State v. Koch

606 A.2d 875, 256 N.J. Super. 207, 1991 N.J. Super. LEXIS 498
CourtNew Jersey Superior Court Appellate Division
DecidedSeptember 20, 1991
StatusPublished
Cited by2 cases

This text of 606 A.2d 875 (State v. Koch) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering New Jersey Superior Court Appellate Division primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
State v. Koch, 606 A.2d 875, 256 N.J. Super. 207, 1991 N.J. Super. LEXIS 498 (N.J. Ct. App. 1991).

Opinion

MINUSKIN, J.S.C.

The issue in this case is whether it is proper, following a retrial and reconviction, for a second trial court to increase a defendant’s previous illegal sentence, when the defendant did not appeal his original sentence. This court holds that it is.

Initially, defendant was tried and convicted on two counts of theft in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:20-6 and two counts of bad checks in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:21-7. Both crimes are third-degree offenses. He was sentenced to two concurrent terms of four years on the theft charges, and two concurrent terms of nine months on the bad checks charges; the sentences on the bad checks charges were to run consecutively with the sentences on the theft charges. The court’s mistaken belief that the bad checks charges were fourth-degree offenses instead of third-degree offenses, accounted for the nine-month sentences.

On appeal, defendant was granted a retrial because the trial judge erroneously refused to recuse himself. Upon retrial, defendant was again convicted. This court imposed a sentence of two concurrent terms of four years on the theft charges, and [210]*210two concurrent terms of four years on the bad checks charges, to run consecutively with each other.

Defendant claims that this sentence is improper because it is more severe than the one originally imposed upon his first conviction. He seeks an amendment to the sentence so as to reinstate the original sentence in effect before the retrial. In support of his position, defendant argues that the increased sentence is in violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause, deprives him of due process, and that this court lacks jurisdiction to change the sentence. This court disagrees.

The Fifth Amendment guarantee against Double Jeopardy is enforceable against the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784, 89 S.Ct. 2056, 23 L.Ed.2d 707 (1969). New Jersey case law has recognized this tenet and “has consistently followed the principles of the federal Double Jeopardy Clause because it is broader than our State’s.” State v. Towey, 244 N.J.Super. 582, 596, 583 A.2d 352 (App.Div.1990). Towey stands for the proposition that in the area of sentencing, Double Jeopardy Clause violations are analyzed in terms of the defendant’s legitimate expectation regarding the finality of his sentence.

In Towey, the Appellate Division struck down a trial court’s increase of a defendant’s base term from ten years to fifteen years as violative of double jeopardy, after the defendant had appealed the correctness of her parole ineligibility period. In reaching its conclusion, the court reasoned that “[cjlearly, when defendant filed her appeal she had an expectation that the base prison term of ten years would be preserved while her parole ineligibility term would either be found excessive or affirmed.” Id. at 598, 583 A.2d 352.

Although this expectation exists where a defendant challenges his sentence, the court noted that a defendant does not have such an expectation where “he challenges underlying convictions which, if successful, destroy the sentencing plan under which he was originally sentenced.” Id. at 597, 583 A.2d [211]*211352. Thus New Jersey courts have recognized the principle espoused in federal cases that double jeopardy cannot be invoked upon reconviction to vitiate a harsher sentence, where a defendant has challenged his underlying conviction. North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 89 S.Ct. 2072, 23 L.Ed.2d 656 (1969); Stroud v. U.S., 251 U.S. 15, 40 S.Ct. 50, 64 L.Ed. 103 (1919). In the matter sub judice, where the defendant has challenged his underlying convictions on the theft and bad checks charges, double jeopardy does not bar increasing his sentence following his conviction on the retrial.

Defendant’s contention, that his increased sentence violates the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, is also without merit.

Due process is implicated in resentencing questions because of the possibility that a harsher sentence upon reconviction may reflect a judge’s desire to punish a defendant for exercising his right to challenge his conviction. “Due process of law, then, requires that vindictiveness against a defendant for having successfully attacked his first conviction must play no part in the sentence he receives after a new trial.” Pearce, supra, 395 U.S. at 723, 89 S.Ct. at 2079.

To safeguard against unjustifiable punitive sentences following retrial, Pearce held that whenever a judge imposes a more severe sentence upon reconviction, the reasons for his doing so must be clearly stated on the record. “These reasons must be based upon objective information concerning identifiable conduct on the part of the defendant occurring after the time of the original sentencing proceeding.” Id. at 726, 89 S.Ct. at 2081.

In Pearce, a state prisoner filed a habeas corpus writ after a North Carolina court had, upon retrial and reconviction of the defendant, imposed a prison term, which, when added to the time he had already spent in prison, amounted to a longer sentence than that originally imposed following his first conviction. The Supreme Court affirmed the Federal District Court [212]*212and the Fifth Circuit, which had held that the longer sentence violated due process because the court had failed to articulate reasons for the increased sentence, thus amounting to a punishment of defendant for his having exercised his post-conviction right of review.

The case at bar provides an interesting twist on the Pearce facts, because defendant’s original sentence was an illegal one. Thus, this court is not merely resentencing the defendant; it is correcting a previous illegal sentence. The Supreme Court has recognized that “[t]he Constitution does not require that sentencing should be a game in which the wrong move by a judge means immunity for the prisoner.” Bozza v. United States, 330 U.S. 160, 67 S.Ct. 645, 648, 91 L.Ed. 818 (1947). Where an illegal sentence has been imposed, neither due process nor double jeopardy will prevent the amendment of the original sentence. Ervin v. Beyer, 716 F.Supp. 163, 165 (D.N.J.1989), citing United States v. Busic, 639 F.2d 940, 953 (3 Cir.1981) cert. denied, 452 U.S. 918, 101 S.Ct. 3055, 69 L.Ed.2d 422 (1981).

In Ervin, defendant was sentenced to fifteen years of parole ineligibility on four robbery counts. He claimed that the judge based the fifteen years on a single count, thus rendering the sentence illegal because it exceeded the statutory maximum of parole ineligibility for a robbery count. The court held that the resentencing to fix the clerical error (to amend the ineligibility to five consecutive years on three counts and five years on one count running concurrently) did not violate the Constitution. The court opined that “an illegal sentence may be corrected at any time, as long as the original intent of the trial court is clear from the record and the correction does not forfeit any substantive rights of the petitioner.” Id. at 166.

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Bluebook (online)
606 A.2d 875, 256 N.J. Super. 207, 1991 N.J. Super. LEXIS 498, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/state-v-koch-njsuperctappdiv-1991.