[Cite as State v. Lacavera, 2012-Ohio-800.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION No. 96242
STATE OF OHIO
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE
vs.
WILLIAM LACAVERA DEFENDANT-APPELLANT
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case No. CR-539829
BEFORE: Jones, J., Stewart, P.J., and Rocco, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: March 1, 2012 ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
Thomas E. Conway 75 Public Square, Suite 700 Cleveland, Ohio 44113
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
William D. Mason Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
BY: Holly Welsh Brett Kyker Assistant County Prosecutors The Justice Center, 8th Floor 1200 Ontario Street Cleveland, Ohio 44113 LARRY A. JONES, SR., J.:
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, William Lacavera, appeals his convictions for
aggravated burglary, aggravated robbery, felonious assault, disrupting public service,
receiving stolen property, possessing criminal tools, kidnapping, forgery, and theft. For
the reasons that follow, we affirm his convictions but remand the case for a partial
resentencing.
Procedural History and Facts
{¶2} In 2010, Lacavera was charged in an 18-count indictment with two counts
each of aggravated burglary, aggravated robbery, kidnapping, felonious assault, and
forgery; four counts of theft; and one count each of disrupting public service, receiving
stolen property, misuse of credit cards, and possessing criminal tools. The matter
proceeded to a jury trial, at which the following pertinent evidence was presented.
{¶3} Betty DeGirolamo testified that in July 2010 she was 75 years old and
lived alone in her house in Parma. The house next door belonged to Lacavera’s
grandparents and he had lived in it for a short while after they died. DeGirolamo
testified she knew “Billy,” as she called Lacavera, since he was a child and had loaned
him $2500 to pay his bills in 2009. She also gave him $500 to fix her car and lent him
her car “off and on” “for a few months.” Lacavera never repaid the loan.
{¶4} Around 11:15 a.m. on July 5, 2010, a man knocked on DeGirolamo’s back
door. He asked for Billy. DeGirolamo, who was hard of hearing, opened the locked
door. The man pushed the door in and shoved DeGirolamo up against the wall. The man asked her where the money was and then pushed her down the basement stairs. The
man followed DeGirolamo down into the basement, raised a “tire iron” up from behind
his back, ripped the phone from the wall, and asked her again where she kept her money.
He told her to lay there and keep her “big F’ing mouth shut.”
{¶5} DeGirolamo told the man where her purse was located. He went upstairs
and she could hear him rummaging around the house. He left shortly thereafter but
DeGirolamo was unable to get up. She laid on the floor until later that afternoon when
her niece stopped by to take the garbage out.
{¶6} DeGirolamo was transported to the hospital by ambulance. She suffered a
concussion, numerous abrasions and cuts, and spent ten days in the hospital. The man,
later identified as Alvie Williams, had stolen DeGirolamo’s wallet and a lockbox that
contained her and her late husband’s wedding rings, her engagement ring, money, and
personal papers.
{¶7} Parma police responded to the scene, processed the house, and recovered a
“pry bar” that had been left on DeGirolamo’s bed. Police recovered DNA from
Williams on the interior of the back door and DNA from Williams, Lacavera, and an
“unknown individual” on the pry bar.
{¶8} Parma police officer Thurston Voisine testified that shortly after the
burglary he and two other officers went to Lacavera’s house in Brookpark and spoke with
his girlfriend in the backyard. They found Lacavera hiding behind his pool. They
asked Lacavera where he was earlier in the day and he told the officers he had gone grocery shopping. Officer Voisine told Lacavera that his truck had been spotted in the
area of a break-in and Lacavera stated that he went to his grandparent’s house to check on
it because there had recently been burglaries in the area. Lacavera consented to a search
of his truck, but the officers did not find anything associated with the crimes. Lacavera
was not arrested at this time.
{¶9} Williams testified that he met Lacavera in December 2009 through a drug
connection. He testified that his relationship with Lacavera “revolved” around drugs.
On July 5, he received a call from Lacavera, and the two men discussed “robbing”
DeGirolamo’s house. Lacavera told Williams it would be an “easy lick” and no one
would be home. Williams testified that Lacavera originally brought up the idea of
breaking into DeGirolamo’s house a week or two prior to July 5.
{¶10} According to Williams, Lacavera picked him up at his house in Cleveland
and was driving his white Ford pickup. They drove to Parma and parked the truck at
Lacavera’s grandparent’s house. They went inside, spoke briefly, and then Williams
walked over to DeGirolamo’s house. Williams testified that he heard a television on
inside the house so he knocked on the door. Williams stated he was surprised when
DeGirolamo answered the door because Lacavera had told him no one would home. He
admitted to pushing DeGirolamo down the basement stairs and stealing her wallet and
lockbox.
{¶11} When Williams returned to Lacavera, he told him that he had pushed “an
elderly woman” down the stairs but Lacavera “did not seem too concerned.” {¶12} Williams testified that the two men left, drove to Cleveland, and spent the
stolen money on “some pills.” They then went to Williams’s house where they shared
the pills with Williams’s girlfriend, Rhanjani Rosado. Lacavera, Williams, and Rosado,
then drove to several grocery stores where Rosado used the stolen credit card. A
surveillance video tape entered into evidence showed Lacavera driving his truck into the
parking lot of Dave’s Supermarket with Williams and Rosado. Williams and Rosado went
into the grocery store while Lacavera stayed in his car. Lacavera also used the stolen
credit card to buy gas.
{¶13} The three separated and Williams and Rosado continued to use the stolen
credit card at various stores. Later the same day, Lacavera picked Williams up and
drove him to Sandusky, Ohio, to try and sell the coins that had been in the lockbox, but
they did not end up selling them.
{¶14} Williams testified that he tried to use the stolen credit card the next day, but
the card had been cancelled. He went and pawned the coins and jewelry; Williams
received $837 for the items, which he kept.
{¶15} On July 15, the police arrested Williams and Rosado at home. Both gave
oral and written statements implicating Lacavera. During his testimony, Williams
verified phone records of text messages he had sent to Lacavera leading up to and after
the burglary. Williams testified that he pled guilty to burglary and robbery and agreed to
testify against Lacavera.
{¶16} Rosado testified that she lived with Williams and knew Lacavera because he and Williams spoke every day. Lacavera would call Williams searching for Oxycontin.
On July 5, Williams received a call from Lacavera who later came to pick Williams up in
his white truck. When the men returned, Williams had a credit card that he told Rosado
belonged to his grandmother. She admitted to using the credit card at several stores to
buy things for Williams and clothes and shoes for her kids.
{¶17} Rosado testified that later in the day Williams received another call from
Lacavera. Lacavera picked Williams up. The two men returned to Williams’s house
around 10:30 p.m. A week later, Rosado asked Williams about the credit card. Rosado
then called Lacavera, who told her it was “from a lick.” When Rosado and Williams
were arrested on July 15, Rosado told officers she had used the credit card but did not
know it was stolen. She made oral and written statements to the detective and made a
second written statement in October 2010. Rosado testified she pled guilty to one count
each of forgery and obstructing justice and agreed to testify against Lacavera.
{¶18} Parma police detective David Milter testified regarding his investigation into
the home invasion. He testified that when he first spoke with Lacavera on July 8,
Lacavera was only “a person of interest” in the case; Lacavera denied being involved in
the burglary.
{¶19} After Detective Milter reviewed the credit card records from DeGirolamo’s
bank, he and another detective went to the stores where her credit card had been used and
viewed surveillance video. An employee of CVS pharmacy identified Rosado. He
arrested Williams and Rosado at their house and Rosado identified Lacavera. {¶20} Later that day, Lacavera came to the police station and was shown a photo
line-up with Williams’s picture in it. He did not identify Williams as someone he knew.
The detective then advised Lacavera of his rights and showed him surveillance photos of
Rosado and Williams. At that time, Lacavera acknowledged knowing the couple. He
also identified his white truck. He told the detective that he had given the couple a ride
to the grocery store and also admitted to recently using drugs.
{¶21} Based on the evidence presented at trial, the jury convicted Lacavera of one
count of aggravated burglary, aggravated robbery, felonious assault, disrupting public
service, receiving stolen property, and possessing criminal tools; two counts of
kidnapping and forgery; and three counts of theft. The trial court sentenced Lacavera to
a total of six years in prison.
{¶22} It is from this conviction that Lacavera now appeals, raising the following
three assignments of error for our review:
I. The trial court erred in failing to grant appellant’s motion for judgment of acquittal on the charges of [aggravated burglary], [kidnapping], [aggravated robbery], and [felonious assault.]
II. The jury’s verdicts of guilty as to all counts of which appellant was found guilty were against the manifest weight of the evidence.
III. The offenses of [aggravated burglary], [kidnapping], [aggravated robbery], and [felonious assault] were allied offenses of similar import and should merge for purposes of sentencing.
Sufficiency and Manifest Weight of the Evidence
{¶23} Although sufficiency and manifest weight are different legal concepts,
manifest weight may subsume sufficiency in conducting the analysis; that is, a finding that a conviction is supported by the manifest weight of the evidence necessarily includes
a finding of sufficiency. State v. McCrary, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-881, 2011-Ohio-3161,
2011 WL 2536451, ¶ 11, citing State v. Braxton, 10th Dist. No. 04AP-725,
2005-Ohio-2198, 2005 WL 1055819, ¶ 15. Thus, a determination that a conviction is
supported by the weight of the evidence will also be dispositive of the issue of
sufficiency. Id. We find the manifest weight of the evidence argument dispositive
here.
{¶24} The weight of the evidence concerns the inclination of the greater amount of
credible evidence offered to support one side of the issue rather than the other. State v.
Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 1997-Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541. Although there
may be sufficient evidence to support a judgment, a court may nevertheless conclude that
a judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Id.
{¶25} When presented with a challenge to the manifest weight of the evidence, an
appellate court may not merely substitute its view for that of the trier of fact, but must
review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the
credibility of witnesses and determine whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the
trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the
conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. Id. An appellate court should
reserve reversal of a conviction as being against the manifest weight of the evidence for
only the most “exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the
conviction.” Id. {¶26} Lacavera argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his
convictions for aggravated burglary, kidnapping, aggravated robbery, and felonious
assault and these convictions were against the manifest weight of the evidence.1
{¶27} Lacavera claims that because Williams testified that Lacavera told him no
one would be home at the victim’s house, there was no evidence that he was complicit in
the crimes because he did not intend for DeGirolamo to get hurt. Lacavera claims that
Williams, on his own accord, harmed DeGirolamo and Lacavera could not be held
accountable for anything Williams chose to do when he encountered the victim. We
disagree.
{¶28} The state proceeded on a theory that Lacavera was complicit in the crimes
because he aided and abetted Williams. “To support a conviction for complicity by
aiding and abetting pursuant to R.C. 2923.03(A)(2), the evidence must show that the
defendant supported, assisted, encouraged, cooperated with, advised, or incited the
principal in the commission of the crime, and that the defendant shared the criminal intent
of the principal. Such intent may be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the
crime.” State v. Johnson, 93 Ohio St.3d 240, 2001-Ohio-1336, 754 N.E.2d 796, syllabus.
“Participation in criminal intent may be inferred from presence, companionship and
conduct before and after the offense is committed.” Id. at 245, quoting State v. Pruett,
28 Ohio App.2d 29, 34, 273 N.E.2d 884 (4th Dist. 1971).
Lacavera does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence as to the remaining counts for 1
which he was convicted; therefore, we will not consider whether the state provided sufficient evidence to sustain those convictions or whether they were against the manifest weight of the evidence. {¶29} A defendant is presumed to have intended the reasonably foreseeable,
natural, and probable consequences of his acts. State v. Clark, 55 Ohio St.2d 257, 379
N.E.2d 597 (1978); State v. Lockett, 49 Ohio St.2d 48, 358 N.E.2d 1062 (1976); State v.
Farmer, 156 Ohio St. 214, 102 N.E.2d 11 (1951). This presumption is rebuttable and the
matter is one ultimately for the trier of fact. State v. Wright, 2d Dist. No. CA 6394, 1980
WL 352497 (Sep. 30, 1980).
{¶30} Lacavera claims that the state provided insufficient evidence that he was
complicit in harming the victim because he did not think she would be home at the time
of the burglary. But in Lockett, the Ohio Supreme Court recognized that a defendant
may be convicted as an aider or abettor when there is no prior criminal plan to commit a
specific act. Specifically, the Court found that the record established
“that the appellant participated in the planning and commission of the robbery and acquiesced in the use of a deadly weapon to accomplish the robbery. Under these circumstances, it might be reasonably expected by all the participants that the victim’s life would be endangered by the manner and means of performing the act conspired.” Id. at 62.
The Court concluded, “the appellant, as well as the other participants is bound by all the
consequences naturally and probably arising from the furtherance of the conspiracy to
commit the robbery.” Id.
{¶31} Likewise, here, Lacavera is bound by the consequence that arose from the
conspiracy he and Williams had to commit the burglary. There was ample evidence at
trial that Lacavera organized the commission of the crime. He called Williams and told
him that burglarizing the victim’s home would be “an easy lick.” Lacavera had lived next door to DeGirolamo and had previously borrowed money from her and her car.
DeGirolamo testified at trial that she saw Lacavera’s truck in his grandparents’ driveway
on the day of the burglary. Williams testified that Lacavera drove him to DeGirolamo’s
house and waited next door while the crimes were committed. The two men then left
and went to buy drugs with the money Williams took from DeGirolamo’s home.
Williams further testified that he told Lacavera that he had pushed the elderly victim
down the stairs and Lacavera did not appear concerned. Lacavera then drove Williams
and Rosado to different stores so they could use the victim’s credit card. Finally,
physical evidence linked Lacavera to the crime as his DNA was found on the prybar
Williams left in DeGirolamo’s home.
{¶32} Based on these facts, the jury did not lose its way or create a manifest
miscarriage of justice in convicting Lacavera. Accordingly, his convictions were not
against the manifest weight of the evidence. This conclusion is also dispositive of his
claim that his convictions were not supported by sufficient evidence.
{¶33} The first and second assignments of error are overruled.
Sentencing
{¶34} In the third assignment of error, Lacavera argues that his convictions for
aggravated burglary, kidnapping, aggravated robbery, and felonious assault should have
merged because they were allied offenses of similar import.
{¶35} When a defendant’s conduct results in the commission of two or more
“allied” offenses of similar import, that conduct can be charged separately, but the defendant can be convicted and sentenced for only one offense. R.C. 2941.25(A). In
2010, the Ohio Supreme Court modified the test for determining whether offenses are
allied offenses of similar import. State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 1405,
2010-Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d 1061. The Court directed trial courts to look at the
elements of the offenses in question and determine whether it is possible to commit one
offense and commit the other with the same conduct, not whether it is possible to commit
one without committing the other. Id. at ¶ 46.
{¶36} If the answer to such question is in the affirmative, the court must then
determine whether the offenses were committed by the same conduct. If the answer to
the above two questions is yes, then the offenses are allied offenses of similar import and
must merge. If, however, the court determines that commission of one offense will never
result in the commission of the other, or if there is a separate animus for each offense,
then the offenses will not merge. Id. at ¶ 48-51.
{¶37} Lacavera maintains that his convictions were allied because he, as
Williams’s co-conspirator, committed them with the same animus; therefore, they should
have merged for the purposes of sentencing. As it pertains to this assignment of error,
Lacavera was convicted of kidnapping, in violation of R.C. 2905.01(A)(2); aggravated
robbery, in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(3); felonious assault, in violation of R.C.
2903.11(A)(1); and aggravated burglary, in violation of R.C. 2911.11(A)(1). We will
consider each conviction in turn.
Kidnapping, Aggravated Robbery, and Felonious Assault {¶38} Lacavera was convicted of aggravated robbery, in violation of R.C.
2911.01(A)(3), which reads:
(A) No person, in attempting or committing a theft offense, as defined in section 2913.01 of the Revised Code, or in fleeing immediately after the attempt or offense, shall do any of the following:
***
(3) Inflict, or attempt to inflict, serious physical harm on another.
{¶39} Lacavera was further convicted of kidnapping, in violation of R.C.
2905.01(A)(2):
(A) No person, by force, threat, or deception, * * * shall remove another from the place where the other person is found or restrain the liberty of the other person, for any of the following purposes:
(2) To facilitate the commission of any felony or flight thereafter.
{¶40} Lacavera was convicted of felonious assault pursuant to R.C.
2903.11(A)(1), which provides: “No person shall knowingly * * * [c]ause serious
physical harm to another * * *.”
{¶41} In State v. Hicks, 8th Dist. No. 95169, 2011-Ohio-2780, 2011 WL 2376467,
¶ 11, we noted the following guidelines first set forth in State v. Logan, 60 Ohio St.2d
126, 397 N.E.2d 1345 (1979), to determine “whether kidnapping and an offense of
similar import are committed with separate animus” were still applicable. In Logan, the
Ohio Supreme Court held that:
(a) Where the restraint or movement of the victim is merely incidental to a separate underlying crime, there exists no separate animus sufficient to sustain separate convictions; however, where the restraint is prolonged, the confinement is secretive, or the movement is substantial so as to demonstrate a significance independent of the other offense, there exists a separate animus as to each offense sufficient to support separate convictions;
(b) Where the asportation or restraint of the victim subjects the victim to a substantial increase in risk of harm separate and apart from that involved in the underlying crime, there exists a separate animus as to each offense sufficient to support separate convictions. Logan, at the syllabus.
{¶42} In this case, there is nothing in the record that would lead us to conclude that
the type or length of restraint Williams used against DeGirolamo satisfies any of the
factors set forth in Logan such that the kidnapping was not an allied offense of similar
import to aggravated robbery and felonious assault. The victim’s “restraint of
movement” was incidental to the robbery of her property and the serious physical harm
Williams caused. Accordingly, the trial court should have merged these charges prior to
sentencing. State v. Fears, 86 Ohio St.3d 329, 344, 715 N.E.2d 136 (1999); State v.
Stall, 3d Dist. No. 3-10-12, 2011-Ohio-5733, 2011 WL 5353506; State v. Wilson, 8th
Dist. No. 91971, 2010-Ohio-1196, 2010 WL 1110973, affirmed by 129 Ohio St.3d 214,
2011-Ohio-266, 951 N.E.2d 381; State v. Hicks, 8th Dist. No. 95169, 2011-Ohio-2780,
2011 WL 2376467, ¶ 18.
{¶43} Next, we consider whether the felonious assault and aggravated robbery
merge and find that they do. Williams committed the felonious assault when he
knowingly caused serious physical harm to the victim by pushing her down her basement
steps. He completed the offense of aggravated robbery when he then stole her property.
We find that the offenses were committed with the same animus. See generally State v. Darnell, 5th Dist. No. 10 CAA 10 0083, 2011-Ohio-3647, 2011 WL 3057333.
Aggravated Burglary
{¶44} Finally, in considering whether the aggravated burglary is allied to the
convictions for felonious assault, kidnapping, and aggravated robbery, we find that it is.
{¶45} Aggravated burglary, in violation of R.C. 2911.11(A)(1), provides:
(A) No person, by force, stealth, or deception, shall trespass in an occupied structure or in a separately secured or separately occupied portion of an occupied structure, when another person other than an accomplice of the offender is present, with purpose to commit in the structure or in the separately secured or separately occupied portion of the structure any criminal offense, if any of the following apply:
(1) The offender inflicts, or attempts or threatens to inflict physical harm on another;
* * *.
{¶46} There is little doubt that it is possible to commit the aggravated burglary and
commit the aggravated robbery, kidnapping, and felonious assault as charged with the
same conduct. Moreover, based on this record, the aggravated burglary was committed
with the same animus as the felonious assault, kidnapping, and aggravated robbery.
Although one could argue that Lacavera and Williams only had the initial intent to
burglarize the victim’s home and that intent was separate from the intent to harm her once
Williams discovered she was present in the house, Lacavera was convicted of a violation
of R.C. 2911.11(A)(1). Williams’s breaking into the house and inflicting physical harm
on the victim by pushing her down the stairs (and thus completing the aggravated
burglary) occurred as part of the same transaction as the other crimes. Therefore, it was committed with the same animus.
{¶47} In sum, Lacavera may be found guilty of felonious assault, kidnapping,
aggravated robbery, and aggravated burglary but sentenced for only one. Therefore, the
case is remanded for resentencing on these charges. At the sentencing hearing, it is the
state that will elect which allied offense it will pursue against Lacavera. State v.
Whitfield, 124 Ohio St.3d 319, 2010-Ohio-2, 922 N.E.2d 182, ¶ 25.
{¶48} Therefore, the conviction is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and the case is
remanded for resentencing as outlined above.
It is ordered that appellant and appellee split the costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common
pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction having
been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case remanded to the trial court
for execution of sentence.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
LARRY A. JONES, SR., JUDGE KENNETH A. ROCCO, J., CONCURS; MELODY J. STEWART, P.J., CONCURS IN JUDGMENT ONLY