1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please 2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated 4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does 5 not include the filing date. 6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. No. 30,304
10 BRYAN LEFEBRE,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN JUAN COUNTY 13 Thomas J. Hynes, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Santa Fe, NM 16 M. Victoria Wilson, Assistant Attorney General 17 Albuquerque, NM
18 for Appellee
19 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender 20 B. Douglas Wood III, Assistant Appellate Defender 21 Santa Fe, NM
22 for Appellant
23 MEMORANDUM OPINION
24 SUTIN, Judge. 1 Defendant appeals from an order of conditional discharge entered after a jury
2 found him guilty of possession of methamphetamine. We issued a calendar notice
3 proposing to reverse on a sentencing issue and affirm on all other issues. Defendant
4 has responded with a memorandum in opposition. [Ct. App. file] The State has filed
5 a response indicating that it agrees with our calendar notice.
6 SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
7 Defendant raised two issues challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to
8 support the jury verdict. [MIO 6; DS 6] A sufficiency of the evidence review
9 involves a two-step process. Initially, the evidence is viewed in the light most
10 favorable to the verdict. Then the appellate court must make a legal determination of
11 “whether the evidence viewed in this manner could justify a finding by any rational
12 trier of fact that each element of the crime charged has been established beyond a
13 reasonable doubt.” State v. Apodaca, 118 N.M. 762, 766, 887 P.2d 756, 760 (1994)
14 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
15 In order to support the jury’s verdict, the evidence had to show that Defendant
16 knowingly had methamphetamine in his possession. [RP 70] In his docketing
17 statement, although Defendant stated that he was raising a sufficiency challenge, his
18 specific claims appeared to challenge the admissibility of evidence. [DS 6] For
19 purposes of a sufficiency review, this Court considers even improperly admitted
2 1 evidence. See State v. Post, 109 N.M. 177, 181, 783 P.2d 487, 491 (Ct. App. 1989)
2 (“If all of the evidence, including the wrongfully admitted evidence, is sufficient, then
3 retrial following appeal is not barred [by the Double Jeopardy Clause].”).
4 Defendant’s first claim was one of hearsay, in that Officer Darby testified that
5 Officer Griego gave him a baggie and told him that he had found it on Defendant
6 during a search. [DS 2, 6] The court gave the jury a limiting instruction on this
7 testimony. [DS 2] Even if it had not, we do not deem this to be reversible error
8 because Officer Griego himself thereafter testified that he had given the baggie to
9 Officer Darby. [DS 3] See State v. Varela, 1999-NMSC-045, ¶ 37, 128 N.M. 454,
10 993 P.2d 1280 (observing that improperly admitted cumulative evidence does not
11 warrant reversal). To the extent that Defendant is challenging the specificity of the
12 officers’ recollections concerning the transfer and the content of the baggie [MIO 8],
13 we believe that this was a matter to be considered exclusively by the factfinder. See
14 State v. Salas, 1999-NMCA-099, ¶ 13, 127 N.M. 686, 986 P.2d 482 (recognizing that
15 it is for the factfinder to resolve any conflict in the testimony of the witnesses and to
16 determine where the weight and credibility lay).
17 Defendant also appears to raise a chain of custody challenge. Both officers
18 testified to the basic fact that a baggie had been discovered on Defendant’s person.
19 [MIO 8-9] We believe that the district court acted within its discretion in admitting
3 1 this evidence because it could rely on the credibility of the testimony, and it could
2 reject any break in the chain of custody as speculative. See State v. Peters,
3 1997-NMCA-084, ¶ 26, 123 N.M. 667, 944 P.2d 896 (noting abuse of discretion
4 standard and rule that the prosecution does not have to preclude all possibilities of any
5 break in the chain of custody). Finally, we believe that any challenge to the memory
6 of the lab technician with respect to testing went to the credibility of her testimony and
7 not to admissibility, particularly since there does not appear to be any dispute that she
8 was the individual who compiled the report. [MIO 9-11] She also stated that she
9 trusted that the gas chromatograph was calibrated and in working order. [MIO 6]
10 MISTRIAL
11 Defendant continues to claim that the district court should have declared a
12 mistrial after a document was presented that indicated the testing was being conducted
13 for drug trafficking prosecution. [MIO 11] The district court’s ruling on a motion for
14 a mistrial is addressed to the sound discretion of the court and will not be disturbed
15 absent a showing of abuse of discretion. State v. Fry, 2006-NMSC-001, ¶ 52, 138
16 N.M. 700, 126 P.3d 516 (filed 2005); State v. McDonald, 1998-NMSC-034, ¶ 26, 126
17 N.M. 44, 966 P.2d 752.
18 The district court instructed the jury that it should disregard the notation on the
19 document. [RP 52; MIO 5] In light of the fact that the document had already
4 1 appeared before the jury, this remedy was more effective than the alternative
2 requested by Defendant—that the notation be removed after it already appeared before
3 the jury. [DS 4] See State v. Simonson, 100 N.M. 297, 301, 669 P.2d 1092, 1096
4 (1983) (“The overwhelming New Mexico case law states that the prompt sustaining
5 of the objection and an admonition to disregard the answer cures any prejudicial effect
6 of inadmissible [evidence].”). Defendant would like us to consider whether there was
7 any reasonable possibility that the notation could have induced the jury verdict. [MIO
8 12] This is the analysis that applies where inadmissible evidence is intentionally
9 elicited by the prosecution. See State v. Gonzales, 2000-NMSC-028, ¶ 39, 129 N.M.
10 556, 11 P.3d 131. In this case, however, there is no showing that the prosecution
11 knew that the notation was on the report [MIO 4-5]; to the extent that the prosecution
12 had such knowledge, we believe that the district court was in a better position to make
13 this determination. To impute constructive knowledge onto the prosecution as a
14 matter of law would take Gonzales beyond its intended purpose—to punish the
15 prosecution for wilful misconduct.
16 WITNESS EXCLUSION
17 Defendant next argues that the district court erred in permitting Agent Verhulst
18 to be recalled for further testimony. [MIO 13] Defendant had invoked Rule 11-615
19 NMRA, and Agent Verhulst had remained in the courtroom during the lab
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please 2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated 4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does 5 not include the filing date. 6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. No. 30,304
10 BRYAN LEFEBRE,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN JUAN COUNTY 13 Thomas J. Hynes, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Santa Fe, NM 16 M. Victoria Wilson, Assistant Attorney General 17 Albuquerque, NM
18 for Appellee
19 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender 20 B. Douglas Wood III, Assistant Appellate Defender 21 Santa Fe, NM
22 for Appellant
23 MEMORANDUM OPINION
24 SUTIN, Judge. 1 Defendant appeals from an order of conditional discharge entered after a jury
2 found him guilty of possession of methamphetamine. We issued a calendar notice
3 proposing to reverse on a sentencing issue and affirm on all other issues. Defendant
4 has responded with a memorandum in opposition. [Ct. App. file] The State has filed
5 a response indicating that it agrees with our calendar notice.
6 SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
7 Defendant raised two issues challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to
8 support the jury verdict. [MIO 6; DS 6] A sufficiency of the evidence review
9 involves a two-step process. Initially, the evidence is viewed in the light most
10 favorable to the verdict. Then the appellate court must make a legal determination of
11 “whether the evidence viewed in this manner could justify a finding by any rational
12 trier of fact that each element of the crime charged has been established beyond a
13 reasonable doubt.” State v. Apodaca, 118 N.M. 762, 766, 887 P.2d 756, 760 (1994)
14 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
15 In order to support the jury’s verdict, the evidence had to show that Defendant
16 knowingly had methamphetamine in his possession. [RP 70] In his docketing
17 statement, although Defendant stated that he was raising a sufficiency challenge, his
18 specific claims appeared to challenge the admissibility of evidence. [DS 6] For
19 purposes of a sufficiency review, this Court considers even improperly admitted
2 1 evidence. See State v. Post, 109 N.M. 177, 181, 783 P.2d 487, 491 (Ct. App. 1989)
2 (“If all of the evidence, including the wrongfully admitted evidence, is sufficient, then
3 retrial following appeal is not barred [by the Double Jeopardy Clause].”).
4 Defendant’s first claim was one of hearsay, in that Officer Darby testified that
5 Officer Griego gave him a baggie and told him that he had found it on Defendant
6 during a search. [DS 2, 6] The court gave the jury a limiting instruction on this
7 testimony. [DS 2] Even if it had not, we do not deem this to be reversible error
8 because Officer Griego himself thereafter testified that he had given the baggie to
9 Officer Darby. [DS 3] See State v. Varela, 1999-NMSC-045, ¶ 37, 128 N.M. 454,
10 993 P.2d 1280 (observing that improperly admitted cumulative evidence does not
11 warrant reversal). To the extent that Defendant is challenging the specificity of the
12 officers’ recollections concerning the transfer and the content of the baggie [MIO 8],
13 we believe that this was a matter to be considered exclusively by the factfinder. See
14 State v. Salas, 1999-NMCA-099, ¶ 13, 127 N.M. 686, 986 P.2d 482 (recognizing that
15 it is for the factfinder to resolve any conflict in the testimony of the witnesses and to
16 determine where the weight and credibility lay).
17 Defendant also appears to raise a chain of custody challenge. Both officers
18 testified to the basic fact that a baggie had been discovered on Defendant’s person.
19 [MIO 8-9] We believe that the district court acted within its discretion in admitting
3 1 this evidence because it could rely on the credibility of the testimony, and it could
2 reject any break in the chain of custody as speculative. See State v. Peters,
3 1997-NMCA-084, ¶ 26, 123 N.M. 667, 944 P.2d 896 (noting abuse of discretion
4 standard and rule that the prosecution does not have to preclude all possibilities of any
5 break in the chain of custody). Finally, we believe that any challenge to the memory
6 of the lab technician with respect to testing went to the credibility of her testimony and
7 not to admissibility, particularly since there does not appear to be any dispute that she
8 was the individual who compiled the report. [MIO 9-11] She also stated that she
9 trusted that the gas chromatograph was calibrated and in working order. [MIO 6]
10 MISTRIAL
11 Defendant continues to claim that the district court should have declared a
12 mistrial after a document was presented that indicated the testing was being conducted
13 for drug trafficking prosecution. [MIO 11] The district court’s ruling on a motion for
14 a mistrial is addressed to the sound discretion of the court and will not be disturbed
15 absent a showing of abuse of discretion. State v. Fry, 2006-NMSC-001, ¶ 52, 138
16 N.M. 700, 126 P.3d 516 (filed 2005); State v. McDonald, 1998-NMSC-034, ¶ 26, 126
17 N.M. 44, 966 P.2d 752.
18 The district court instructed the jury that it should disregard the notation on the
19 document. [RP 52; MIO 5] In light of the fact that the document had already
4 1 appeared before the jury, this remedy was more effective than the alternative
2 requested by Defendant—that the notation be removed after it already appeared before
3 the jury. [DS 4] See State v. Simonson, 100 N.M. 297, 301, 669 P.2d 1092, 1096
4 (1983) (“The overwhelming New Mexico case law states that the prompt sustaining
5 of the objection and an admonition to disregard the answer cures any prejudicial effect
6 of inadmissible [evidence].”). Defendant would like us to consider whether there was
7 any reasonable possibility that the notation could have induced the jury verdict. [MIO
8 12] This is the analysis that applies where inadmissible evidence is intentionally
9 elicited by the prosecution. See State v. Gonzales, 2000-NMSC-028, ¶ 39, 129 N.M.
10 556, 11 P.3d 131. In this case, however, there is no showing that the prosecution
11 knew that the notation was on the report [MIO 4-5]; to the extent that the prosecution
12 had such knowledge, we believe that the district court was in a better position to make
13 this determination. To impute constructive knowledge onto the prosecution as a
14 matter of law would take Gonzales beyond its intended purpose—to punish the
15 prosecution for wilful misconduct.
16 WITNESS EXCLUSION
17 Defendant next argues that the district court erred in permitting Agent Verhulst
18 to be recalled for further testimony. [MIO 13] Defendant had invoked Rule 11-615
19 NMRA, and Agent Verhulst had remained in the courtroom during the lab
5 1 technician’s testimony. [MIO 5] Permitting a witness to retake the stand under these
2 circumstances is a matter within the discretion of the district court. See State v.
3 Kijowski, 85 N.M. 549, 550, 514 P.2d 306, 307 (Ct. App. 1973). It appears that Agent
4 Verhulst testified about why the report had a notation referring to trafficking, where
5 he indicated that he had made a mistake. [RP 51, 10:33:00] Given this limited
6 testimony, we do not believe that it was an abuse of discretion to recall him. See
7 Simonson, 100 N.M. at 301, 669 P.2d at 1096 (rejecting a Rule 11-615 challenge
8 where the witness was an expert and not a witness to the crime).
9 SENTENCE
10 Defendant has argued that the district court impermissibly sentenced him to a
11 probationary term that exceeded the statutory maximum. [DS 7] The district court
12 issued an order of conditional discharge pursuant to NMSA 1978, Section
13 31-20-13(A) (1994), which provides that where a defendant is found guilty of a
14 first-time felony for which a deferred or suspended sentence is statutorily authorized,
15 the court may, “without entering an adjudication of guilt, enter a conditional discharge
16 order and place the person on probation on terms and conditions authorized by
17 [NMSA 1978, Section 31-20-5 (2003) and NMSA 1978, Section 31-20-6 (2007)].”
18 Defendant has stated that the finding of guilt in this case related to a first conviction
19 for narcotics possession [DS 7], and the State has not disagreed with this statement.
6 1 Sentencing for a conditional discharge based on a first narcotics offense is
2 governed by NMSA 1978, Section 30-31-28(A) (1972), which provides for a
3 probationary term “not to exceed one year.” Here, Defendant received a probationary
4 term of eighteen months. [RP 92] Accordingly, we believe that Defendant’s
5 probationary term was not in accordance with this statute.
6 For the reasons stated in this opinion, we reverse and remand for re-sentencing
7 and affirm on all other issues.
8 IT IS SO ORDERED.
9 __________________________________ 10 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
11 WE CONCUR:
12 _________________________________ 13 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
14 _________________________________ 15 ROBERT E. ROBLES, Judge