[Cite as State v. Knox, 2019-Ohio-2265.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF LORAIN )
STATE OF OHIO C.A. No. 17CA011233
Appellee
v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE LARRY KNOX COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF LORAIN, OHIO Appellant CASE No. 15CR092937
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: June 10, 2019
CARR, Judge.
{¶1} Appellant, Larry Knox, appeals the judgment of the Lorain County Court of
Common Pleas. This Court affirms.
I.
{¶2} In 1999, Knox was convicted of sexual imposition and gross sexual imposition in
the Lorain County Court of Common Pleas. At that time, he was classified as a sexual predator.
Though Knox was reclassified under the Adam Walsh Act, the trial court ultimately reinstated
Knox’s classification as a sexual predator under Megan’s Law pursuant to State v. Bodyke, 126
Ohio St.3d 266, 2010-Ohio-2424. Knox was subsequently charged with failure to verify his
address in Cuyahoga County. On October 1, 2015, the trial court granted a motion to dismiss on
the basis that Knox had not been properly notified of his duties to register at the time his sexual
predator classification was reinstated. The trial court notified Knox of his duties to register at
that time. 2
{¶3} On January 22, 2016, the Lorain County Grand Jury indicted Knox on one count
of failure to register as a sexually oriented offender. Knox invoked his right to self-
representation and the matter proceeded to a bench trial. Knox was found guilty of the sole
charge in the indictment. The trial court sentenced Knox to a 24-month term of incarceration.
{¶4} On appeal, Knox raises two assignments of error.
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I
THE FAILURE OF THE TRIAL COURT TO RAISE “SUA SPONTE” THE ISSUE OF THE DEFENDANT’S COMPETENCY WAS AN ABUSE OF DISCRETION. THIS FAILURE LED TO A VIOLATION OF KNOX’S DUE PROCESS RIGHTS.
{¶5} In his first assignment of error, Knox contends that the trial court abused its
discretion by failing to sua sponte raise the issue of his competency to stand trial. This Court
disagrees.
{¶6} When an appellant argues that the trial court should have sua sponte raised the
issue of competency based, at least in part, on events that transpired during trial, the trial court’s
decision as to whether to hold a competency hearing is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. State
v. Rahman, 23 Ohio St.3d 146, 156 (1986). An abuse of discretion indicates that the trial court’s
attitude was unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d
217, 219 (1983).
{¶7} R.C. 2945.37(B) provides as follows:
{¶8} In a criminal action in a court of common pleas, * * * the court, the prosecutor, or defense may raise the issue of the defendant’s competence to stand trial. If the issue is raised before the trial has commenced, the court shall hold a hearing on the issue as provided in this section. If the issue is raised after the trial has commenced, the court shall hold a hearing on the issue only for good cause shown or on the court’s own motion. 3
{¶9} In Ohio, a criminal defendant is presumed to be competent to stand trial. R.C.
2945.37(G). Notably, however, a defendant who “lacks the capacity to understand the nature
and object of the proceedings against him, to consult with counsel, and to assist in preparing his
defense may not be subjected to a trial.” State v. Skatzes, 104 Ohio St.3d 195, 2004-Ohio-6391,
¶ 155, quoting Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162, 171 (1975). “R.C. 2945.37 protects a
defendant’s right not to be tried or convicted while incompetent, which is a fundamental due
process right.” State v. Smith, 9th Dist. Summit No. 27389, 2015-Ohio-2842, ¶ 10, citing State v.
Were, 94 Ohio St.3d 173, 174 (2002). “An evidentiary competency hearing is constitutionally
required whenever there are sufficient indicia of incompetency to call into doubt defendant’s
competency to stand trial.” Were at paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶10} Knox points to numerous parts of the record in support of his position that the
trial court should have sua sponte raised the issue of his competency. For example, at
arraignment, Knox refused to enter a plea and stated that he was appearing before the court
“under protest and duress[.]” He renewed his protest to the proceedings at various stages of this
matter. Furthermore, after electing to represent himself before the trial court, Knox filed a
number of motions that were misguided and seemingly unrelated to this case. The trial court
found one of his filings to be “[un]intelligible and rambling.” The State took the initiative to
request that the trial court appoint advisory counsel for Knox. Knox was homeless for a period
of time and he repeatedly displayed a lack of trust in the judicial system. Finally, Knox appeared
to conflate this matter with other cases where he was a defendant in Cuyahoga County.
{¶11} A thorough review of the record reveals that Knox’s argument is without merit.
While Knox’s objections to the proceedings were, at times, bizarre, it is well settled that while
“unusual beliefs * * * may go so far as to obstruct trial court proceedings, they are not indicia of 4
incompetency that require a hearing.” State v. Tucker, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 13CA010339, 2016-
Ohio-1353, ¶ 8. A review of the trial transcript suggests that Knox was fully engaged throughout
the proceedings below. Although it is apparent that Knox misunderstood and misapplied a
number of legal doctrines, his actions before the trial court indicated that he understood the
nature of the charge against him. Notably, when Knox indicated that he intended to proceed pro
se, the trial court engaged in an extended dialogue with Knox and observed that he was a “very
bright, intelligent individual[.]” Advisory counsel echoed similar sentiments. We are further
mindful that, with respect to competency issues, deference should be granted to those “who see
and hear what goes on in the courtroom.” State v. Ahmed, 103 Ohio St.3d 27, 2004-Ohio-4190, ¶
68, quoting State v. Cowans, 87 Ohio St.3d 68, 84 (1999). Under these circumstances, where the
trial court had ample opportunity to observe Knox in open court and review his filings, we
cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in declining to sua sponte raise the issue of
Knox’s competency.
{¶12} The first assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II
THE EVIDENCE IN THIS MATTER WAS INSUFFICIENT TO CONVICT THE APPELLANT OF FAILURE TO REGISTER UNDER [R.C.] 2950.04(E).
{¶13} In his second assignment of error, Knox argues that the State failed to present
sufficient evidence to convict him of violating R.C. 2950.04(E). This Court disagrees.
{¶14} When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court must review the
evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether the evidence before
the trial court was sufficient to sustain a conviction. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 279
(1991). 5
An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
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[Cite as State v. Knox, 2019-Ohio-2265.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF LORAIN )
STATE OF OHIO C.A. No. 17CA011233
Appellee
v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE LARRY KNOX COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF LORAIN, OHIO Appellant CASE No. 15CR092937
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: June 10, 2019
CARR, Judge.
{¶1} Appellant, Larry Knox, appeals the judgment of the Lorain County Court of
Common Pleas. This Court affirms.
I.
{¶2} In 1999, Knox was convicted of sexual imposition and gross sexual imposition in
the Lorain County Court of Common Pleas. At that time, he was classified as a sexual predator.
Though Knox was reclassified under the Adam Walsh Act, the trial court ultimately reinstated
Knox’s classification as a sexual predator under Megan’s Law pursuant to State v. Bodyke, 126
Ohio St.3d 266, 2010-Ohio-2424. Knox was subsequently charged with failure to verify his
address in Cuyahoga County. On October 1, 2015, the trial court granted a motion to dismiss on
the basis that Knox had not been properly notified of his duties to register at the time his sexual
predator classification was reinstated. The trial court notified Knox of his duties to register at
that time. 2
{¶3} On January 22, 2016, the Lorain County Grand Jury indicted Knox on one count
of failure to register as a sexually oriented offender. Knox invoked his right to self-
representation and the matter proceeded to a bench trial. Knox was found guilty of the sole
charge in the indictment. The trial court sentenced Knox to a 24-month term of incarceration.
{¶4} On appeal, Knox raises two assignments of error.
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I
THE FAILURE OF THE TRIAL COURT TO RAISE “SUA SPONTE” THE ISSUE OF THE DEFENDANT’S COMPETENCY WAS AN ABUSE OF DISCRETION. THIS FAILURE LED TO A VIOLATION OF KNOX’S DUE PROCESS RIGHTS.
{¶5} In his first assignment of error, Knox contends that the trial court abused its
discretion by failing to sua sponte raise the issue of his competency to stand trial. This Court
disagrees.
{¶6} When an appellant argues that the trial court should have sua sponte raised the
issue of competency based, at least in part, on events that transpired during trial, the trial court’s
decision as to whether to hold a competency hearing is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. State
v. Rahman, 23 Ohio St.3d 146, 156 (1986). An abuse of discretion indicates that the trial court’s
attitude was unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d
217, 219 (1983).
{¶7} R.C. 2945.37(B) provides as follows:
{¶8} In a criminal action in a court of common pleas, * * * the court, the prosecutor, or defense may raise the issue of the defendant’s competence to stand trial. If the issue is raised before the trial has commenced, the court shall hold a hearing on the issue as provided in this section. If the issue is raised after the trial has commenced, the court shall hold a hearing on the issue only for good cause shown or on the court’s own motion. 3
{¶9} In Ohio, a criminal defendant is presumed to be competent to stand trial. R.C.
2945.37(G). Notably, however, a defendant who “lacks the capacity to understand the nature
and object of the proceedings against him, to consult with counsel, and to assist in preparing his
defense may not be subjected to a trial.” State v. Skatzes, 104 Ohio St.3d 195, 2004-Ohio-6391,
¶ 155, quoting Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162, 171 (1975). “R.C. 2945.37 protects a
defendant’s right not to be tried or convicted while incompetent, which is a fundamental due
process right.” State v. Smith, 9th Dist. Summit No. 27389, 2015-Ohio-2842, ¶ 10, citing State v.
Were, 94 Ohio St.3d 173, 174 (2002). “An evidentiary competency hearing is constitutionally
required whenever there are sufficient indicia of incompetency to call into doubt defendant’s
competency to stand trial.” Were at paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶10} Knox points to numerous parts of the record in support of his position that the
trial court should have sua sponte raised the issue of his competency. For example, at
arraignment, Knox refused to enter a plea and stated that he was appearing before the court
“under protest and duress[.]” He renewed his protest to the proceedings at various stages of this
matter. Furthermore, after electing to represent himself before the trial court, Knox filed a
number of motions that were misguided and seemingly unrelated to this case. The trial court
found one of his filings to be “[un]intelligible and rambling.” The State took the initiative to
request that the trial court appoint advisory counsel for Knox. Knox was homeless for a period
of time and he repeatedly displayed a lack of trust in the judicial system. Finally, Knox appeared
to conflate this matter with other cases where he was a defendant in Cuyahoga County.
{¶11} A thorough review of the record reveals that Knox’s argument is without merit.
While Knox’s objections to the proceedings were, at times, bizarre, it is well settled that while
“unusual beliefs * * * may go so far as to obstruct trial court proceedings, they are not indicia of 4
incompetency that require a hearing.” State v. Tucker, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 13CA010339, 2016-
Ohio-1353, ¶ 8. A review of the trial transcript suggests that Knox was fully engaged throughout
the proceedings below. Although it is apparent that Knox misunderstood and misapplied a
number of legal doctrines, his actions before the trial court indicated that he understood the
nature of the charge against him. Notably, when Knox indicated that he intended to proceed pro
se, the trial court engaged in an extended dialogue with Knox and observed that he was a “very
bright, intelligent individual[.]” Advisory counsel echoed similar sentiments. We are further
mindful that, with respect to competency issues, deference should be granted to those “who see
and hear what goes on in the courtroom.” State v. Ahmed, 103 Ohio St.3d 27, 2004-Ohio-4190, ¶
68, quoting State v. Cowans, 87 Ohio St.3d 68, 84 (1999). Under these circumstances, where the
trial court had ample opportunity to observe Knox in open court and review his filings, we
cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in declining to sua sponte raise the issue of
Knox’s competency.
{¶12} The first assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II
THE EVIDENCE IN THIS MATTER WAS INSUFFICIENT TO CONVICT THE APPELLANT OF FAILURE TO REGISTER UNDER [R.C.] 2950.04(E).
{¶13} In his second assignment of error, Knox argues that the State failed to present
sufficient evidence to convict him of violating R.C. 2950.04(E). This Court disagrees.
{¶14} When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court must review the
evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether the evidence before
the trial court was sufficient to sustain a conviction. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 279
(1991). 5
An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶15} Knox was convicted of failing to register in violation of R.C. 2950.04(E). Knox
offers a succinct argument in support of his assignment of error. Namely, Knox contends that
the State failed to present evidence demonstrating that he resided in Lorain County for seven
consecutive days.1
{¶16} The State presented evidence at trial that supported the following narrative. As of
September 30, 2015, Knox was registered at a homeless shelter in Cuyahoga County located at
2100 Lakeside, Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. In October 2015, Detective Kathleen Olesiak of the
Cuyahoga County Sheriff’s Office received a tip that Knox might be residing in Lorain County.
Detective Olesiak was familiar with Knox because she had recently been involved in a criminal
prosecution against him in Cuyahoga County. Knox was released from the Cuyahoga County
jail on October 1, 2015 after the charges against him were dismissed. Thereafter, Detective
1 R.C. 2950.04(E) provides that “[n]o person who is required to register pursuant to [R.C. 2950.04(A)] * * * shall fail to register[.]” The current version of R.C. 2950.04(A)(2)(a) states that “[r]egardless of when the sexually oriented offense was committed, each offender who is convicted of, pleads guilty to, has been convicted of, or has pleaded guilty to a sexually oriented offense shall * * * register personally with the sheriff, or the sheriff’s designee, of the county within three days of the offender’s coming into a county in which the offender resides or temporarily is domiciled for more than three days.” (Emphasis added.) On appeal, both Knox and the State filed briefs suggesting that the State was required to demonstrate that Knox either resided or was temporarily domiciled in Lorain County for seven consecutive days without registering. This Court notes the disparity between the three-day standard set forth in R.C. 2950.04(A)(2)(a) and the seven-day standard advanced by the parties. A review of the record reveals that the discrepancy is immaterial in this case as the evidence shows that Knox resided at 701 Dewitt St. in Lorain, Ohio, for more than seven consecutive days. 6
Olesiak was notified that Knox might be staying in Lorain County at 701 Dewitt St., Lorain,
Ohio. Knox did not register a change of address in October 2015. When Detective Oleksiak
attempted to verify that Knox was residing at the homeless shelter in Cleveland in October 2015,
she determined that Knox had not been staying at the shelter.
{¶17} J.L. resided at the house located at 701 Dewitt St. where he helped care for an
elderly man. J.L. had lived in the house for more than two years when Knox turned up at the
residence. J.L. testified that Knox started living at 701 Dewitt St. in October 2015. Knox
continued to live at the residence until J.L. moved out in December 2015. At trial, J.L. explained
that Knox “gradually” moved into the house. When pressed on what he meant by “gradually,”
J.L. explained that at first Knox would stay some nights but would often arrive “early in the
morning” and then “stay there and take off again at night.” J.L. noted that Knox had a key to the
house and that he would sleep there. J.L. further explained that he “would see [Knox] every
day” and that Knox was at the house for “months.” J.L.’s girlfriend, D.B. also testified that
Knox was living at 701 Dewitt St. in October 2015.
{¶18} The Lorain County Sherriff’s Office opened an investigation into whether Knox
was living in Lorain County on October 15, 2015. Deputy Deborah Hurlburt met with J.L and
D.B. on October 21, 2015. At that meeting, D.B. informed Deputy Hurlburt that Knox had been
living at 701 Dewitt St. since approximately October 8, 2015. A number of law enforcement
officials went to 701 Dewitt St. in an attempt to make contact with Mr. Knox. J.L. permitted the
officers to enter the house. The officers entered the attic and discovered a sleeping bag, a pillow,
and paperwork that belonged to Knox.
{¶19} In light of the aforementioned evidence, Knox’s sufficiency challenge is without
merit. While Knox attempts to highlight disparities in the witnesses testimony, we are mindful 7
that when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court must construe the evidence in the
light most favorable to the State. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d at 279. The aforementioned evidence
demonstrated that Knox started living at 701 Dewitt St. in Lorain, Ohio as early as October 8,
2015, and he continued to live at that address for months. This evidence, when construed in the
light most favorable to the State, was sufficient to sustain his conviction for failing to register in
violation of R.C. 2950.04(E).
{¶20} Knox’s second assignment of error is overruled.
III.
{¶21} Knox’s assignments of error are overruled. The judgment of the Lorain County
Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Lorain, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of
this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the
period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is
instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the
mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30. 8
Costs taxed to Appellant.
DONNA J. CARR FOR THE COURT
TEODOSIO, P. J. CALLAHAN, J. CONCUR.
APPEARANCES:
JOHN D. TOTH, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.
DENNIS P. WILL, Prosecuting Attorney, and BRIAN P. MURPHY, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.