IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 16-0964 Filed December 6, 2017
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
ALEXANDER MATTHEW KOZAK, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Johnson County, Christopher L.
Bruns, Judge.
Alexander Matthew Kozak appeals his conviction for first-degree murder
following a jury trial. AFFIRMED.
Alfredo G. Parrish of Parrish Kruidenier Dunn Boles Gribble Gentry Brown
& Bergmann L.L.P., Des Moines, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Genevieve Reinkoester, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee.
Heard by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Potterfield and McDonald, JJ. 2
VAITHESWARAN, Presiding Judge.
Alexander Matthew Kozak worked at the Coral Ridge Mall in Coralville,
Iowa. He engaged in a verbal and electronic, semi-romantic relationship with a
woman who worked at the mall, Andrea Farrington. When Farrington broke off the
relationship, Kozak retrieved his gun, went to the mall, and shot her. Farrington
died despite the heroic resuscitation efforts of a former combat medic, two nurses,
and a landscaper, among others.
The State charged Kozak with first-degree murder. A jury found him guilty
as charged.
On appeal, Kozak contends: (1) the State engaged in prosecutorial
misconduct in cross-examining his expert about Kozak’s mental state; (2) the
district court abused its discretion in allowing evidence of certain admissions he
made to law enforcement officers; (3) the State improperly referenced his decision
not to testify; and (4) the trial was infected with cumulative error.
I. Prosecutorial Misconduct in Questioning of Expert
Kozak frames the first issue as follows: “The State denied [him] due process
when, in violation of a sustained motion in limine, it invaded the jury’s province and
questioned a witness regarding [his] ability to plan, deliberate, and premeditate.”
The procedural history informing this issue is as follows.
Before trial, Kozak notified the court of his intent to rely on a diminished
responsibility defense. At the same time, he identified Dr. Andrew C. High as an
expert witness. The State filed a motion in limine, seeking to preclude Dr. High
from testifying to Kozak’s “mental status or condition,” on the ground that he was
unqualified to do so. The State explained Dr. High was “a Communication Studies 3
professor” and “[a]ny testimony from him would be irrelevant.” The State followed
up with a second motion in limine, reiterating the irrelevance of Dr. High’s
testimony. The defense responded with its own motion seeking “to prohibit” the
testimony of the State’s experts “regarding . . . Kozak’s mental state and whether
he was capable of forming the requisite specific intent to commit the charged
offense.”
At a hearing on the motions, the district court addressed the question
“whether experts should be permitted to state an opinion . . . on the ultimate legal
standards in the case,” which was “whether Mr. Kozak did or did not form specific
intent.” The court disallowed testimony on the legal standard, as follows:
As a general rule, experts are not allowed to render the opinion to the legal standard. Rather, they can talk about the factual predicate to the legal standard or the factual basis. And I would expect that all the experts in this case, to the extent they are testifying, will limit themselves to testimony as to the factual predicate and not stray beyond that. And I would apply that to both sides of the case. We shouldn’t hear Mr. Kozak did or didn’t have specific intent, because that’s really not a proper question. . . . [T]hat would be my ruling there.
(Emphasis added.) The court reserved ruling on the State’s motion to preclude
Dr. High’s testimony as irrelevant pending an offer of proof on the nature of his
opinions. Following the offer of proof, the court denied the State’s motion,
reasoning, “The standard for relevance in Iowa is exceptionally broad,” and Dr.
High’s proposed testimony goes “to the issue of whether [Kozak] may have
‘Antisocial Personality Disorder.’”
At trial, Dr. High testified to “whether or not certain people communicate
easier electronically as opposed to in person.” He opined, “[T]he Internet is an
attractive channel of communication. It’s easier to present or express yourself 4
online than it is face-to-face. We talk a lot about face threat in communication. It
can be less face threatening to present yourself online.” He further opined that
online communication “can” create some ambiguity because many “nonverbal
cues” are lost. Finally, he stated certain text messages between Kozak and
Farrington evinced “a relationship with some commitment, some intimacy,” which
he characterized as an “off and on sort of relationship.” In his view, “[P]eople who
communicate primarily on line can certainly experience as intimate and committed
a relationship as they can face-to-face,” but it was “hard to say about this
relationship in particular.”
On cross-examination, the prosecutor asked Dr. High the following
questions:
Q. Just to clear up for the jury—you’re not a psychologist, right? A. I am not. Q. And you’re not a psychiatrist? A. I am not. Q. So you don’t have any information to share with [the jury] on [Kozak’s] mental state, correct? A. I do not. Q. And you cannot speak to his ability to plan, correct? A. I cannot. Q. Or his ability to deliberate? A. No. Q. Or premeditate? A. No.
At this juncture, Kozak’s attorney asked to approach the bench. Following a short
unreported conference, the court gave the jury the following cautionary instruction:
Ladies and gentleman, you just heard a series of questions from . . . State’s counsel of this witness that encompass certain terms. I am going to strike those questions and answers. I’m going to admonish you to not consider those questions and answers when you do your deliberations in this case. I’ve previously given you a cautionary instruction on the terms such as deliberation, premeditation and intent. Those are legal terms that will be defined for you in the jury instructions and it is the Court’s role to define those terms and your role to assess the evidence in determining whether those elements have been established. 5
Kozak moved for a mistrial. The district court denied the motion, reasoning as
follows:
[M]y ruling on the motion in limine was that no expert would be allowed to render any opinion using the legal standards set by the Court. I think that the motion in limine was violated here, although I think it’s a very technical violation. I’m unable to find that was intentional. I think [defense counsel] has raised an additional wrinkle here that was not addressed when we discussed the motion in limine. And that is that not only should the experts not be allowed to render opinions on the ultimate issues, but neither party should be pointing out the fact that I prohibited the experts from rendering opinions on the ultimate issues. I think the violation is a technical one and I do not think it is one that has tainted the trial in any way that would require a mistrial. I would caution counsel, I don’t want to hear those ultimate terms of art asked in any questions. Your experts need to be prepared to testify without using any of those ultimate terms of art.
After the jury found Kozak guilty, the defense moved for a new trial,
asserting, “Prosecutorial misconduct occurred when the State intentionally asked
[Dr. High] about whether he had an opinion as to Kozak’s actions being deliberate,
intentional, or premeditated.” The district court reconsidered its earlier finding of a
“technical violation,” stating categorically that the ruling “did not prohibit [the
prosecutor’s] questions.” In the alternative, the court found the questions and
answers “harmless.” The court denied the new trial motion.
With this procedural background in mind, we turn to the standard for review
of new trial and mistrial motions premised on prosecutorial misconduct. Kozak
contends his prosecutorial misconduct claim is grounded in the constitution’s
requirement of a fair trial, triggering a de novo standard of review. However, the
Iowa Supreme Court recently reaffirmed that rulings on claims of prosecutorial
misconduct are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See State v. Plain, 898 6
N.W.2d 801, 810-11 (Iowa 2017) (citing State v. Jacobs, 607 N.W.2d 679, 689
(Iowa 2000)). This standard applies even where the claim is “that the defendant
was deprived of a fair trial under our doctrines of prosecutorial error and
prosecutorial misconduct.” Id. at 818. In light of Plain, we review the district court’s
denial of Kozak’s new trial motion as to Dr. High for an abuse of discretion. See
id. at 810-11. We review the court’s denial of Kozak’s mistrial motion under the
same standard. See id.
The law governing “challenges based on prosecutorial behavior” is as
[W]e first determine whether the prosecutor violated a duty to the defendant. If so, we consider whether that violation was intentional or reckless. An intentional or reckless violation amounts to prosecutorial misconduct while an unintentional violation amounts only to prosecutorial error. We then determine whether the error caused prejudice.
Id. at 818-19 (citations omitted).
We begin with the duty prong. Under Iowa Rule of Evidence 5.704, “An
opinion is not objectionable just because it embraces an ultimate issue.” But “[a]
witness cannot opine on a legal conclusion or whether the facts of the case meet
a given legal standard.” In re Palmer, 691 N.W.2d 413, 419 (Iowa 2005), overruled
on other grounds by Alcala v. Marriott Int’l, Inc., 880 N.W.2d 699, 708 n.3 (Iowa
2016). “Such an opinion would be of no value to the jury.” Id.; see Iowa R. Evid.
5.702 (mandating expert testimony “help the trier of fact to understand the
evidence or to determine a fact in issue”).
The prosecutor’s first two questions seeking confirmation that Dr. High was
neither a psychiatrist nor a psychologist were appropriate because defense 7
counsel represented Dr. High’s testimony would lay a foundation for later testimony
on Kozak’s mental health diagnosis. Those questions simply pointed out Dr.
High’s lack of qualification to address the diagnosis. The questions limited the
scope of his testimony and did not raise a legal standard.
The prosecutor’s fourth question concerning Kozak’s ability to plan also did
not invoke a legal standard. As the district court stated, “Planning I’m a little less
caught up in because that is a very common term in the English language.”
The prosecutor’s final two questions—seeking to confirm Dr. High had no
information on Kozak’s ability to deliberate or premeditate—were the problematic
questions. Although they did not seek an opinion on a legal conclusion or whether
the facts of the case met a legal standard, the questions implied those legal
propositions were established. More significantly, they violated the express
language of the district court’s original ruling on the defense motion in limine, which
required “all the experts” to “limit themselves to testimony as to the factual
predicate.”
That said, the defense had notice from the offer of proof that the prosecutor
would likely tread this ground, yet did not raise an objection when the prosecutor
asked Dr. High during the offer of proof whether he could “say anything” about
“diminished responsibility” and whether Kozak had “a mental defect that would
prevent him from forming premeditation, deliberation or specific intent.” Notably,
the court had earlier instructed the attorneys to “work with [their] experts and come
up with properly formulated questions so [opinions on legal conclusions were] not
an issue,” and the prosecutor had expressed a willingness to do so. Because the
defense did not raise a concern about the prosecutor’s questions during the offer 8
of proof, the prosecutor may have believed her subsequent trial questions about
deliberation and premeditation did not offend the court’s limine ruling. In this
context, we conclude the prosecutor’s questions about deliberation and
premeditation were not intentional or reckless, and the questions amounted to
prosecutorial error rather than prosecutorial misconduct.
We turn to the prejudice prong, which has been applied to prosecutorial
error as well as prosecutorial misconduct. See Plain, 898 N.W.2d at 820. In
determining prejudice, we consider
(1) the severity and pervasiveness of the [error]; (2) the significance of the [error] to the central issues in the case; (3) the strength of the State’s evidence; (4) the use of cautionary instructions or other curative measures; and (5) the extent to which the defense invited the [error].
Id. Although the error went to the central issue in the case—Kozak’s mental
state—the evidence was not pervasive. See State v. Escobedo, 573 N.W.2d 271,
277 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997) (“Prejudice ordinarily results from persistent efforts to
inject prejudicial matter before the jury.”). Kozak’s attorney conceded as much in
the district court, noting the trial generally had been “free of errors” and was one
of the “cleaner record[s]” he had seen over the years. We concur in this
assessment. The attorneys questioned forty-three witnesses over two weeks and
their conduct as a whole was zealous but professional.
Significantly, the error in the prosecutor’s cross-examination of Dr. High was
immediately cured; the court struck the exchange and gave a cautionary
instruction. See Plain, 898 N.W.2d at 815 (“Generally, a district court’s decision
not to grant a mistrial but to offer a cautionary instruction instead is entitled to broad
deference,” and “[c]autionary instructions are sufficient to mitigate the prejudicial 9
impact of inadmissible evidence ‘in all but the most extreme cases.’” (citations
omitted)). And, while we are not convinced defense counsel invited the error, the
prosecutor may have perceived the error as invited.
Finally, the evidence of guilt was strong. After being apprehended, Kozak
agreed to a recorded interview with law enforcement officers. He matter-of-factly
described his relationship with Farrington as limited to verbal interactions at work
and text messaging, but he suggested the relationship was more than platonic. In
his words, “[W]e were something; a sick and twisted something.” The night before
the shooting, he said he received a text from Farrington calling off their
relationship. The following day, Farrington sent another text confirming the end of
their relationship. After receiving this message, Kozak left work before the end of
his shift, went directly home to get his gun, returned to the mall, parked in a
handicapped spot so it would be easy to get in and out, walked to Farrington’s
work area, pulled the gun out of his pocket, and shot Farrington three times in her
back. He said he was only planning to shoot her once but “squeezed off three
instead.” He admitted he gave “serious thought” to the shooting and “was fully
aware the whole time.” In his words, “I thought of it and I carried it out.”
Multiple witnesses corroborated the shooting. A teenager at the mall with
her sister saw Kozak just before the shooting and described him as “focused” and
“on a mission” and his demeanor as “very suspicious.” An off-duty law
enforcement officer who saw Kozak just after the shooting testified there “was an
eerie calmness about him as he walked.”
The gun used in the shooting was recovered from a compactor outside one
of the mall service doors. The gun matched the description provided by Kozak. 10
Kozak’s medical expert conceded Kozak “absolutely” was able to plan and
carry out actions that he wanted to do on the day of the shooting and was able to
show “planned, purposeful behavior” before, during, and after the shooting. The
expert made this concession after diagnosing Kozak with intermittent explosive
disorder and underlying borderline personality disorder.
In sum, Kozak suffered no prejudice by virtue of the prosecutor’s error in
questioning Dr. High about deliberation and premeditation. We conclude the
district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Kozak’s mistrial motion and
motion for new trial on this ground.
II. Kozak’s Admissions
During the recorded law enforcement interview discussed above, Kozak
used legal terms in characterizing his actions. He said he committed
“premeditative murder,” stated the term meant “there was some serious thought to
it and it was deliberate,” and agreed he shot Farrington with the intent to kill her.
Kozak’s motion in limine sought to preclude the introduction of his “prior
statements which encompass the legal conclusion of specific intent,” including
“statements . . . that the shooting was done ‘deliberately, ‘intentionally’, or ‘with
premeditation.’” At the pretrial hearing on the motion, the district court found the
statements were “not couched so clearly in legal terms that they would be
inadmissible.” The court stated it was inclined to allow the evidence, subject to a
limiting instruction.
At trial, Kozak’s attorney objected to the admission of the statements. Citing
rule 5.704, he argued, “No witness under Iowa law, including the Defendant, can
offer any evidence that goes to the ultimate issue.” The prosecutor responded, 11
“It’s probably the best evidence to let the Defendant explain what he was thinking
and what he was intending.”
The district court overruled the defense objection, reasoning rule 5.704 was
“not a basis to exclude the evidence” because this was “an admission or alleged
admission by [Kozak].” The court balanced the probative value of the evidence
against its prejudicial effect and concluded “the potential of misleading or confusing
the jury would have to be extremely high to . . . substantially outweigh the probative
value” and “giving a cautionary instruction [would] reduce the potential of
misleading or confusing the jury.” But, even in the absence of an instruction, the
court concluded the probative value was “very high.” The court reaffirmed its
pretrial ruling.
The audio recording of the interview was admitted as a trial exhibit and was
played for the jury in open court. A transcript of the recording was admitted as a
court exhibit but was not sent back with the jury during deliberations. After the
playback, the court gave the jury the following cautionary instruction:
Members of the Jury, you’ve just heard a recorded conversation between [Kozak], Special Agent Rahn, and Officer Engstler. During the conversation, the terms premeditation, deliberation, and intent or variations of those terms may have been used. Those terms have precise legal definitions which may not have been understood by the persons taking part in the conversation. Those terms are legal standards to be used by you when reaching your verdict and will be defined for you by the Court in the final jury instructions. The use of those terms in the conversation does not necessarily mean that [Kozak] acted with premeditation, deliberation, or intent, as those terms are defined by the law. In deciding this case, you are to rely on the definitions of premeditation, deliberation, and intent that will be provided to you in the final jury instructions and you must evaluate the evidence in this case using the definitions in the final jury instructions. 12
Further you are to consider all the evidence in this case in deciding whether [Kozak] acted with premeditation, deliberation, and/or intent.
Following trial, Kozak moved for a new trial based on the district court’s failure to
exclude the statements incorporating legal “terms of art.” The district court denied
the motion.
On appeal, Kozak contends “It was unfairly prejudicial to introduce [his] use
of legal terms of art to describe his intent and actions.” He argues his statements
run afoul of the rule that “a witness cannot opine on a legal conclusion or whether
the facts of the case meet a given legal standard.” Our review of this issue is for
an abuse of discretion. State v. Rodriguez, 636 N.W.2d 234, 239 (Iowa 2001). We
discern no abuse.
Kozak’s reference to the “premeditative” nature of his crime was neither
prompted nor coerced but came in response to the agent’s open-ended question,
“What crime have you committed?” The agent followed-up by asking what
premeditation meant to Kozak. He responded, “It means . . . there was some
serious thought to it and it was deliberate.” After this response, the agent asked,
“[A]nd when you said it was deliberate, meaning shooting [Farrington]?” Kozak
responded, “Yes, sir.” The agent then asked, “Okay. With the intent to kill her?”
Kozak responded, “Yes.” While this final answer was prompted by the agent’s
question, the question flowed directly from Kozak’s definition of premeditation.
There could not have been more probative evidence of Kozak’s state of
mind than his own characterization of what he was thinking at the time of the
shooting. As the district court determined, Kozak’s statements amounted to direct
admissions of his state of mind. See Iowa R. Evid. 5.801(d)(2); compare Direct 13
Evidence, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) (“evidence that is based on
personal knowledge or observation and that, if true, proves a fact without inference
or presumption”) with Opinion Testimony, Black’s Law Dictionary (“[t]estimony
based on one’s belief or idea rather than on direct knowledge of the facts at issue”).
The statements were not opinion testimony subject to rule 5.704. See Iowa R.
Evid. 5.704 (“An opinion is not objectionable just because it embraces an ultimate
issue.”).
We recognize a defendant’s use of legal terminology could prove
confusing. The district court’s cautionary instruction mitigated this concern.
We conclude the district court reasonably weighed the probative value of
the evidence against its prejudicial effect and reasonably concluded the exchange
containing legal terminology was admissible. See Iowa R. Evid. 5.403 (“The court
may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by
a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues,
misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting
cumulative evidence.”). The court did not abuse its discretion in denying Kozak’s
new trial motion on this ground.
III. Reference to Decision not to Testify
During closing argument, the prosecutor made the following comments:
In jury selection I asked you, how many of you, when you hear that somebody shot another person, say he must have been crazy or she must have been crazy? There is that part of it, that we want to have that natural doubt. We don’t want to believe that somebody sitting here is responsible for doing this. We don’t want to believe that somebody who’s walked among us, who was a security guard, who 14
was married, who had friends, who had a mother and sister, could do this to another person.
(Emphasis added.) Kozak moved for a mistrial. He argued the reference to
“someone sitting here” was “a comment on [Kozak] not testifying during the course
of the trial.” The district court denied the motion. Kozak moved for a new trial on
the same ground. The court again denied the motion. The court reasoned,
“[N]othing that was said or done suggested anything in regard to whether Mr.
Kozak had testified or not. Nothing counsel said suggested that the jury should
draw any inference from Mr. Kozak’s failure to testify.”
On appeal, Kozak again argues the prosecutor improperly commented on
his decision not to testify. See State v. Bishop, 387 N.W.2d 554, 562 (Iowa 1986)
(“The federal constitution prohibits a prosecutor from commenting on a defendant’s
failure to testify in his or her own behalf.”). A prosecutor’s arguments focusing on
lack of evidence or failure to produce witnesses raise concerns because the law
“places the burden to produce evidence on the State, not the defendant.” Id. at
563; see also State v. Hanes, 790 N.W.2d 545, 556 (Iowa 2010) (“It is improper
for the State to shift the burden to the defense by suggesting the defense could
have called additional witnesses.”). The prosecutor’s comment did not implicate
this concern. Even a generous reading of the “sitting” comment cannot lead to a
conclusion that the prosecutor was “requesting [Kozak] to provide an answer to
the jury for his conduct,” as he contends. We conclude the district court did not
abuse its discretion in denying the mistrial and new trial motions on this ground.
IV. Cumulative Effect 15
Kozak argues “the cumulative effect of the constitutional and evidentiary
errors violated [his] right to a fair trial and due process.” Having found no individual
errors, we conclude there was no cumulative error.
We affirm Kozak’s judgment and sentence for first-degree murder.
AFFIRMED.