[Cite as State v. Leffel, 2019-Ohio-1840.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
ASHTABULA COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : OPINION
Plaintiff-Appellee, : CASE NO. 2017-A-0085 - vs - :
MARISA ANN LEFFEL, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal from the Ashtabula County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2017 CR 00162.
Judgment: Affirmed
Nicholas A. Iarocci, Ashtabula County Prosecutor and Shelley M. Pratt, Assistant Prosecutor, 25 West Jefferson Street, Jefferson, Ohio 44047 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).
Michael A. Partlow, 112 S. Water Street, Suite C, Kent, Ohio 44240 (For Defendant- Appellant).
THOMAS R. WRIGHT, P.J.
{¶1} Appellant, Marisa Leffel, appeals her involuntary manslaughter conviction
and sentence following a jury trial. We affirm.
{¶2} Leffel was originally charged with three counts of involuntary manslaughter,
corrupting another with drugs, aggravated trafficking, and trafficking heroin. All six counts
are based on Leffel’s delivery of drugs to Eric Andrus, which resulted in his fatal overdose
on January 12, 2016. A jury found her guilty of all counts. {¶3} The trial court merged all counts for sentencing, and the state elected to
proceed with sentencing on count one, involuntary manslaughter, a first-degree felony in
violation of R.C. 2903.04(A) predicated on Leffel’s violation of R.C. 2925.02(A)(3),
corrupting another with drugs. She was sentenced to ten years in prison. We granted
her motion for a delayed appeal.
{¶4} Leffel raises four assigned errors:
{¶5} “[1.] The jury’s verdict convicting the appellant are not supported by
sufficient evidence.
{¶6} “[2.] The appellant’s convictions are against the manifest weight of the
evidence.
{¶7} “[3.] The trial court erred and abused its discretion by sentencing appellant
to the maximum penalty allowed by law.
{¶8} “[4.] The trial court committed plain error by failing to give the jury instruction
contained in Ohio Jury instructions concerning accomplice testimony.”
{¶9} We collectively address her first and second assigned errors challenging
the sufficiency of the evidence and claiming that her conviction is against the manifest
weight of the evidence. Leffel’s defense theory was that she and Spurlock brought drugs
into the condo that night with no intent to sell them, but that Andrus stole their drugs and
money without their knowledge, which they did not learn about until after leaving. She
argues that she did not voluntarily supply him with any drugs.
{¶10} Upon reviewing a record for sufficiency, “‘[t]he relevant inquiry is whether,
after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable
2 doubt.’ State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the
syllabus, following Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560
(1979). ‘[T]he weight to be given the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses are
primarily for the trier of the facts.’ State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212
(1967), paragraph one of the syllabus.” State v. Maxwell, 139 Ohio St.3d 12, 2014-Ohio-
1019, 9 N.E.3d 930, ¶146.
{¶11} “In viewing a sufficiency of the evidence argument, the evidence and all
rational inferences are evaluated in the light most favorable to the prosecution. See State
v. Goff, 82 Ohio St.3d 123, 138, 694 N.E.2d 916 (1998). A conviction cannot be reversed
on grounds of sufficiency unless the reviewing court determines that no rational juror
could have found the elements of the offense proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.”
State v. Carter, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 15 MA 0225, 2017-Ohio-7501, 96 N.E.3d 1046,
¶95, appeal not allowed, 151 Ohio St.3d 1515, 2018-Ohio-365, 90 N.E.3d 952.
{¶12} When “determining whether a criminal conviction is against
the manifest weight of the evidence, an appellate court must review the entire record,
weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses,
and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost
its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be
reversed. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997); State v.
Hunter, 131 Ohio St.3d 67, 2011-Ohio-6524, 960 N.E.2d 955, ¶119.
{¶13} “* * * But the weight and credibility of evidence are to be determined by the
trier of fact. * * * The trier of fact is free to believe all, part, or none of the testimony of any
witness, and we defer to the trier of fact on evidentiary weight and credibility issues
3 because it is in the best position to gauge the witnesses' demeanor, gestures, and voice
inflections, and to use these observations to weigh their credibility. * * *.” State v. Miller,
4th Dist. Hocking No. 18CA3, 2019-Ohio-92, ¶27-28.
{¶14} A finding that a conviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence
necessarily encompasses a sufficiency finding as well. State v. Skeins, 11th Dist.
Trumbull No. 2017-T-0018, 2018-Ohio-134, ¶10, citing State v. McGowan, 7th Dist.
Jefferson No. 14JE37, 2016-Ohio-48, ¶4.
{¶15} R.C. 2903.04(A), involuntary manslaughter, prohibits a person from causing
“the death of another * * * as a proximate result of the offender's committing or attempting
to commit a felony.”
{¶16} “The term ‘proximate result’ used in R.C. 2903.04, involuntary
manslaughter, mandates that a person will be criminally responsible for causing the death
of another only where the consequences of his conduct are direct, normal, and
reasonably inevitable when viewed in the light of ordinary experience.” State v.
Sabatine, 64 Ohio App.3d 556, 560, 582 N.E.2d 34 (8th Dist.1989); State v. Losey, 23
Ohio App.3d 93, 95, 491 N.E.2d 379 (10th Dist.1985) (“‘[P]roximate result’ bears a
resemblance to the concept of ‘proximate cause’ in that defendant will be held responsible
for those foreseeable consequences which are known to be, or should be known to be,
within the scope of the risk created by his conduct.”).
{¶17} Involuntary manslaughter is a crime of transferred intent. Stanley v. Turner,
6 F.3d 399, 402 (6th Cir.1993), citing State v. Losey, 23 Ohio App.3d 93, 491 N.E.2d 379
(1985). Thus, the requisite culpable mental state is the same as the culpable mental state
of the underlying offense. Id.
4 {¶18} Here, the predicate felony is corrupting another with drugs, in violation of
R.C. 2925.02(A)(3)(C)(1), which states:
{¶19} “(A) No person shall knowingly do any of the following:
{¶20} “* * *
{¶21} “(3) By any means, * * * furnish to another or induce or cause another to
use a controlled substance, and thereby cause serious physical harm to the other person,
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
[Cite as State v. Leffel, 2019-Ohio-1840.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
ASHTABULA COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : OPINION
Plaintiff-Appellee, : CASE NO. 2017-A-0085 - vs - :
MARISA ANN LEFFEL, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal from the Ashtabula County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2017 CR 00162.
Judgment: Affirmed
Nicholas A. Iarocci, Ashtabula County Prosecutor and Shelley M. Pratt, Assistant Prosecutor, 25 West Jefferson Street, Jefferson, Ohio 44047 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).
Michael A. Partlow, 112 S. Water Street, Suite C, Kent, Ohio 44240 (For Defendant- Appellant).
THOMAS R. WRIGHT, P.J.
{¶1} Appellant, Marisa Leffel, appeals her involuntary manslaughter conviction
and sentence following a jury trial. We affirm.
{¶2} Leffel was originally charged with three counts of involuntary manslaughter,
corrupting another with drugs, aggravated trafficking, and trafficking heroin. All six counts
are based on Leffel’s delivery of drugs to Eric Andrus, which resulted in his fatal overdose
on January 12, 2016. A jury found her guilty of all counts. {¶3} The trial court merged all counts for sentencing, and the state elected to
proceed with sentencing on count one, involuntary manslaughter, a first-degree felony in
violation of R.C. 2903.04(A) predicated on Leffel’s violation of R.C. 2925.02(A)(3),
corrupting another with drugs. She was sentenced to ten years in prison. We granted
her motion for a delayed appeal.
{¶4} Leffel raises four assigned errors:
{¶5} “[1.] The jury’s verdict convicting the appellant are not supported by
sufficient evidence.
{¶6} “[2.] The appellant’s convictions are against the manifest weight of the
evidence.
{¶7} “[3.] The trial court erred and abused its discretion by sentencing appellant
to the maximum penalty allowed by law.
{¶8} “[4.] The trial court committed plain error by failing to give the jury instruction
contained in Ohio Jury instructions concerning accomplice testimony.”
{¶9} We collectively address her first and second assigned errors challenging
the sufficiency of the evidence and claiming that her conviction is against the manifest
weight of the evidence. Leffel’s defense theory was that she and Spurlock brought drugs
into the condo that night with no intent to sell them, but that Andrus stole their drugs and
money without their knowledge, which they did not learn about until after leaving. She
argues that she did not voluntarily supply him with any drugs.
{¶10} Upon reviewing a record for sufficiency, “‘[t]he relevant inquiry is whether,
after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable
2 doubt.’ State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the
syllabus, following Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560
(1979). ‘[T]he weight to be given the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses are
primarily for the trier of the facts.’ State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212
(1967), paragraph one of the syllabus.” State v. Maxwell, 139 Ohio St.3d 12, 2014-Ohio-
1019, 9 N.E.3d 930, ¶146.
{¶11} “In viewing a sufficiency of the evidence argument, the evidence and all
rational inferences are evaluated in the light most favorable to the prosecution. See State
v. Goff, 82 Ohio St.3d 123, 138, 694 N.E.2d 916 (1998). A conviction cannot be reversed
on grounds of sufficiency unless the reviewing court determines that no rational juror
could have found the elements of the offense proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.”
State v. Carter, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 15 MA 0225, 2017-Ohio-7501, 96 N.E.3d 1046,
¶95, appeal not allowed, 151 Ohio St.3d 1515, 2018-Ohio-365, 90 N.E.3d 952.
{¶12} When “determining whether a criminal conviction is against
the manifest weight of the evidence, an appellate court must review the entire record,
weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses,
and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost
its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be
reversed. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997); State v.
Hunter, 131 Ohio St.3d 67, 2011-Ohio-6524, 960 N.E.2d 955, ¶119.
{¶13} “* * * But the weight and credibility of evidence are to be determined by the
trier of fact. * * * The trier of fact is free to believe all, part, or none of the testimony of any
witness, and we defer to the trier of fact on evidentiary weight and credibility issues
3 because it is in the best position to gauge the witnesses' demeanor, gestures, and voice
inflections, and to use these observations to weigh their credibility. * * *.” State v. Miller,
4th Dist. Hocking No. 18CA3, 2019-Ohio-92, ¶27-28.
{¶14} A finding that a conviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence
necessarily encompasses a sufficiency finding as well. State v. Skeins, 11th Dist.
Trumbull No. 2017-T-0018, 2018-Ohio-134, ¶10, citing State v. McGowan, 7th Dist.
Jefferson No. 14JE37, 2016-Ohio-48, ¶4.
{¶15} R.C. 2903.04(A), involuntary manslaughter, prohibits a person from causing
“the death of another * * * as a proximate result of the offender's committing or attempting
to commit a felony.”
{¶16} “The term ‘proximate result’ used in R.C. 2903.04, involuntary
manslaughter, mandates that a person will be criminally responsible for causing the death
of another only where the consequences of his conduct are direct, normal, and
reasonably inevitable when viewed in the light of ordinary experience.” State v.
Sabatine, 64 Ohio App.3d 556, 560, 582 N.E.2d 34 (8th Dist.1989); State v. Losey, 23
Ohio App.3d 93, 95, 491 N.E.2d 379 (10th Dist.1985) (“‘[P]roximate result’ bears a
resemblance to the concept of ‘proximate cause’ in that defendant will be held responsible
for those foreseeable consequences which are known to be, or should be known to be,
within the scope of the risk created by his conduct.”).
{¶17} Involuntary manslaughter is a crime of transferred intent. Stanley v. Turner,
6 F.3d 399, 402 (6th Cir.1993), citing State v. Losey, 23 Ohio App.3d 93, 491 N.E.2d 379
(1985). Thus, the requisite culpable mental state is the same as the culpable mental state
of the underlying offense. Id.
4 {¶18} Here, the predicate felony is corrupting another with drugs, in violation of
R.C. 2925.02(A)(3)(C)(1), which states:
{¶19} “(A) No person shall knowingly do any of the following:
{¶20} “* * *
{¶21} “(3) By any means, * * * furnish to another or induce or cause another to
use a controlled substance, and thereby cause serious physical harm to the other person,
or cause the other person to become drug dependent;
{¶22} “* * *
{¶23} “(C) Whoever violates this section is guilty of corrupting another with drugs.”
{¶24} “Black's Law Dictionary * * * defines ‘furnish’ to mean ‘[t]o supply, provide,
or equip, for accomplishment of a particular purpose.’” State v. Schwab, 4th Dist. Athens
No. 12CA39, 2014-Ohio-336, ¶9.
{¶25} On January 11, 2016, Andrus met with his probation officer and tested
negative for drugs. He was coherent and later had dinner with his mother at
approximately 7 p.m. She left him alone for the night inside Andrus’ father’s condo, which
was locked from the outside. Only his mother, father, and sister had access. Andrus’
parents are divorced but were working together to help him maintain his sobriety after his
misdemeanor drug abuse and theft convictions. His mother received a call on January
12, 2016 that her son had passed away. He was 24 years old.
{¶26} Andrus’ phone was in his mother’s name and she gave police consent to
search it. He had contacted approximately 14 different people that day. The review of
his phone showed that he was Facebook messaging Shawna Spurlock searching for
drugs. He asks her to help him find some “H” or some “boy,” slang for heroin. Andrus
5 then messages Spurlock telling her that he has cash and feels sick. He also notes that
he would be ok with “speed.”
{¶27} Spurlock testified that she and Leffel were dating for a while, engaged to be
married, and living with Leffel’s mother. The police identified Spurlock as a suspect upon
examining her message history with Andrus.
{¶28} Spurlock initially gave conflicting versions of that night to police, which were
before the jury. She first told police that she and Leffel drove to “hang out” with Andrus
because he was dope sick. And while they led Andrus to believe they were bringing him
drugs, they did not. They climbed up the balcony to help him. Spurlock then changed
her story and said they did bring drugs into his condo, but that they did not give Andrus
any. Spurlock explained they each used their own drugs before leaving his condo, and
after they left, they realized Andrus had stolen their drugs.
{¶29} Spurlock testified as to her final version of the night in question at trial, and
admitted she had initially lied to police. Spurlock confirmed that Andrus was Facebook
messaging her looking for heroin, and she instructed him to text her instead. Spurlock
confirmed that she had used heroin earlier that day. Leffel had “white china” heroin, which
Spurlock described as much stronger than other heroin she had used. In response to
Andrus’ numerous requests, Spurlock and Leffel drove to his condo to sell him heroin.
Spurlock explained Leffel was also texting Andrus with Spurlock’s phone and that Leffel
and Andrus negotiated the amount and price of the drugs he was buying.
{¶30} Spurlock drove her car and when they arrived at the condo, Leffel got out
for about 10 minutes to sell Andrus the heroin. Leffel came back to Spurlock’s car yelling
that he had robbed her. Leffel explained that she “stepped onto the balcony and * * *
6 handed him the dope. And he shut the sliding glass door,” and “he never came back with
the money.”
{¶31} Spurlock pleaded guilty to corrupting another with drugs in exchange for her
testimony at Leffel’s trial. She was sentenced to four years in prison.
{¶32} The text and Facebook messages on Andrus’ phone are consistent with
Spurlock’s trial testimony. Spurlock said that Leffel was using her phone to negotiate the
exchange. One message asks him “how much” and “where to,” and then states, “I’ll give
you the 10 sack, u gimme the 10 bucks * * * if you like it and want more then you can call
me back, and I’ll bring you more.”
{¶33} At 11:39 p.m. a message from Spurlock’s phone instructs Andrus to delete
her number and messages and advises him to message Spurlock on Facebook when he
wants more.
{¶34} Andrus’ later text says, “I’m just trying to get high * * * I hit up like 20 ppl.
Parents are trying to keep me clean.” At 12:31 a.m., a message from Spurlock’s phone
to Andrus states she is almost there. At 12:39 a.m., his message to Spurlock says, “Was
this a 5 sack lol cmon now,” and her text response states, “Did you seriously just rob me?”
Andrus’ messages stop after that, but the messages from Spurlock’s phone to his
continued and consisted of threats to Andrus. Spurlock testified that Leffel sent him the
threatening messages because he did not pay.
{¶35} Andrus did not answer his father’s texts and calls the next morning. He had
overdosed and died as a result of the combined effect of fentanyl and opiates.
{¶36} Leffel did not testify at trial. But she also spoke with police and her
statement was admitted at trial. Leffel explained to police that she had gone to Cleveland
7 three times to purchase drugs. She bought enough for her personal use and extra to sell.
She denied selling Andrus drugs on the night in question. She initially told police that she
and Spurlock just went to visit, and they had no drugs with them. To explain away the
texts about Andrus robbing them, Leffel told police that he stole money from her wallet.
Leffel also changes her story. At the conclusion of her police interview, she admits that
the women had drugs with them in Andrus’ condo, but they never intended to sell him
any. Instead, she explains that he had his own bag of drugs and that he also stole their
drugs and money.
{¶37} Leffel first argues that there was no evidence before the jury to establish
that she voluntarily supplied Andrus with drugs; instead she claims she established that
he robbed her and took the drugs from her against her will. We disagree.
{¶38} Spurlock’s testimony and the corresponding messages on Andrus’ phone
establish that the two women drove to his condo to sell him heroin and that upon arriving,
Leffel delivered the heroin to him, but did not get paid. Andrus was home alone and
locked inside. After receiving the drugs, he messaged Spurlock complaining about the
quantity of drugs. Thereafter, his messages stopped even though the women continued
to text him. Andrus was found dead the next morning. The toxicology report showed he
had lethal levels of fentanyl and morphine, or broken-down heroin, in his blood. Heroin
is often mixed with fentanyl.
{¶39} The evidence establishes that Leffel knowingly delivered heroin to Andrus,
who was locked in his condo and drug sick. After Leffel left, Andrus used the heroin,
overdosed, and died as a result. Thus, a jury could reasonably find that Leffel knowingly
furnished Andrus with the heroin, and his use of the drug proximately resulted in his death.
8 And death by overdose is a foreseeable consequence of heroin use and consequently, a
foreseeable result or should be a foreseeable result of furnishing another with drugs.
State v. Carpenter, 3rd Dist. Seneca No. 13-18-16, 2019-Ohio-58, __ N.E.3d __, ¶63;
State v. Sabo, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-09-33, 2010-Ohio-1261, 2010 WL 1173088, ¶25;
State v. Losey, 23 Ohio App.3d 93, 95, 491 N.E.2d 379 (10th Dist.1985) (finding that
death reasonably “could be anticipated by an ordinarily prudent person as likely to result
under these or similar circumstances.”).
{¶40} And contrary to Leffel’s argument, the jury did not lose its way upon
believing Spurlock’s trial testimony. Her criminal history and prior versions were before
the jury for its consideration, as the trier of fact. Accordingly, Leffel’s first and second
assigned errors lack merit and are overruled.
{¶41} Leffel’s third assignment contends the trial court abused its discretion upon
imposing the maximum sentence and claims the court erroneously imposed a harsher
punishment on Leffel than Spurlock because Leffel chose to go to trial. We disagree.
{¶42} First, Leffel’s argument improperly states that she received the maximum
penalty for her conviction. The applicable maximum prison term for a violation of R.C.
2903.04(A) is 11 years, not ten. R.C. 2929.14(A)(1).
{¶43} Moreover, there is no right to parity in sentencing and “‘no requirement that
co-defendants receive equal sentences[,]’ and as such, a defendant cannot challenge his
sentence because it is disproportionate from that of his codefendant's.” State v. Sankey,
11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2017-A-0080, 2018-Ohio-2677, ¶10, quoting State v. Lloyd, 11th
Dist. Lake No. 2002-L-069, 2003-Ohio-6417, ¶21. “Instead, trial courts have discretion in
imposing a prison term within the statutory range and are required to assess the
9 applicable sentencing factors upon imposing a defendant's sentence. R.C. 2929.12(A).”
Id.
{¶44} Finally, our review of sentencing issues is dictated by R.C. 2953.08(G)(2),
which states:
{¶45} “(2) The court hearing an appeal under division (A), (B), or (C) of this section
shall review the record, including the findings underlying the sentence or modification
given by the sentencing court.
{¶46} “The appellate court may increase, reduce, or otherwise modify a sentence
that is appealed under this section or may vacate the sentence and remand the matter to
the sentencing court for resentencing. The appellate court's standard for review is not
whether the sentencing court abused its discretion. The appellate court may take any
action authorized by this division if it clearly and convincingly finds either of the following:
{¶47} “(a) That the record does not support the sentencing court's findings under
division (B) or (D) of section 2929.13, division (B)(2)(e) or (C)(4) of section 2929.14,
or division (I) of section 2929.20 of the Revised Code, whichever, if any, is relevant;
{¶48} “(b) That the sentence is otherwise contrary to law.” (Emphasis added.)
{¶49} Here, the trial court imposed a ten-year sentence, which is on the high-end
of the sentencing range. But upon reviewing the sentencing factors, the trial court noted
that Leffel has a lengthy criminal history, including one juvenile adjudication and several
convictions while an adult. The court also emphasized that Leffel committed the instant
offense while on community control for a felony conviction in an adjacent county and that
Leffel showed a complete lack of remorse for her actions that caused the loss of Andrus’
life. Leffel does not challenge the court’s statements in this regard.
10 {¶50} Accordingly, we do not clearly and convincingly find that her sentence is
contrary to law or unsupported by the record. Thus, her third assignment lacks merit.
{¶51} Leffel’s fourth and final argument claims that the trial court committed plain
error upon instructing the jury because a recitation of 2 CR OJI 409.17 is required when
an accomplice testifies against a defendant.
{¶52} Because Leffel did not object at trial on this basis, she waives all but plain
error. State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978). “Notice
of plain error under Crim.R. 52(B) is to be taken with the utmost caution, under exceptional
circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.” Id. at paragraph
three of the syllabus. Plain error occurs when but for the error, the outcome of the trial
clearly would have been otherwise, and errors of this magnitude may be recognized even
when an appellant does not object at trial. Id. at 96-97; Crim.R. 52(B).
{¶53} Regardless, a verbatim recitation of applicable jury instructions are not
required at trial. To the contrary, the court’s instructions to the jury should communicate
the law and controlling legal principles pertinent to the case. State v. Harris, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 104329, 2017-Ohio-2751, 90 N.E.3d 342, ¶65, appeal not allowed, 150
Ohio St.3d 1453, 2017-Ohio-8136, 83 N.E.3d 939.
{¶54} The trial court instructed the jury as follows:
{¶55} “The testimony of an accomplice does not become inadmissible, because
of her complicity, moral turpitude, or self-interest, but the admitted or claimed complicity
of a witness may affect her credibility and make her testimony subject to grave suspicion
and require that it be weighed with great caution.”
11 {¶56} And elsewhere, instructed “You are, as I have said to you earlier, the sole
judges of the facts.” The trial court instructions, therefore, communicate the law and legal
principles pertinent to weighing accomplice testimony with great caution. R.C. 2923.03
(D).
{¶57} Accordingly, her fourth assigned error lacks merit.
{¶58} The trial court’s decision is affirmed in full.
TIMOTHY P. CANNON, J.,
MARY JANE TRAPP, J.,
concur.