[Cite as State v. Korecky, 2020-Ohio-797.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, : No. 108328 v. :
ROBERT F. KORECKY, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: March 5, 2020
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case No. CR-18-629279-A
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting Attorney, and Katherine Mullin, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.
Robert F. Korecky, pro se.
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J.:
Robert Korecky (“Korecky” hereafter) appeals, pro se, from a
judgment of the Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court convicting him of
attempted theft, a first-degree misdemeanor, after he entered a guilty plea to the offense. On appeal, he claims his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance of
counsel for failing to litigate a motion to dismiss based on the statute of limitations
filed before he pleaded guilty, and the deficient performance by counsel rendered
his plea less than knowing and voluntary. He also argues his plea was not knowing
and voluntary due to the trial court’s conduct at the plea hearing. After a review of
the record and applicable law, we find no merit to Korecky’s appeal and affirm the
trial court’s judgment.
Background
On June 1, 2018, appellant was indicted with two counts of identity
fraud, both fourth-degree felonies, and one count of theft, also a fourth-degree
felony. These offenses stemmed from the state’s allegation that in the spring of
2012, appellant used the personal information of his brother Ryan Korecky (“Ryan”)
to obtain student loans and had the funds deposited into appellant’s bank account.
More than five years later, on April 4, 2017, Ryan called the police to
report the alleged identity fraud. Three days later, on April 7, 2017, Ryan made a
police report stating that he received a letter informing him that he owed money on
some student loans. When Ryan ran a credit report, he discovered that his personal
information had been used to obtain two student loans and a cable account totaling
$5,889. Ryan reported that all of the addresses belonged to his brother Robert
Korecky. Ryan also alleged that, because of the outstanding balance on the student
loans, he was unable to receive a tax refund for 2017. According to the state’s
evidence, Robert Korecky applied for the student loans on January 7, 2012, and the loans were deposited into Robert Korecky’s bank account on January 25, 2012,
February 22, 2012, and March 21, 2012. In the indictment, the date of the offenses
was listed as January 17, 2012.
Motion to Dismiss
After the state provided discovery, Korecky’s counsel filed a motion
to dismiss on October 26, 2018. Korecky argued the charges against him were
barred by the statute of limitations and the discovery rule did not toll the statute of
limitation in this case. On December 13, 2018, the state filed a brief opposing
Korecky’s motion to dismiss, arguing the charges of identity fraud were brought
within the statutory time pursuant to the discovery rule.
Guilty Plea and Sentence
Two months after the state filed its opposition to the motion to
dismiss and before any further litigation on Korecky’s motion to dismiss, on
February 19, 2019, Korecky pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of attempted theft, a
first-degree misdemeanor, in exchange for the state’s nolling of the two felony
identity fraud counts. At the plea hearing, the trial court accepted Korecky’s guilty
plea after a Crim.R. 11 plea colloquy. The court then sentenced him to a suspended
six-month jail term and ordered him to pay a fine of $250 and the cost of
prosecution. The sentencing entry also stated “no contact with victim(s).”
On appeal, Korecky presents three assignments of error for our
review: I. Appellant was deprived of his Sixth Amendment right to the effective assistance of counsel, because his trial counsel failed to litigate the motion to dismiss on the statute of limitations grounds, or to seek this prosecution’s dismissal for violation of due process — unconstitutional preindictment delay, which caused his plea to be less than knowing and voluntary.
II. Appellant’s guilty plea was not voluntary and/or knowingly [sic] due to participation by the trial court in the plea and coercion by the trial court.
III. The trial court committed reversible error when it became a party to the plea agreement, promised a sentence and did not abide by it, rendering appellant’s plea involuntary.
For ease of discussion, we review the second and third assignments first, because
they both concern Korecky’s contention that his plea was not voluntary and
knowing due to the trial court’s conduct at the plea hearing.
Alleged Coercive Conduct by the Trial Court
Under the second assignment of error, Korecky claims his guilty plea
was involuntary because the trial court improperly participated in the plea
agreement process and coerced him into pleading guilty.
A guilty plea is invalid unless it is knowingly, intelligently, and
voluntarily made. State v. Engle, 74 Ohio St.3d 525, 527, 660 N.E.2d 450 (1996).
Although the Supreme Court of Ohio discourages the trial court’s participation in
the plea bargaining process, a plea is not presumptively invalid merely because of
such involvement. State v. Bush, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106392, 2018-Ohio-4213,
¶ 4, citing State v. Byrd, 63 Ohio St.2d 288, 293, 407 N.E.2d 1384 (1980). Instead,
an appellate court reviews the entire record to determine if the trial court’s conduct could lead a defendant to believe he could not get a fair trial “‘because the [trial
court] thinks that a trial is a futile exercise or that the [trial court] would be biased
against him at trial.’” Id. at ¶ 4, quoting Byrd at 293-294.
Korecky cites the following statements by his trial counsel and the
trial court at the plea hearing as indications of the trial court’s improper
participation in the plea process:
[Defense Counsel]: I did advise my client of our conversations in chambers that should he decide to enter a change of plea that it was your inclination to impose a fine and court costs and no probation.
The Court: All right.
***
The Court: Okay. Do you understand the potential difference in the consequences; if there’s a trial and the jurors believe the State’s evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the potential is for two F-4’s and an F-5 which the potential consequence is 18 months on each F-4 and 12 months on the F-5? So worst case scenario would be 48 months in prison.
I’m not saying that will happen if the State is successful, but do you understand the difference between fines and costs versus four years in prison? That’s a big difference, right?
The Court: I’ve told your attorney the sentence I’m going to impose and I will impose that sentence today as long as there’s no objection from the State with respect to a victim wanting to be present.
The statements by the defense counsel and the trial court made it
apparent that there was a discussion among the prosecutor, the defense counsel, and
the trial court off the record regarding the plea bargain offered by the state. In such
a situation, as this court noted, it is important that a record be established that a defendant is aware of the plea deal, by placing on the record the plea deal involving
the trial judge’s participation. State v. Jabbaar, 2013-Ohio-1655, 991 N.E.2d 290,
¶ 27 (8th Dist.), citing Missouri v. Frye, 566 U.S. 134, 132 S.Ct. 1399, 182 L.Ed.2d
379 (2012). Here, the defense counsel did just that — placing the plea deal discussed
in the presence of the trial court on the record, including the trial court’s inclination
regarding the sentence.
Moreover, we note that a trial court’s discussion of the potential
penalties on the record was not coercive. State v. McNeir, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
105417, 2018-Ohio-91, ¶ 17 (no evidence of coercion by the trial court in discussing
the different sentences the defendant would face if he pleaded guilty versus going to
trial). Here, the transcript reflects that after the trial court compared the penalties
between the offenses as charged in the indictment and the reduced charge offered
in the plea bargain, the trial court stressed that Korecky was innocent until proven
guilty. The court then noted that there appeared to be some discovery the state may
not have provided and mentioned the possibility of setting a trial date. However,
before the trial court had a chance to complete its sentence regarding the discovery
and a potential trial date, Korecky interrupted the court and indicated he was going
to plead guilty, and further assured the court and his counsel that he understood the
implications of going to trial on the felony offenses versus pleading guilty to a
misdemeanor offense.1
1 The transcript reflects the following exchange: Having reviewed the record, we cannot conclude the trial court
placed undue pressure on Korecky to accept the plea deal or that its conduct led
Korecky to believe he could not get a fair trial because the trial court thought a trial
would be a futile exercise or that the trial court would be biased against him at trial.
The second assignment of error lacks merit.
Under the third assignment of error, Korecky argues the trial court
improperly became a party to the plea agreement by “promising” a sentence yet did
not abide by it, which rendered his plea involuntary. “[A] guilty plea, if induced by
promises or threats that deprive it of the character of a voluntary act, is void.” State
v. Kelly, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 91875 and 91876, 2010-Ohio-432, ¶ 2. Korecky is
correct that a plea agreement is a contract between the prosecution and a defendant
The Court: You’re innocent until proven guilty. The Court has no information about — we talked a little bit about what’s alleged and I know there are some issues with respect to maybe some documentation that the State may or may not have available, but we will set this for another date, a trial date and —
The Defendant: Well, I was saying that I do understand that that’s the difference and that’s why I feel that I have to — or that I’m going to take this. I thought we said I was going to take this. I thought that I was going to.
[Defense Counsel]: Do you want to take the plea? Is this what you want to do?
The Defendant: Yeah, what the offer was.
The Defendant: I understand the difference. That’s why I’m going to take the deal. and, when a trial court promises a certain sentence, the promise becomes
inducement to enter a plea; therefore, unless that sentence is given, the plea is not
voluntary. State v. Gilroy, 195 Ohio App.3d 173, 2011-Ohio-4163, 959 N.E.2d 19,
¶ 22 (2d Dist.); State v. White, 2017-Ohio-287, 81 N.E.3d 958, ¶ 8 (8th Dist.); and
State v. Triplett, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 69237, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 493 (Feb. 13,
1997).
Here, to the extent that the trial court participated in the plea process
by indicating its inclination for a certain sentence, Korecky was sentenced exactly as
represented by his trial counsel regarding the trial court’s “inclination” for Korecky’s
sentence: a fine and court costs and no probation. The trial court did not impose
probation, and Korecky did not have to serve a jail term. Accordingly, Korecky’s
claim that his plea was not voluntary because the trial court reneged on a promised
sentence is not supported by the record. The third assignment of error is without
merit.
Effect of Guilty Plea
Under the first assignment of error, Korecky claims his trial counsel
provided ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to litigate the motion to dismiss
based on the statute of limitations filed by counsel prior to the plea hearing. He
claims his counsel’s performance was deficient in this regard and the deficient
performance rendered his plea less than knowing and voluntary.
A guilty plea is a complete admission of the defendant’s guilt. “[A]
guilty plea represents a break in the chain of events that precede it in the criminal process.” State v. Spates, 64 Ohio St.3d 269, 272, 595 N.E.2d 351 (1992). When a
defendant enters a plea of guilty, he waives all appealable errors that might have
occurred unless the errors precluded the defendant from entering a knowing,
voluntary, and intelligent plea. State v. Robinson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107598,
2020-Ohio-98, citing State v. Kelley, 57 Ohio St.3d 127, 566 N.E.2d 658 (1991).
Moreover, a defendant’s guilty plea acts to waive the benefits of the
application of statutes of limitations and therefore, the merits of such arguments
cannot be raised on appeal. State v. Cleavenger, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2019-P-
0036, 2020-Ohio-73, ¶ 14. See also State v. Keinath, 6th Dist. Ottawa No. OT-11-
032, 2012-Ohio-5001, ¶ 25 (because the expiration the statute of limitations was not
a jurisdictional defect, Korecky was precluded from raising the issue on appeal when
he pleaded guilty to the charges).
Therefore, Korecky, having entered a guilty plea in this case, would
be precluded from raising the claim regarding the statute of limitations on appeal,
and he appears to try to circumvent the preclusive effect of guilty plea by arguing his
trial counsel’s performance regarding a potential statute of limitations defense
rendered his plea less than knowing and voluntary.2
2 While we do not reach the merits of the statute of limitations issue, we note that, even if appellant were not precluded from raising the statute of limitations issue and the issue were proper for our review, we would find the charges against appellant to have been brought timely. While the statutory time for the prosecution of a felony offense is six years, pursuant to the discovery rule set forth in R.C. 2901.13(G),”[t]he period of limitation shall not run during any time when the corpus delicti remains undiscovered.” When a crime involves fraud or identity fraud, R.C. 2901.13(B) sets forth additional provisions regarding the discovery rule. R.C. 2901.13(B)(1) involves an offense involving fraud and R.C. 2901.13(B)(2) involves identity fraud offenses. In State v. Cook, 128 Ohio A plea of guilty even waives the right to claim that a defendant was
prejudiced by ineffective assistance of counsel, except to the extent that the
ineffective assistance of counsel caused the defendant’s plea to be less than knowing,
intelligent, and voluntary. State v. Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100459,
2014-Ohio-3415, ¶ 11, citing Spates, 64 Ohio St.3d at 272, 595 N.E.2d 351.
In order to establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the
defendant must show that his trial counsel’s performance was deficient in some
aspect of his representation and that deficiency prejudiced his defense. Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Pursuant to
Strickland, our assessment of an attorney’s representation must be highly
deferential and we are to indulge “a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls
St.3d 120, 2010-Ohio-6305, 942 N.E.2d 357, the Supreme Court of Ohio explained the meaning of the additional tolling provision R.C. 2901.13(B)(1) (involving fraud). The court first affirmed that “pursuant to R.C. 2901.13(F) [now renumbered as R.C. 2901.13(G)] for a felony offense that contains an element of fraud, the six-year statute of limitations in R.C. 2901.13(A)(1)(a) begins to run only after the corpus delicti of that offense is discovered.” Id. at ¶ 33. The court then explained that R.C. 2901.13(B)(1) contemplates a scenario where multiple victims were involved and, in such a situation, R.C. 2901.13(B)(1) provides the state with one additional year (beyond the tolling allowed by R.C. 2901.13(G)) in which to file charges even if the statute of limitations from the initial discovery has expired. Id. at ¶ 48 and 49. Cook did not concern R.C. 2901.13(B)(2), which involves tolling for identity fraud. However, because R.C. 2901.13(B)(2) and (B)(1) are worded almost identically, under Cook, where an identify fraud involves multiple victims, (B)(2) would provide additional five years (beyond the tolling allowed by R.C. 2901.13(G)) for the state to prosecute a defendant after the statute of limitations from the initial discovery has expired. The instant case does not involve a scenario of multiple victims, and therefore, R.C. 2901.13(B)(2) does not apply. Pursuant to R.C. 2901.13(G), the state could bring charges against appellant Korecky six years from the discovery of the identity fraud (April 4, 2017). Based on a misreading of R.C. 2901.13(B)(2), appellant claimed the discovery rule does not apply at all in this case and the statute of limitations for his identity fraud offenses expired sometime in January 2018, six years from the date of his offenses, contrary to the holding in Cook. within the range of reasonable professional assistance.” Id. at 689. In Ohio, every
properly licensed attorney is presumed to be competent and, therefore, a defendant
claiming ineffective assistance of counsel bears the burden of proof. State v. Smith,
17 Ohio St.3d 98, 100, 477 N.E.2d 1128 (1985). In the context of a guilty plea,
prejudice is shown only if the defendant can demonstrate that there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s deficient performance, he would not have pleaded
guilty and would have insisted on going to trial. Williams, supra, at ¶ 11, citing State
v. Xie, 62 Ohio St.3d 521, 524, 584 N.E.2d 715 (1992), and Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S.
52, 106 S.Ct. 366, 88 L.Ed.2d 203 (1985). In other words, a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel is waived by a guilty plea, unless the ineffective assistance of
counsel precluded the defendant from knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily
entering a guilty plea. State v. Geraci, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 101946 and 101947,
2015-Ohio-2699, ¶ 14.
We recognize a trial counsel’s failure to advise a defendant of the
statute of limitations defense can potentially avoid the application of the waiver
requirement because it may impact the voluntary nature of the plea. Cleavenger at
¶ 19, citing State v. Seeley, 7th Dist. Columbiana No. 2001 CO 27, 2002-Ohio-1545,
¶ 32-35 (finding the defendant demonstrated that counsel’s ineffectiveness in failing
to raise a statute of limitations defense prevented him from entering a knowing and
voluntary plea).
Here, however, Korecky’s trial counsel diligently asserted the
defense of the statute of limitations on behalf of Korecky by filing a motion to dismiss on the ground that the state failed to bring the charges against him within
the statute of limitations. Korecky does not allege that the motion to dismiss was
filed by counsel without his knowledge and, therefore, we must assume Korecky was
very much aware of the potential statute of limitations defense raised in the pending
motion to dismiss. Yet, while that motion to dismiss was pending, Korecky chose to
plead guilty to a reduced charge of a misdemeanor offense instead of going to trial
on multiple felony counts.
This court has routinely held that an ineffective assistance of counsel
claim for the failure to raise a statute of limitations defense is waived by a valid guilty
plea. State v. Asadi-Ousley, 2018-Ohio-4431, 120 N.E.3d 520, ¶ 25 (8th Dist.),
citing State v. Ramos, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104550, 2017-Ohio-934, ¶ 2; State v.
Pluhar, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102012, 2016-Ohio-1465, ¶ 8. Our review of the plea
transcript reflects that Korecky chose to plead guilty because of the significant
prison term (a maximum term of 48 months) he would receive if he were to go to
trial and be convicted of the felony offenses, as opposed to a fine and court costs if
he was to plead guilty to a reduced misdemeanor offense. The transcript reflects
that he represented to the trial court that he was not forced to plead guilty when
asked if there were any threats or promises made to encourage the entry of a guilty
plea; he stated he was satisfied with the representation he received from his counsel;
and he was steadfast about pleading guilty to a misdemeanor instead of going to trial
on three felony counts. On this record, Korecky fails to demonstrate there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s performance, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial. Williams, supra, at ¶ 11.
We are unable to conclude Korecky’s plea was less than knowing or voluntary due to
any perceived deficient performance by his counsel.
Korecky also claims his plea was less than knowing or voluntary
because his counsel provided ineffective assistance in failing to file a motion to
dismiss on the ground of preindictment delay. The record reflects that Korecky’s
brother Ryan alleged that he discovered the identity fraud on April 4, 2017, and
made a police report on April 7, 2017. The state indicted Korecky for identity fraud
and theft on June 1, 2018. In his brief on appeal, Korecky alleges that he was
prejudiced by the delay in the prosecution of this case because two cell phones he
owned, which he claims contained exculpatory text messages he and Ryan
exchanged between December 2011 and May 2012, and in May 2014, were no longer
available: one was donated to Goodwill in June 2017 and the other one traded for a
new phone in December 2017. In addition, Korecky alleges that another brother,
Richard Korecky, could have provided testimony to show Ryan’s allegations were
not accurate, but Richard passed away in 2014.
We do not reach the merits of Korecky’s claim that his counsel
provided ineffective assistance of counsel in failing to file a motion to dismiss on the
grounds of preindictment delay and counsel’s performance rendered his plea less
than knowing or voluntary, because Korecky’s claim relies on evidence outside of
the record. Alleged statements or purported evidence made outside of the record
are not properly considered on a direct appeal. State v. Peak, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102850, 2015-Ohio-4702, ¶ 20; State v. Johnson, 2015-Ohio-96, 27 N.E.3d 9,
¶ 53 (8th Dist.) (ineffective assistance of counsel claim that would require proof
outside of the record is not appropriately considered on a direct appeal). For all the
foregoing reasons, the first assignment of error is overruled.
Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. Case remanded to the
trial court for execution of sentence.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule
27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, JUDGE
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, P.J., and MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., CONCUR