired the shots.
Appellant admitted the brakes on the motorcycle were operational. After the incident,
appellant drove onto the highway and “went to Holland. I went home.”
{¶ 23} Appellant testified he could have shot “directly into the car * * * [because]
[w]e were like neck and neck. We were right next to each other.” But, appellant shot
“[t]owards the trunk of the car. * * * I didn’t want to hurt anybody. I just wanted him to
leave me alone.” Appellant had been injured in a motorcycle accident with a car in 2012,
so he “knows how it feels to get his by a car, so I - I didn’t want to get hit by that car”
and he wanted D.B.’s car not to swerve near him anymore. Appellant also stated he fired
the gun to defend himself.
8. {¶ 24} Appellant testified that a little while after the incident, he told a friend, “a
guy tried to run me off [of] the road and I fired two shots at him to back him up off [of]
me and I got on the highway to get away and he chased me.” Appellant acknowledged
that in his police interview, he said D.B. swerved at him one time, which was “[t]he time
that made me shoot,” and he did not mention to police that D.B. said a racial slur.
{¶ 25} Toledo Police Department Detective Richard Singlar testified there were
two bullet holes in the right, rear, passenger door and underneath the door of D.B.’s
vehicle. With respect to the trajectory of a bullet hitting a car, the detective said the
bullet can ricochet, bounce off or change direction. As to the location of the bullet holes
in D.B.’s vehicle, Det. Singlar opined it was possible that someone in the front seat of the
car could be injured by the shots. The detective agreed with defense counsel that it
looked like “the path of this bullet is such that it kind of came from the front and went to
the back.”
{¶ 26} Numerous exhibits were offered into evidence at trial including a copy of
the 911 call, an edited version of appellant’s interview with police, the bullet found by
police near the shooting and photographs of the car D.B. was driving on the night of the
incident, showing two bullet holes in the rear, passenger-side door.
{¶ 27} A review of the entire record shows appellant testified the windows of
D.B.’s car were tinted and up and appellant could not see into the car until D.B. rolled a
window down and then appellant could see the person driving and a person on the
passenger side. Appellant admitted he was slowly driving a motorcycle when he fired his
9. gun towards the trunk or rear of D.B.’s car. The evidence reveals two bullets holes were
found in the rear passenger-side door of the car, not the trunk, at a point described by J.C.
as “literally so close to hitting me.”
{¶ 28} Having carefully reviewed the evidence presented at trial, we are unable to
find appellant’s convictions are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Appellant
knew there were at least two people in the car at which he fired multiple gunshots while
driving a motorcycle. Although there were some discrepancies in the witnesses’
testimony, as well as conflicting testimony as to what occurred before the shooting, we
find there was competent, credible evidence and testimony presented from which the jury
could reasonably conclude that appellant knowingly attempted to cause physical harm to
D.B. and J.C., while having a firearm and discharging the firearm from a motor vehicle.
{¶ 29} With respect to the self-defense claim, the evidence regarding the elements
of self-defense conflicted. Testimony was presented that appellant may have created the
situation giving rise to the shooting by pursuing D.B.’s vehicle and driving recklessly.
However, appellant testified he was not driving recklessly and D.B. swerved his vehicle
at appellant twice. There was also testimony that appellant could have avoided any
danger that he perceived, as appellant admitted the motorcycle had brakes which were
operational but he never stopped, he only slowed down. Yet, appellant testified that
when he slowed the motorcycle, D.B. also slowed his vehicle.
{¶ 30} As mentioned above, “the choice between credible witnesses and their
conflicting testimony rests solely with the finder of fact.” Awan, 22 Ohio St.3d at 123,
489 N.E.2d 277.
10. {¶ 31} Here, given the evidence, the jury could have concluded that appellant
failed to prove the first prong of self-defense, based on the testimony that he was the one
who created the dangerous situation, as well as the third prong, based on his testimony
that he never stopped his motorcycle in order to avoid the danger. Thus, the jury’s
finding that appellant did not act in self-defense is not against the manifest weight of the
evidence.
{¶ 32} We therefore conclude the manifest weight of the evidence supported the
jury’s guilty verdicts on the felonious assault charges and specifications, and the jury did
not clearly lose its way. Accordingly, appellant’s first assignment of error is not well-
taken.
Second Assignment of Error
{¶ 33} Appellant argues his trial counsel was ineffective because her strategy was
unreasonable, she alienated the jury, and created an unfair trial. Appellant contends
counsel admitted in opening statements that appellant fired warning shots to save his life,
then challenged the victims’ identification of appellant as the shooter, which was not a
sound strategy. Appellant asserts counsel raised self-defense as an affirmative defense
which is contradictory to claiming appellant was wrongfully identified as the shooter.
{¶ 34} The state counters trial counsel’s strategy was to challenge D.B.’s
credibility as a whole, and counsel vigorously cross-examined D.B. and J.C. in an attempt
to demonstrate their testimony was unreliable. The state maintains it was not illogical or
deficient of counsel to raise the claim of self-defense. In addition, the state observes
appellant failed to demonstrate he was prejudiced by his counsel’s performance.
11. Law
{¶ 35} To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, appellant must
prove counsel’s performance was deficient, as it fell below an objective standard of
reasonable representation, and but for counsel’s errors, there is a reasonable probability
that the outcome of the trial would have been different. See State v. Short, 129 Ohio
St.3d 360, 2011-Ohio-3641, 952 N.E.2d 1121, ¶ 113; Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).
{¶ 36} In State v. Mick, 6th Dist. Erie No. E-16-073, 2018-Ohio-999, 108 N.E.3d
1149, ¶ 18, we stated:
When challenging counsel’s trial strategy through an ineffective
assistance claim on appeal, ‘the appellant must overcome the “strong
presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance * * *.”’ State v. Lawson, 64 Ohio St.3d
336, 341, 595 N.E.2d 902 (1992), quoting Strickland at 689, 104 S.Ct.
2052. Debatable trial tactics generally do not constitute a deprivation of
effective counsel. State v. Phillips, 74 Ohio St.3d 72, 85, 656 N.E.2d 643
(1995).
{¶ 37} Upon review, we find appellant has failed to show his trial counsel’s
performance was deficient or that he was prejudiced by counsel’s performance.
Appellant’s counsel thoroughly cross-examined D.B. and J.C. regarding the events which
transpired before, during and after the shooting. In that cross-examination, counsel
12. elicited testimony from D.B. and J.C. about their memories of the shooter, chasing after
the shooter, meeting and talking with police and viewing the two photo arrays. Counsel’s
attempt to discredit these witnesses and cast doubt on their credibility was reasonable
trial strategy. Further, appellant has not proven that the result of the case would have
been different had counsel not questioned the witnesses about appellant’s identity.
Accordingly, appellant’s second assignment of error is not well-taken.
Third Assignment of Error
{¶ 38} Appellant contends the trial court erred in sentencing him pursuant to the
post-2016 versions of R.C. 2941.146, the specification concerning discharge of firearm
from a motor vehicle (“discharge specification”), and R.C. 2929.14, rather than the
versions of the statutes in effect at the time of the offense, and erred in imposing two
five-year mandatory prison terms for the two discharge specifications.
{¶ 39} Appellant was found guilty of two counts of felonious assault, two firearm
specifications, under R.C. 2941.145, and two discharge specifications, under R.C.
2941.146. At the sentencing hearing, the court imposed the following sentence: a five-
year prison term for each of the two counts of felonious assault, to run consecutive to one
another; a five-year mandatory prison term for each of the two discharge specifications
(under R.C. 2941.146), to be served consecutively to each other and consecutively to the
felonious assault sentences; a three-year mandatory prison term for each of the two
firearm specifications (under R.C. 2941.145), to be served consecutively to each other but
concurrent with the two five-year terms for the two discharge specifications.
13. Law
{¶ 40} An appellate court’s consideration of a felony sentence is governed by R.C.
2953.08(G)(2), and the court may increase, modify or vacate a felony sentence on appeal
and remand the matter if the court finds “by clear and convincing evidence that * * * the
sentence is otherwise contrary to law.” State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-
Ohio-1002, 59 N.E.3d 1231, ¶ 1.
{¶ 41} The version of the relevant laws in effect at the time of the October 2015
incident follow.
{¶ 42} R.C. 2941.145, the firearm specification, states in relevant part:
(A) Imposition of a three-year mandatory prison term upon an
offender under division (B)(1)(a) of section 2929.14 of the Revised Code is
precluded unless the indictment, count in the indictment, or information
charging the offense specifies that the offender had a firearm on or about
the offender’s person or under the offender’s control while committing the
offense and displayed the firearm, brandished the firearm, indicated that the
offender possessed the firearm, or used it to facilitate the offense.
{¶ 43} R.C. 2941.146, the discharge specification, states in relevant part:
(A) Imposition of a mandatory five-year prison term upon an
offender under division (B)(1)(c) of section 2929.14 of the Revised Code
for * * * committing a felony that includes, as an essential element,
purposely or knowingly causing or attempting to cause the death of or
14. physical harm to another and that was committed by discharging a firearm
from a motor vehicle other than a manufactured home * * *.
{¶ 44} R.C. 2929.14 states in relevant part:
***
(B)(1)(a) * * * [I]f an offender who is convicted of or pleads guilty
to a felony also is convicted of or pleads guilty to a specification of the type
described in section * * * 2941.145 of the Revised Code, the court shall
impose on the offender one of the following prison terms:
(ii) A prison term of three years if the specification is of the type
described in section 2941.145 of the Revised Code that charges the
offender with having a firearm on or about the offender’s person or under
the offender’s control while committing the offense and * * * using it [the
firearm] to facilitate the offense;
(b) * * * Except as provided in division (B)(1)(g) of this section, a
court shall not impose more than one prison term on an offender under
division (B)(1)(a) of this section for felonies committed as part of the same
act or transaction.
(c) * * * [I]f an offender who is convicted of or pleads guilty to * * *
a felony that includes, as an essential element, purposely or knowingly
causing or attempting to cause the death of or physical harm to another,
15. also is convicted of or pleads guilty to a [discharge] specification of the
type described in section 2941.146 * * *, after imposing a prison term on
the offender for the * * * other felony offense * * * shall impose an
additional prison term of five years upon the offender that shall not be
reduced * * *. A court shall not impose more than one additional prison
term on an offender under division (B)(1)(c) of this section for felonies
committed as part of the same act or transaction. If a court imposes an
additional prison term on an offender under division (B)(1)(c) of this
section relative to an offense, the court also shall impose a prison term
under division (B)(1)(a) of this section relative to the same offense,
provided the criteria specified in that division for imposing an additional
prison term are satisfied relative to the offender and the offense.
(g) If an offender is convicted of or pleads guilty to two or more
felonies, if one or more of those felonies are * * * felonious assault * * *
and if the offender is convicted of or pleads guilty to a specification of the
type described under division (B)(1)(a) of this section [firearm specification
under R.C. 2941.145] in connection with two or more of the felonies, the
sentencing court shall impose on the offender the prison term specified
under division (B)(1)(a) of this section for each of the two most serious
specifications of which the offender is convicted or to which the offender
pleads guilty and, in its discretion, also may impose on the offender the
16. prison term specified under that division for any or all of the remaining
specifications.
(C)(1)(a) * * * [I]f a mandatory prison term is imposed upon an
offender pursuant to division (B)(1)(a) of this section for having a firearm
on or about the offender’s person or under the offender’s control while
committing a felony, if a mandatory prison term is imposed upon an
offender pursuant to division (B)(1)(c) of this section for committing a
felony specified in that division by discharging a firearm from a motor
vehicle, or if both types of mandatory prison terms are imposed, the
offender shall serve any mandatory prison term imposed under either
division consecutively to any other mandatory prison term imposed under
either division * * *, consecutively to and prior to any prison term imposed
for the underlying felony pursuant to division (A), (B)(2), or (B)(3) of this
section or any other section of the Revised Code, and consecutively to any
other prison term or mandatory prison term previously or subsequently
imposed upon the offender.
{¶ 45} Upon review, we find merit in appellant’s assertion that the trial court erred
in imposing two five-year mandatory prison terms for the two discharge specifications.
{¶ 46} Appellant was convicted of felonies that include knowingly causing or
attempting to cause the death of or physical harm to another and was also convicted of
17. two discharge specifications under R.C. 2941.146. Therefore, pursuant to R.C.
2929.14(B)(1)(c), the court was required to impose an additional prison term of five
years, but “[a] court shall not impose more than one additional prison term on an offender
under division (B)(1)(c) * * * for felonies committed as part of the same act or
transaction.” The Supreme Court of Ohio has defined “same act or transaction” as a
“‘series of continuous acts bound by time, space and purpose, and directed toward a
single objective.’” (Citation omitted.) State v. Wills, 69 Ohio St.3d 690, 691, 635 N.E.2d
370 (1994).
{¶ 47} In State v. Williams, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 96APA08-1077, 1997 WL
254114, *3 (May 15, 1997), numerous shots were fired into a vehicle with four
occupants. The appellate court applied the Wills definition of “transaction” and found the
underlying felonies, of involuntary manslaughter and attempted involuntary
manslaughter, were committed as part of the same transaction. Id. See also State v.
Phillips, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96329, 2012-Ohio-473, ¶ 41 (multiple shots fired at
rival gang members were the same transaction, so trial court could impose only one five-
year specification).
{¶ 48} Here, appellant’s two felonious assault offenses arose from a series of
continuous acts, (shooting a gun) bound by time, space and purpose (in rapid sequence on
the roadway at D.B.’s vehicle), and directed toward a single objective (to stop D.B.’s
vehicle from swerving at appellant). Thus, the felonies were committed as part of the
18. same act or transaction. As such, we find appellant should have been sentenced to one
five-year discharge specification. Since appellant was sentenced to two five-year
discharge specifications, we find this portion of appellant’s sentence is clearly and
convincingly contrary to law. Accordingly, appellant’s third assignment of error is well-
{¶ 49} While reviewing the record, we noticed and raise, sua sponte, an error in
the imposition of sentence concerning the two three-year firearm specifications.
{¶ 50} Since appellant was convicted of two felonies, both for felonious assault,
and was also convicted of two firearm specifications under R.C. 2941.145, in connection
with those two felonies, the trial court was required to impose, pursuant to R.C.
2929.14(B)(1)(g), a three-year prison term as specified in R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(a)(ii), for
each of the two firearm specifications, and was required, under R.C. 2929.14(C)(1)(a), to
order those two, three-year prison terms to be served consecutively to each other,
consecutively to and prior to the prison terms imposed for the underlying felonies and
consecutively to any other mandatory prison term imposed.
{¶ 51} At sentencing, the court ordered a three-year mandatory prison term for
each of the two firearm specifications, to be served consecutively to each other but
concurrent with the discharge specifications. We find this portion of the court’s sentence
to be contrary to law as the court was required to order the two, three-year prison terms
for the firearm specifications to be served consecutively to each other as well as
consecutively to the mandatory prison term imposed for the discharge specification.
19. Fourth Assignment of Error
{¶ 52} Appellant asserts the trial court’s judgment entry relative to costs does not
reflect the waiver of all costs stated at the sentencing hearing. Appellant requests the
judgment entry be modified to reflect the trial court’s waiver of costs.
{¶ 53} A court is required, in criminal cases, to “include in the sentence the costs
of prosecution * * * and render a judgment against the defendant for such costs.” R.C.
2947.23(A)(1)(a). However, the court “retains jurisdiction to waive, suspend, or modify
the payment of the costs of prosecution * * * at the time of sentencing or at any time
thereafter.” R.C. 2947.23(C). As we observed in State v. Temple, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-
18-1070, 2019-Ohio-3503, ¶ 11, “a trial court has discretion to waive the payment of
court costs if the defendant is indigent.” Since the trial court retains jurisdiction pursuant
to R.C. 2947.23(C), an appellant “has the option to move the court to waive the
imposition of the costs of prosecution. State v. Wymer, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-18-1108,
2019-Ohio-1563, ¶ 13, fn. 1, citing State v. Beasley, 153 Ohio St.3d 497, 2018-Ohio-493,
108 N.E.2d 1028, ¶ 263-265.” Id. Thus, we found the court’s imposition of the costs of
prosecution was harmless error. Id.
{¶ 54} “Unlike the costs of prosecution, imposition of the costs of appointed
counsel and confinement must be conditioned upon appellant’s ability to pay.” Temple at
¶ 12. But, if the court did not impose these costs during the sentencing hearing, it is not
sufficient for the court to include these costs in the sentencing entry and make a finding
20. that the defendant has the ability to pay. Id. at ¶ 13. Therefore, we found the portion of
the sentencing judgment entry ordering the payment of the costs of assigned counsel,
confinement, and supervision must be vacated. Id. at ¶ 14.
{¶ 55} Upon review, at appellant’s sentencing hearing, the trial court verbally
ordered all costs waived. However, in the March 22, 2018 judgment entry, appellant was
“found to have, or reasonably may be expected to have, the means to pay all or part of the
applicable costs of supervision, confinement, assigned counsel, and prosecution as
authorized by law.” Appellant was ordered to reimburse the state of Ohio and Lucas
County for these costs.
{¶ 56} In accordance with Temple, we vacate the portion of appellant’s judgment
entry ordering appellant to pay for the costs of assigned counsel, confinement, and
supervision. Regarding the imposition of the costs of prosecution, although appellant
should have been informed of these costs at the sentencing hearing, any error is harmless
because appellant may move the trial court to waive these costs.
{¶ 57} Accordingly, appellant’s fourth assignment of error is well-taken.
Conclusion
{¶ 58} To summarize, we overrule appellant’s first and second assignments of
error, but we sustain appellant’s third and fourth assignments of error.
{¶ 59} We exercise our authority under R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) to modify appellant’s
sentence, and we vacate one five-year prison term for the discharge specification, leaving
one five-year prison term for the discharge specification. Further, we vacate the
21. imposition of prison terms imposed for the two three-year firearm specifications
concurrent with the discharge specifications, and we impose two three-year prison terms
for the two firearm specifications to be served consecutively to each other, consecutively
to and prior to the prison terms imposed for the felonious assault convictions and
consecutively to the five-year prison term for the discharge specification.
{¶ 60} In addition, we vacate the portion of the judgment entry finding appellant
has or may have the means to pay the costs of supervision, confinement and assigned
counsel, and ordering appellant to reimburse the state of Ohio and Lucas County for these
costs.
{¶ 61} Appellee and appellant are ordered to split the costs of this appeal pursuant
to App.R. 24.
Judgment affirmed, in part, and vacated, in part.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.
Mark L. Pietrykowski, J. _______________________________ JUDGE Arlene Singer, J. _______________________________ Gene A. Zmuda, J. JUDGE CONCUR. _______________________________ JUDGE
This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at: http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.
22.