Burgess, J.
At the December term, 1892, of the circuit court of Platte county, the defendant was convicted of murder in the second degree, for shooting and killing one, Alf. Spencer, and, after an unsuccessful motion for a new trial, he appealed to this court.
The facts, as they appear from the record, are as follows: Deceased and defendant, previous to the killing, had a difficulty, when the deceased went before a justice of the peace and had a warrant issued for defendant upon authority of which he was arrested; he was afterwards taken before the magistrate and released until a subsequent day. A few minutes after his release defendant, Sank Modesty, Charles Corbin and Warren Fields were standing on a corner of a street in Platte City, when deceased came along with his overcoat on, with his right hand in the right pocket, and passed between the parties when defendant said to him, “howdy, Alf.;” and deceased replied, “You son-of-a-bitch,” whereupon the deceased started to turn around facing defendant, making at the same time an effort to pull his hand out of his pocket, when defendant drew his pistol and shot deceased in the head back of the left ear, the ball ranging forward and upward, lodging in the temporal bone on the opposite side of the head, killing him instantly.
On the 'same evening he was arrested, and when asked by the officer having him in charge what he killed Alf. for, replied, “Well, I thought I had just as soon kill him now as any time.” There had been bad feelings existing between the parties for some time and threats had been made by each one against the other which had been communicated to them. After the death of [83]*83Spencer, a slung shot was found tied to his right arm, his hand still being in his pocket.
The court instructed for murder in the first and second degrees, on self-defense and refused to instruct for manslaughter in the third degree when asked to do so by defendant. •
The first ground insisted upon by the counsel for the defendant for a reversal of the cause is, that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence and clearly the result of passion or prejudice. This contention is not borne out by the facts in the ease, as disclosed by the evidence, which shows a clear case of murder upon the part of the defendant.
Another contention is, that the court should have instructed for manslaughter in some of the degrees, but no suggestion is made in defendant’s brief as to what degree or what evidence authorized or entitled defendant to such an instruction. While it was the duty of the court to give instructions covering the whole law arising on the facts, whether asked or not, as held by this court in the cases of State v. Gassert, 65 Mo. 352; State v. Wilson, 98 Mo. 440; State v. McKinzie, 102 Mo. 620; it was also its duty to confine its instructions to the case made out by the testimony. State v. Brady, 87 Mo. 142; State v. Wilson, 88 Mo. 13. There was no •evidence whatever upon which to predicate an instruction for manslaughter in any degree. There was not a particle of evidence tending to show that the homicide resulted from the heat of passion induced by lawful provocation. On the part of the státe the testimony would have well warranted the jury in finding a verdict for murder in the first degree. State v. Kloss, 117 Mo. 591. On the part of the defendant the testimony tended to show that he acted in self-defense. The trial ■court gave instructions embracing within their scope murder in the first and second degrees, and embracing [84]*84the- theory of self-defense, and this was all, under' the evidence, to which defendant was entitled. The homicide, as disclosed by the evidence, was either murder in the first or second degree, unless committed in self-defense, and to this extent the instructions covered the entire case.
The ninth instruction given at the instance of the state, was as follows:
“The court instructs the jury that the law does not permit a person to voluntarily seek or invite a difficulty or combat, or’ put himself in the way of being-assaulted, in order that when hard pressed he may have a pretext to take the life of his assailant; and, if you believe from the evidence that the defendant voluntarily sought or brought on or invited the combat or difficulty in which the said Alf. Spencer lost his life, or that he provoked or commenced or brought it on by any willful act of his own, or that he voluntarily entered into the difficulty of his own free will, then you are not authorized to acquit the defendant on the ground of self-defense.”
The criticism on this instruction is, we think, well founded.' To voluñtarily enter into a difficulty without any felonious intent or not for the purpose of wreaking malice or inflicting great bodily harm, does not make the person so doing guilty of murder. If there be mutual combat without any felonious intent, and death ensues therefrom, the offense is only manslanghter. “Where, however, the defendant in a criminal case provokes the difficulty or begins the quarrel with the purpose of taking advantage of the deceased, and of taking his life or doing him some great bodily harm, then there is no self-defense in the case, however imminent the peril of the defendant may become in consequence of an attack made on him by the deceased, and when the defendant kills the deceased under such [85]*85•circumstances he is guilty of murder in the first degree.” State v. Gilmore, 95 Mo. 554; State v. Davidson, 95 Mo. 355; State v. Partlow, 90 Mo. 608; Slate v. Hays, 23 Mo. 287; State v. Packwood, 26 Mo. 340; State v. Berkley, 92 Mo. 41; State v. Parker, 96 Mo. 382. After instructions similar to the one now under consideration have been so often condemned by this court it is somewhat strange that trial courts will persist in committing the same error, in failing to follow the rule of law so often announced. As commending the rule laid down in the Partlow case see Hark v. Commomwealth, 13 S. E. Rep. (Va.) 405, 406; Menley v. State, 26 Texas, 274. A similar doctrine is announced in Johnson v. Commonwealth, by the Kentucky court of appeals. 23 S. W. Rep. 507.
In the first instruction given by the court at the instance of the defendant, the law of self-defense is •clearly defined and is quite favorable to the defendant. 'This instruction is not in harmony with number 9, the •one on the same subject given on the part of the state, and for this reason the case would have to be reversed but for the fact that the defendant suffered no damage from the error, because there was no evidence of self-defense in the case, as was said by this court in the case of State v. Gilmore, supra. “At the time defendant drew his pistol and fired his danger was not imminent; his adversary had drawn no weapon and no weapon was drawn by him. The right of the defendant to defend himself did not arise until he- had done everything in his power to avoid the necessity of shooting his adversary. If he could safely have avoided using his weapon he was not justified in using it.” State v. Johnson, 76 Mo. 121. At the time defendant shot deceased, he, deceased, seems to have been unoffending, making no effort to assault the defendant; at any rate there was no such demonstrations of assault or [86]*86overt act in this case as sometimes forbids retreat and justifies instantaneous action. 1 Wharton on Criminal * Law, sec. 486a; 1 Bishop on Criminal Law, sec. 872.
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Burgess, J.
At the December term, 1892, of the circuit court of Platte county, the defendant was convicted of murder in the second degree, for shooting and killing one, Alf. Spencer, and, after an unsuccessful motion for a new trial, he appealed to this court.
The facts, as they appear from the record, are as follows: Deceased and defendant, previous to the killing, had a difficulty, when the deceased went before a justice of the peace and had a warrant issued for defendant upon authority of which he was arrested; he was afterwards taken before the magistrate and released until a subsequent day. A few minutes after his release defendant, Sank Modesty, Charles Corbin and Warren Fields were standing on a corner of a street in Platte City, when deceased came along with his overcoat on, with his right hand in the right pocket, and passed between the parties when defendant said to him, “howdy, Alf.;” and deceased replied, “You son-of-a-bitch,” whereupon the deceased started to turn around facing defendant, making at the same time an effort to pull his hand out of his pocket, when defendant drew his pistol and shot deceased in the head back of the left ear, the ball ranging forward and upward, lodging in the temporal bone on the opposite side of the head, killing him instantly.
On the 'same evening he was arrested, and when asked by the officer having him in charge what he killed Alf. for, replied, “Well, I thought I had just as soon kill him now as any time.” There had been bad feelings existing between the parties for some time and threats had been made by each one against the other which had been communicated to them. After the death of [83]*83Spencer, a slung shot was found tied to his right arm, his hand still being in his pocket.
The court instructed for murder in the first and second degrees, on self-defense and refused to instruct for manslaughter in the third degree when asked to do so by defendant. •
The first ground insisted upon by the counsel for the defendant for a reversal of the cause is, that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence and clearly the result of passion or prejudice. This contention is not borne out by the facts in the ease, as disclosed by the evidence, which shows a clear case of murder upon the part of the defendant.
Another contention is, that the court should have instructed for manslaughter in some of the degrees, but no suggestion is made in defendant’s brief as to what degree or what evidence authorized or entitled defendant to such an instruction. While it was the duty of the court to give instructions covering the whole law arising on the facts, whether asked or not, as held by this court in the cases of State v. Gassert, 65 Mo. 352; State v. Wilson, 98 Mo. 440; State v. McKinzie, 102 Mo. 620; it was also its duty to confine its instructions to the case made out by the testimony. State v. Brady, 87 Mo. 142; State v. Wilson, 88 Mo. 13. There was no •evidence whatever upon which to predicate an instruction for manslaughter in any degree. There was not a particle of evidence tending to show that the homicide resulted from the heat of passion induced by lawful provocation. On the part of the státe the testimony would have well warranted the jury in finding a verdict for murder in the first degree. State v. Kloss, 117 Mo. 591. On the part of the defendant the testimony tended to show that he acted in self-defense. The trial ■court gave instructions embracing within their scope murder in the first and second degrees, and embracing [84]*84the- theory of self-defense, and this was all, under' the evidence, to which defendant was entitled. The homicide, as disclosed by the evidence, was either murder in the first or second degree, unless committed in self-defense, and to this extent the instructions covered the entire case.
The ninth instruction given at the instance of the state, was as follows:
“The court instructs the jury that the law does not permit a person to voluntarily seek or invite a difficulty or combat, or’ put himself in the way of being-assaulted, in order that when hard pressed he may have a pretext to take the life of his assailant; and, if you believe from the evidence that the defendant voluntarily sought or brought on or invited the combat or difficulty in which the said Alf. Spencer lost his life, or that he provoked or commenced or brought it on by any willful act of his own, or that he voluntarily entered into the difficulty of his own free will, then you are not authorized to acquit the defendant on the ground of self-defense.”
The criticism on this instruction is, we think, well founded.' To voluñtarily enter into a difficulty without any felonious intent or not for the purpose of wreaking malice or inflicting great bodily harm, does not make the person so doing guilty of murder. If there be mutual combat without any felonious intent, and death ensues therefrom, the offense is only manslanghter. “Where, however, the defendant in a criminal case provokes the difficulty or begins the quarrel with the purpose of taking advantage of the deceased, and of taking his life or doing him some great bodily harm, then there is no self-defense in the case, however imminent the peril of the defendant may become in consequence of an attack made on him by the deceased, and when the defendant kills the deceased under such [85]*85•circumstances he is guilty of murder in the first degree.” State v. Gilmore, 95 Mo. 554; State v. Davidson, 95 Mo. 355; State v. Partlow, 90 Mo. 608; Slate v. Hays, 23 Mo. 287; State v. Packwood, 26 Mo. 340; State v. Berkley, 92 Mo. 41; State v. Parker, 96 Mo. 382. After instructions similar to the one now under consideration have been so often condemned by this court it is somewhat strange that trial courts will persist in committing the same error, in failing to follow the rule of law so often announced. As commending the rule laid down in the Partlow case see Hark v. Commomwealth, 13 S. E. Rep. (Va.) 405, 406; Menley v. State, 26 Texas, 274. A similar doctrine is announced in Johnson v. Commonwealth, by the Kentucky court of appeals. 23 S. W. Rep. 507.
In the first instruction given by the court at the instance of the defendant, the law of self-defense is •clearly defined and is quite favorable to the defendant. 'This instruction is not in harmony with number 9, the •one on the same subject given on the part of the state, and for this reason the case would have to be reversed but for the fact that the defendant suffered no damage from the error, because there was no evidence of self-defense in the case, as was said by this court in the case of State v. Gilmore, supra. “At the time defendant drew his pistol and fired his danger was not imminent; his adversary had drawn no weapon and no weapon was drawn by him. The right of the defendant to defend himself did not arise until he- had done everything in his power to avoid the necessity of shooting his adversary. If he could safely have avoided using his weapon he was not justified in using it.” State v. Johnson, 76 Mo. 121. At the time defendant shot deceased, he, deceased, seems to have been unoffending, making no effort to assault the defendant; at any rate there was no such demonstrations of assault or [86]*86overt act in this case as sometimes forbids retreat and justifies instantaneous action. 1 Wharton on Criminal * Law, sec. 486a; 1 Bishop on Criminal Law, sec. 872.
Furthermore, that there was no self-defense in this case is shown- by defendant’s own conduct and his statement to the deputy sheriff, who asked him what he killed Alf. for, when he replied: “Well, I thought I had just as well kill him now as any time.” He was the aggressor and at no time acted in self-defense.
It is further contended that the court committed error in permitting the defendant to be cross-examined in regard to matters that he did not testify to in his examination in chief. This contention does not seem to be borne out by the record in the case; and, while it may be true that the cross-examination was not in the same language, yet his cross-examination was restricted to the same matters about which he testified to in chief or mutters that were immaterial, and certainly in order to justify the reversal of the cause on the ground that the defendant was cross-examined with reference to matters to which he had not testified in his examination in chief, such cross-examination must have been in regard to some material matter, or something which had a tendency to prejudice the jury ag'ainst the defendant or his case; and no such cross-examination was had in the case at bar.
The ends of justice would not be subserved by the reversal of the cause simply because the prosecuting attorney asked the defendant on his cross-examination some trivial question in regard to some matter of no consequence, with reference to which he had not referred in his examination in chief and which could not possibly have had any prejudicial effect on the minds of the jury.
Nor was the prosecuting attorney required to submit to the defendant his testimony taken before the [87]*87committing magistrate on his preliminary trial before interrogating bim in regard to statements made By bim on that occasion, for tbe reason that all tbe questions ashed by tbe state in regard thereto were immaterial and tbe answers of defendant confirmatory only to what be bad testified to in bis examination in chief on tbe trial of tbe case at bar, and bad no tendency whatever either to discredit or, contradict bim. State v. Avery, 113 Mo. 475. Had it been otherwise, tbe objection would have been well taken. 1 Grreenleaf on Evidence, secs. 463, 464, 465; Frewitt v. Martin, 59 Mo. 325.
There was no error committed in ordering all reference to tbe gun in tbe bands of deceased two weeks before tbe homicide, as testified to by tbe witnesses, Armstrong and Brooks, to be stricken out, as it was immaterial.
Nor was there any error in tbe refusal of tbe court to require tbe prosecuting attorney to close tbe argument before tbe jury, immediately following tbe close of tbe argument for tbe defense, though there may have been ample time to do so, as this was a matter in tbe sound discretion of tbe court, and it does not appear that such discretion was not properly exercised.
Tbe indictment is well enough and no objections have been suggested to any defect in it except in a general way, and we have not been able to discover any. Tbe judgment is affirmed.
All concur.