[Cite as State v. Kidwell, 2020-Ohio-4806.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-190521 TRIAL NO. B-190145 Plaintiff-Appellee, :
vs. : O P I N I O N.
STEVEN KIDWELL, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: October 7, 2020
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Scott M. Heenan, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and David Hoffmann, Assistant Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellant. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
MYERS, Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Steven Kidwell appeals from the sentences imposed following his
guilty pleas to three felony drug offenses. Because the trial court committed no
sentencing errors, we affirm its judgment.
Guilty Pleas
{¶2} Kidwell was indicted for ten felony drug offenses in a 31-count
indictment with five codefendants. In exchange for Kidwell’s guilty pleas to
aggravated trafficking in drugs (tetrahydrocannabinol, “THC”), trafficking in
marihuana, and trafficking in hashish, the prosecutor dismissed the remaining seven
counts. The trial court sentenced Kidwell to concurrent prison terms of 18 months,
30 months, and 30 months, respectively.
Length of Sentence
{¶3} In his first assignment of error, Kidwell argues that the trial court
erred in sentencing him because the record does not support an aggregate prison
term of 30 months. He asserts that the term was excessive and unsupported by the
record.
{¶4} We review felony sentences under the standard of review set forth in
R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). See State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-Ohio-1002, 59
N.E.3d 1231, ¶ 1; State v. White, 2013-Ohio-4225, 997 N.E.3d 629, ¶ 5 (1st Dist.). We
will modify or vacate a sentence only if we clearly and convincingly find that the
record does not support the trial court’s findings or that a sentence is otherwise
contrary to law. See R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). In addition, we presume that the trial court
considered the statutory factors of R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12, absent an affirmative
demonstration to the contrary by the defendant. State v. Patterson, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-170329, 2018-Ohio-3348, ¶ 60.
2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶5} Kidwell does not argue it was error for the trial court to impose a
prison term. Rather, he argues that a lesser prison term was required. We disagree.
{¶6} To support his argument, Kidwell asserts that none of the factors in
R.C. 2929.12(B) applied to indicate that his conduct was more serious than conduct
normally constituting the drug offenses. In contrast, he claims that R.C.
2929.12(C)(3) applied to indicate that his conduct was less serious than conduct
normally constituting the offenses because he “did not cause or expect to cause
physical harm to any person or property.” While this might be true, Kidwell has
failed to demonstrate that the trial court did not consider this factor.
{¶7} Kidwell also argues that the factors in R.C. 2929.12(D) indicate only a
moderate likelihood of recidivism. Two of the factors a court must consider are
whether “the offender has a history of criminal convictions,” R.C. 2929.12(D)(2), and
whether “the offender has not responded favorably to sanctions previously imposed
for criminal convictions.” R.C. 2929.12(D)(3). Kidwell has a lengthy criminal and
juvenile record, which includes state felony convictions and prison sentences for
theft, drug abuse, and aggravated burglary. And Kidwell’s record includes
convictions in federal court in 2004 and 2005 for conspiracy with intent to distribute
drugs, specifically over 400 pounds of marihuana and 36 kilos of cocaine. For those
offenses, Kidwell was sentenced to 151 months of incarceration (about 12.5 years)
and 60 months of supervised release. Kidwell was released in 2014 after serving just
over ten years.
{¶8} Kidwell claims that R.C. 2929.12(E)(3) applied to indicate that he was
not likely to commit future crimes, specifically that “[p]rior to committing the
offense, the offender had led a law-abiding life for a significant number of years.”
Kidwell asserts that his last arrest occurred 15 years before the current offenses and
3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
that he had been released from his 60-month period of postrelease supervision after
only 18 months. However, this argument ignores the fact that Kidwell was in federal
prison for ten of those 15 years (from May 2004 until June 2014) and that his arrest
on the current offenses in January 2019 came at the end of an eight-month
investigation.
{¶9} The trial court noted that it considered Kidwell’s record, the mitigation
offered by defense counsel, the statements of support by Kidwell’s employers, family,
and friends, and favorable comments made by an investigating officer about Kidwell.
The court imposed the maximum prison term for the aggravated-trafficking offense,
but did not impose the maximum prison terms for either the trafficking-in-
marihuana or trafficking-in-hashish offenses. Thus, Kidwell’s sentences fell within
the available sentencing ranges for the offenses and were not contrary to law. See
State v. Giuggio, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-170133, 2018-Ohio-2376, ¶ 17. The first
assignment of error is overruled.
Allied Offenses
{¶10} In his second assignment of error, Kidwell argues that the trial court
erred when it failed to merge the offenses because they were allied offenses of similar
import. However, by failing to seek the merger of his convictions as allied offenses of
similar import in the trial court, Kidwell forfeited all but plain error. State v. Rogers,
143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 3. To prevail on a claim of
plain error, Kidwell must “demonstrate a reasonable probability that the convictions
are for allied offenses of similar import committed with the same conduct and
without a separate animus.” Id.
4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶11} In State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892,
the Ohio Supreme Court set forth the test to determine if two offenses are allied
offenses of similar import:
Rather than compare the elements of two offenses to determine
whether they are allied offenses of similar import, the analysis must
focus on the defendant’s conduct to determine whether one or more
convictions may result, because an offense may be committed in a
variety of ways and the offenses committed may have different import.
No bright-line rule can govern every situation.
As a practical matter, when determining whether offenses are allied
offenses of similar import within the meaning of R.C. 2941.25, courts
must ask three questions when the defendant’s conduct supports
multiple offenses: (1) Were the offenses dissimilar in import or
significance? (2) Were they committed separately? and (3) Were they
committed with separate animus or motivation? An affirmative
answer to any of the above will permit separate convictions. The
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[Cite as State v. Kidwell, 2020-Ohio-4806.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-190521 TRIAL NO. B-190145 Plaintiff-Appellee, :
vs. : O P I N I O N.
STEVEN KIDWELL, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: October 7, 2020
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Scott M. Heenan, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and David Hoffmann, Assistant Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellant. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
MYERS, Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Steven Kidwell appeals from the sentences imposed following his
guilty pleas to three felony drug offenses. Because the trial court committed no
sentencing errors, we affirm its judgment.
Guilty Pleas
{¶2} Kidwell was indicted for ten felony drug offenses in a 31-count
indictment with five codefendants. In exchange for Kidwell’s guilty pleas to
aggravated trafficking in drugs (tetrahydrocannabinol, “THC”), trafficking in
marihuana, and trafficking in hashish, the prosecutor dismissed the remaining seven
counts. The trial court sentenced Kidwell to concurrent prison terms of 18 months,
30 months, and 30 months, respectively.
Length of Sentence
{¶3} In his first assignment of error, Kidwell argues that the trial court
erred in sentencing him because the record does not support an aggregate prison
term of 30 months. He asserts that the term was excessive and unsupported by the
record.
{¶4} We review felony sentences under the standard of review set forth in
R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). See State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-Ohio-1002, 59
N.E.3d 1231, ¶ 1; State v. White, 2013-Ohio-4225, 997 N.E.3d 629, ¶ 5 (1st Dist.). We
will modify or vacate a sentence only if we clearly and convincingly find that the
record does not support the trial court’s findings or that a sentence is otherwise
contrary to law. See R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). In addition, we presume that the trial court
considered the statutory factors of R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12, absent an affirmative
demonstration to the contrary by the defendant. State v. Patterson, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-170329, 2018-Ohio-3348, ¶ 60.
2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶5} Kidwell does not argue it was error for the trial court to impose a
prison term. Rather, he argues that a lesser prison term was required. We disagree.
{¶6} To support his argument, Kidwell asserts that none of the factors in
R.C. 2929.12(B) applied to indicate that his conduct was more serious than conduct
normally constituting the drug offenses. In contrast, he claims that R.C.
2929.12(C)(3) applied to indicate that his conduct was less serious than conduct
normally constituting the offenses because he “did not cause or expect to cause
physical harm to any person or property.” While this might be true, Kidwell has
failed to demonstrate that the trial court did not consider this factor.
{¶7} Kidwell also argues that the factors in R.C. 2929.12(D) indicate only a
moderate likelihood of recidivism. Two of the factors a court must consider are
whether “the offender has a history of criminal convictions,” R.C. 2929.12(D)(2), and
whether “the offender has not responded favorably to sanctions previously imposed
for criminal convictions.” R.C. 2929.12(D)(3). Kidwell has a lengthy criminal and
juvenile record, which includes state felony convictions and prison sentences for
theft, drug abuse, and aggravated burglary. And Kidwell’s record includes
convictions in federal court in 2004 and 2005 for conspiracy with intent to distribute
drugs, specifically over 400 pounds of marihuana and 36 kilos of cocaine. For those
offenses, Kidwell was sentenced to 151 months of incarceration (about 12.5 years)
and 60 months of supervised release. Kidwell was released in 2014 after serving just
over ten years.
{¶8} Kidwell claims that R.C. 2929.12(E)(3) applied to indicate that he was
not likely to commit future crimes, specifically that “[p]rior to committing the
offense, the offender had led a law-abiding life for a significant number of years.”
Kidwell asserts that his last arrest occurred 15 years before the current offenses and
3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
that he had been released from his 60-month period of postrelease supervision after
only 18 months. However, this argument ignores the fact that Kidwell was in federal
prison for ten of those 15 years (from May 2004 until June 2014) and that his arrest
on the current offenses in January 2019 came at the end of an eight-month
investigation.
{¶9} The trial court noted that it considered Kidwell’s record, the mitigation
offered by defense counsel, the statements of support by Kidwell’s employers, family,
and friends, and favorable comments made by an investigating officer about Kidwell.
The court imposed the maximum prison term for the aggravated-trafficking offense,
but did not impose the maximum prison terms for either the trafficking-in-
marihuana or trafficking-in-hashish offenses. Thus, Kidwell’s sentences fell within
the available sentencing ranges for the offenses and were not contrary to law. See
State v. Giuggio, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-170133, 2018-Ohio-2376, ¶ 17. The first
assignment of error is overruled.
Allied Offenses
{¶10} In his second assignment of error, Kidwell argues that the trial court
erred when it failed to merge the offenses because they were allied offenses of similar
import. However, by failing to seek the merger of his convictions as allied offenses of
similar import in the trial court, Kidwell forfeited all but plain error. State v. Rogers,
143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 3. To prevail on a claim of
plain error, Kidwell must “demonstrate a reasonable probability that the convictions
are for allied offenses of similar import committed with the same conduct and
without a separate animus.” Id.
4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶11} In State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892,
the Ohio Supreme Court set forth the test to determine if two offenses are allied
offenses of similar import:
Rather than compare the elements of two offenses to determine
whether they are allied offenses of similar import, the analysis must
focus on the defendant’s conduct to determine whether one or more
convictions may result, because an offense may be committed in a
variety of ways and the offenses committed may have different import.
No bright-line rule can govern every situation.
As a practical matter, when determining whether offenses are allied
offenses of similar import within the meaning of R.C. 2941.25, courts
must ask three questions when the defendant’s conduct supports
multiple offenses: (1) Were the offenses dissimilar in import or
significance? (2) Were they committed separately? and (3) Were they
committed with separate animus or motivation? An affirmative
answer to any of the above will permit separate convictions. The
conduct, the animus, and the import must all be considered.
Id. at ¶ 30–31.
{¶12} Kidwell asserts that THC is the active ingredient in marihuana and
hashish and that he should not have been separately convicted for offenses involving
the simultaneous possession of THC, marihuana, and hashish. He acknowledges
that THC, marihuana, and hashish are all separately categorized as Schedule I
controlled substances. See R.C. 3719.41(C)(19), (27), and (32).1 Multiple convictions
1 R.C. 3719.41 has been amended to incorporate the schedules adopted by the State Board of Pharmacy, which currently list marihuana, THC (excluding “hemp” and “hemp products”), and hashish as Schedule I controlled substances. See R.C. 3719.41; Ohio Adm.Code 4729:9-1- 01(D)(23), (31), and (39).
5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
relating to different controlled substances are not allied offenses of similar import
and are not subject to merger. See State v. Stuckey, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-
170285, 2018-Ohio-4435, ¶ 12. Therefore, the trial court did not commit plain error
by sentencing Kidwell separately on the offenses. We overrule the second
assignment of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Judgment affirmed.
BERGERON and CROUSE, JJ., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry this date.