[Cite as State v. Kennedy, 2011-Ohio-4291.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT CHAMPAIGN COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO : : Appellate Case No. 2011-CA-3 Plaintiff-Appellee : : Trial Court Case No. 2009-CR-297 v. : : DALE A. KENNEDY : (Criminal Appeal from : (Common Pleas Court) Defendant-Appellant : : ...........
OPINION
Rendered on the 26th day of August, 2011.
...........
NICK A. SELVAGGIO, Atty. Reg. #0055607, 200 North Main Street, Urbana, Ohio 43078 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
JOSHUA S. CARTER, Atty. Reg. #0084925, 5405 Fairford Court, Dayton, Ohio 45414 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
.............
FAIN, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant Dale Kennedy appeals from his conviction and sentence for
Operating a Motor Vehicle While Under the Influence of Alcohol or Drugs (OVI), in violation
of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) and (G)(1)(d)(i), with a specification under R.C. 2941.1413 that
Kennedy had at least five prior convictions of a similar nature within the past twenty years. 2
{¶ 2} Kennedy contends that because he was subject to the R.C. 2941.1413
specification of mandatory incarceration for five OVI offenses within twenty years, the trial
court erred in sentencing him to a mandatory term of incarceration on the underlying OVI
offense. Kennedy further argues that his plea was invalid because he was misinformed about
the sentencing guidelines, and because of other errors the trial court made in accepting his
plea. In addition, Kennedy maintains that the trial court erred by not imposing the minimum
sentence or by not imposing community control. Finally, Kennedy contends that trial counsel
rendered ineffective assistance by failing to research statutory requirements of the crime that
Kennedy allegedly violated, and by consenting to the forfeiture of Kennedy’s vehicle.
{¶ 3} We conclude that the trial court erred in sentencing Kennedy to a 60-day
mandatory term in conjunction with his underlying OVI conviction. Under R.C.
4511.19(G)(1)(d)(i), the trial court could have sentenced Kennedy to a mandatory prison
term of one to five years, because Kennedy pled guilty to a specification violation under R.C.
2941.1413. The trial court could also have sentenced Kennedy to an additional six to 30
months on the underlying OVI charge, pursuant to R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(d)(i). The court could
not properly make 60 days of the OVI sentence mandatory, however, because the provisions
for 60-day mandatory sentences in R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(d)(i) relate only to situations that do
not involve R.C. 2941.1413 specifications.
{¶ 4} We further conclude that Kennedy’s guilty plea was valid. Under the totality of
the circumstances, Kennedy did not misunderstand the consequences of his plea, nor were
there any prejudicial effects.
{¶ 5} We additionally conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it 3
failed to impose either the minimum sentence or community control. With the one exception
already noted, Kennedy’s sentence was not contrary to law, and the court did not act
unreasonably in imposing sentence.
{¶ 6} Finally, we conclude that Kennedy was not denied effective assistance of
counsel. Although the parties and the trial court were all mistaken about imposition of the
mandatory 60-day sentence under R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(d)(i), Kennedy did not prejudicially rely
upon that mistake in deciding to plead guilty, because the correctly applied sentence would
actually be less severe. Trial counsel also did not provide ineffective assistance regarding the
forfeiture of Kennedy’s vehicle. Kennedy agreed to forfeiture of the vehicle after conferring
with his attorney.
{¶ 7} Accordingly, that part of the judgment of the trial court making 60 days of
Kennedy’s one-year sentence for OMVI mandatory is Reversed; the judgment of the trial court
is Affirmed in all other respects; and this cause is Remanded for the purpose of carrying the
sentence, as modified, into execution, including notification of the proper authorities.
I
{¶ 8} In December 2009, Dale Kennedy was indicted on two counts. Count One
alleged that Kennedy had violated R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) and(G)(1)(d)(i), by operating a
motor vehicle under the influence of drugs or alcohol, and that Kennedy had been convicted of
or had pled guilty to three or four violations of R.C. 4511.19(A) or (B) within the previous six
years, or within twenty years previously, had been convicted of five or more violations of that
nature. Count One contained a specification under R.C. 2941.1413 that Kennedy, within 4
twenty years of the offense, had been convicted of, or had pled guilty to, five or more
equivalent offenses.
{¶ 9} Count Two alleged that Kennedy had violated R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(h) and
(G)(1)(d)(ii) by operating a motor vehicle while having an improper concentration of alcohol
in his breath, and that Kennedy had been convicted of or had pled guilty to three or four
violations of R.C. 4511.19(A) or (B) within the previous six years, or within twenty years
previously, had been convicted of five or more violations of that nature. Count Two also
contained a specification under R.C. 2941.1413.
{¶ 10} After initially pleading not guilty, Kennedy entered a plea of guilty to Count
One and the specification in Count One. Count Two and the Specification to Count Two
were dismissed with prejudice. The trial court then sentenced Kennedy to twelve months in
prison on Count One, with 60 days of the twelve months to be mandatory, and to three years
on the specification to Count One. The court ordered the sentences to be served
consecutively. Kennedy was also ordered to complete a substance abuse and alcohol
program, and his driver’s license was suspended for six years.
{¶ 11} Kennedy appeals from his conviction and sentence.
II
{¶ 12} Kennedy’s First Assignment of Error is as follows:
{¶ 13} “BECAUSE KENNEDY WAS SUBJECT TO THE R.C. 2941.1413
SPECIFICATION OF MANDATORY INCARCERATION FOR FIVE OMVI OFFENSES
WITHIN A TWENTY YEAR SPAN, THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY SENTENCING 5
KENNEDY TO A MANDATORY PRISON TERM ON THE UNDERLYING OMVI
OFFENSE WHICH IS CONTRARY TO THE PLAIN LANGUAGE OF R.C.
4511.19(G)(1)(D)(i) AND 2929.13(G)(2).”
{¶ 14} Under this assignment of error, Kennedy contends that the trial court erred in
sentencing him to a mandatory term of 60 days on the underlying OVI offense. We agree.
{¶ 15} Kennedy pled guilty to the first count in the indictment, which alleged a
violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) and (G)(1)(d)(i), and to a specification to that count under
R.C. 2941.1413. The trial court sentenced Kennedy to twelve months in prison on the OVI
conviction in Count One, with 60 days of the sentence to be mandatory, and three years in
prison on the specification, with the sentences to served consecutively.
{¶ 16} Kennedy argues that the trial court was prohibited from imposing a 60-day
mandatory sentence by the unambiguous terms of R.C. 4511.19(A). The State contends that
Kennedy invited the error. In addition, the State maintains that R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(d)(i) and
R.C. 2929.13(G)(2) conflict, and that we should reconcile the two statutes to give effect to
both.
{¶ 17} R.C. 4511.19(A)(1) provides, in pertinent part, that:
{¶ 18} “No person shall operate any vehicle, streetcar, or trackless trolley within this
state, if, at the time of the operation, any of the following apply:
{¶ 19} “(a) The person is under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a
combination of them.”
{¶ 20} R.C. 4511.19(G)(1) further states that anyone who has violated R.C.
4511.19(A)(1)(a)-(i) is guilty of operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol or drugs. 6
R.C. 4511.19(G)(1) lists different penalties and degrees of crime for the violation, depending
on the number of prior violations.
{¶ 21} For example, a first offense is classified as a first-degree misdemeanor, and the
court is permitted to chose between a three-day jail term or an intervention program. The
court may also sentence an offender to both intervention and jail, but the maximum
cumulative sentence cannot exceed six months. R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(a)(i).
{¶ 22} In contrast, R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(d) deals with more serious situations, which
involve offenders who have been convicted of or have pled guilty to three or four violations of
R.C. 4511.19(A) or (B) within six years of the offense, or who have been convicted of or have
pled guilty to five or more violations of that nature within twenty years of the current offense.
In these situations, the offender is classified as having committed a fourth degree felony. The
court is provided with three sentencing options, depending on whether the offender has pled
guilty to or has been convicted of a specification under R.C. 2941.1413. R.C. 2941.1413
allows a mandatory additional prison term of one to five years to be imposed on offenders
where the indictment specifies that they have been convicted of or have pled guilty to five or
more equivalent offenses within twenty years of the current offense. Thus, under R.C.
4511.19(G)(1)(d), an offender’s sentence will depend on whether the offender’s indictment
contains a specification.
{¶ 23} In this regard, R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(d)(i) states that the court shall sentence the
defendant as follows:
{¶ 24} “(i) If the sentence is being imposed for a violation of division (A)(1)(a), (b),
(c), (d), (e), or (j) of this section, a mandatory prison term of one, two, three, four, or five years 7
as required by and in accordance with division (G)(2) of section 2929.13 of the Revised Code
if the offender also is convicted of or also pleads guilty to a specification of the type described
in section 2941.1413 of the Revised Code or, in the discretion of the court, either a mandatory
term of local incarceration of sixty consecutive days in accordance with division (G)(1) of
section 2929.13 of the Revised Code or a mandatory prison term of sixty consecutive days in
accordance with division (G)(2) of that section if the offender is not convicted of and does not
plead guilty to a specification of that type.” (Italics added.)
{¶ 25} The statute thus offers three choices for a sentencing judge. First, where a
defendant is convicted of or pleads guilty to a specification under R.C. 2929.1413, the court is
required to impose a mandatory prison term of one to five years.
{¶ 26} In all other situations involving R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(d) – that is, where there is
no specification of five or more convictions within twenty years – the trial court has the
discretion to choose between two options: (1) sentencing the defendant to a mandatory
60-day term of local incarceration; or (2) sentencing the defendant to a mandatory 60-day
prison term.
{¶ 27} Once the court decides which of the three option applies, R.C.
4511.19(G)(1)(d)(i) contains further instructions about the sentence. In this regard, the
statute says that:
{¶ 28} “If the court imposes a mandatory term of local incarceration, it may impose a
jail term in addition to the sixty-day mandatory term, the cumulative total of the mandatory
term and the jail term for the offense shall not exceed one year, and, except as provided in
division (A)(1) of section 2929.13 of the Revised Code, no prison term is authorized for the 8
offense.”
{¶ 29} If the court chooses the local incarceration option, it may chose whether the
term is to be served in jail, a community based correctional institution, a halfway house, or an
alternative residential facility. See R.C. 2929.13(G)(1). The court can also impose a jail
term in addition, but the total cumulative sentence cannot exceed one year.
{¶ 30} Similarly, R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(d)(i) provides that:
{¶ 31} “If the court imposes a mandatory prison term, notwithstanding division (A)(4)
of section 2929.14 of the Revised Code, it also may sentence the offender to a definite prison
term that shall be not less than six months and not more than thirty months and the prison
terms shall be imposed as described in division (G)(2) of section 2929.13 of the Revised
Code. If the court imposes a mandatory prison term or mandatory prison term and additional
prison term, in addition to the term or terms so imposed, the court also may sentence the
offender to a community control sanction for the offense, but the offender shall serve all of the
prison terms so imposed prior to serving the community control sanction.”
{¶ 32} Thus, if the court imposes a mandatory prison sentence, either the
one-to-five-year prison term for a specification situation, or the 60-day mandatory prison
sentence for a non-specification situation, the court may also impose an additional sentence of
six to thirty months, notwithstanding R.C. 2929.14(D)(4), which provides for sentences of
seven to eighteen months for fourth-degree felony convictions.
{¶ 33} Accordingly, in the case before us, the trial court could have sentenced
Kennedy only to a mandatory prison term of one to five years under R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(d)(i),
because Kennedy pled guilty to a specification violation. The court could also have 9
sentenced Kennedy to an additional six to 30 months on the underlying OVI charge. The
court could not properly make 60 days of the OVI sentence mandatory, however, because that
provision in R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(d)(i) relates only to situations that do not involve R.C.
2941.1413 specifications.
{¶ 34} In contending that error occurred, Kennedy relies on two decisions from the
Eleventh District Court of Appeals, which hold that a trial court cannot sentence a defendant
to a mandatory 60-day term of imprisonment on the underlying OVI charge and to a one to
five-year sentence on the R.C. 2941.1413 specification. See State v. McAdams, Lake App.
No. 2010-L-012, 2011-Ohio-157, ¶12-16, and State v. Stillwell, Lake App. No.2006-L-010,
2007-Ohio-3190, ¶33-37.
{¶ 35} We agree with the Eleventh District Court of Appeals that a defendant cannot
be sentenced to a mandatory 60-day term of imprisonment on the underlying OVI charge
where the defendant is subject to a specification under R.C. 2941.1413. Accordingly, the trial
court erred in sentencing Kennedy to the 60-day mandatory term.
{¶ 36} The State argues, however, that Kennedy should not be allowed to take
advantage of this error, because he invited it.
{¶ 37} “The doctrine of invited error estops an appellant, in either a civil or criminal
case, from attacking a judgment for errors the appellant induced the court to commit. Under
that principle, a party cannot complain of any action taken or ruling made by the court in
accordance with the party's own suggestion or request.” Royse v. Dayton, Montgomery App.
No. 24172, 2011-Ohio-3509, ¶11, citing State v. Woodruff (1983), 10 Ohio App.3d 326.
{¶ 38} In the case before us, there is no indication that Kennedy invited the error. The 10
trial court noted at the plea hearing that the legislative treatment of penalties for OVI is
somewhat confusing. The court then told Kennedy that the possible penalty for the crime
itself would include a minimum of six months and a maximum of 30 months, with the first 60
days of confinement mandatory. Transcript of March 22, 2010 Plea Hearing, pp. 7-8. The
court asked Kennedy if he understood this, and Kennedy said that he did. Id. at p. 8. Of
course, understanding what the trial court has said is not the same as agreeing with it. Neither
the State nor defense counsel induced this error by the trial court, and Kennedy should not be
charged with having invited the error.
{¶ 39} The State’s second position is that the language of R.C. 2929.13(G)(2) seems to
conflict with R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(d)(i), by requiring offenders to serve the sentence for the
specification prior to serving any other mandatory term imposed in relation to the offense.
{¶ 40} R.C. 2929.13(G)(2) provides, in pertinent part, that:
{¶ 41} “If the offender is being sentenced for a third degree felony OVI offense, or if
the offender is being sentenced for a fourth degree felony OVI offense and the court does not
impose a mandatory term of local incarceration under division (G)(1) of this section, the court
shall impose upon the offender a mandatory prison term of one, two, three, four, or five years
if the offender also is convicted of or also pleads guilty to a specification of the type described
in section 2941.1413 of the Revised Code or shall impose upon the offender a mandatory
prison term of sixty days or one hundred twenty days as specified in division (G)(1)(d) or (e)
of section 4511.19 of the Revised Code if the offender has not been convicted of and has not
pleaded guilty to a specification of that type. The court shall not reduce the term pursuant to
section 2929.20, 2967.193, or any other provision of the Revised Code. The offender shall 11
serve the one-, two-, three-, four-, or five-year mandatory prison term consecutively to and
prior to the prison term imposed for the underlying offense and consecutively to any other
mandatory prison term imposed in relation to the offense.”
{¶ 42} Courts construing R.C. 2929.13(G)(2) and R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(d)(i) and (ii)
have concluded that:
{¶ 43} “The language and interplay of R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(d)(ii) and R.C. 2941.1413
demonstrate that the legislature specifically authorized a separate penalty for a person who has
been convicted of or pleaded guilty to five or more OVI offenses within twenty years which
shall be imposed in addition to the penalty for the underlying OVI conviction. See State v.
Midcap, 9th Dist. No. 22908, 2006-Ohio-2854. Therefore, R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(d)(ii) and
R.C. 2941.1413 ‘clearly reflect the legislature's intent to create a penalty for a person who has
been convicted of or pleaded guilty to five or more equivalent offenses within twenty years of
the OMVI offense over and above the penalty imposed for the OMVI conviction itself.
Because the legislature has specifically authorized cumulative punishment, it is not a double
jeopardy violation.’ ” State v. Stillwell, Lake App. No. 2006-L-010, 2007-Ohio-3190. ¶26,
quoting Midcap, 2006-Ohio-2854, ¶12.
{¶ 44} The above cases do not address any conflict between R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(d)
and R.C. 2929.13(G)(2), and the matter appears not to have been raised by the parties. Under
the statutory scheme, however, defendants, like Kennedy, who plead guilty to, or are convicted
of, a specification under R.C. 2941.1413 and the underlying charge of having violated R.C.
4511.19(A)(1)(a), are subject to a one-to-five year sentence on the specification, and a
six-to-30-month sentence on the underlying charge, with the sentence on the specification to 12
be served consecutive and prior to the sentence on the underlying charge.
{¶ 45} We do agree with the State that the last sentence in R.C. 2929.13(G)(2)
introduces some confusion by adding the words “consecutively to any other mandatory prison
term imposed in relation to the offense.” There is no indication what the legislature meant
by this.
{¶ 46} The language in question was added when the legislature re-wrote R.C.
2929.13(G) in 2004. See Am. Sub. H. B. 163. The legislative analysis accompanying the
bill states as follows:
{¶ 47} “Fourth degree felony state OVI. Under the act, subject to the provisions
described below regarding third degree felony state OVI, state OVI is a felony of the fourth
degree if, within six years of the offense, the offender previously has been convicted of three
or four of the predicate offenses or if, within 20 years of the offense, the offender previously
has been convicted of five or more predicate offenses. The offender may be sentenced to a
definite prison term of not less than six months and not more than 30 months. The court must
sentence the offender in accordance with the Felony Sentencing Law (R.C. 2929.11 to
2929.19), must impose as part of the sentence a mandatory prison term of one, two, three,
four, or five years as required by and in accordance with R.C. 2929.13(G)(2) if the offender
also pleads guilty to or also is convicted of a ‘State OVI Five Prior Conviction Specification’
as enacted in the act (see below), and must impose as part of the sentence either a mandatory
term of local incarceration of 60 consecutive days of imprisonment for standard state OVI or
120 consecutive days for high-end state OVI in accordance with R.C. 2929.13(G)(1) or a
mandatory prison term of 60 consecutive days of imprisonment for standard state OVI or 120 13
consecutive days for high-end state OVI in accordance with R.C. 2929.13(G)(2) if the
offender does not plead guilty to and is not convicted of a specification of that type.”
Legislative Commission Service Final Analysis of Am. Sub. H.B. 163, pp. 10-11.
{¶ 48} This legislative analysis makes no specific comment about these matters, but
does support the conclusion that the 60-day mandatory term does not apply where a
specification exists. The Final Analysis also mentions the part of the sentence in R.C.
2929.13(G)(2) that is under consideration, but does not make any comment specifically about
the basis for the language that is used.
{¶ 49} Instead, the Final Analysis says only that “The act requires that the offender
serve the one-, two-, three-, four-, or five-year mandatory prison term imposed under this
provision consecutively to and prior to the prison term imposed for the underlying offense and
consecutively to any other mandatory prison term imposed in relation to the offense and
expressly prohibits a grant of work release from the mandatory term.” Id. at p.12 (Italics in
original).
{¶ 50} To the extent that R.C. 2929.23(G)(2) creates any ambiguity, we will not
construe it to increase the penalty, particularly since R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(d)(i) clearly indicates
that the 60-day mandatory sentence applies only to situations that do not involve R.C.
2941.1413 specifications. See, e.g., State v. Elmore, 122 Ohio St.3d 472, 481,
2009-Ohio-3478, ¶38 (noting that “[t]he rule of lenity is a principle of statutory construction
that provides that a court will not interpret a criminal statute so as to increase the penalty it
imposes on a defendant if the intended scope of the statute is ambiguous”), and State v. Young
(1980), 62 Ohio St.2d 370, 374 (holding that ambiguities in criminal statutes are resolved in 14
favor of defendants). Accord State v. Carter, Champaign App. No. 2005-CA-24,
2006-Ohio-984, ¶18, citing R.C. 2901.04(A).
{¶ 51} Accordingly, the trial court erred in stating that 60 days of the twelve-month
sentence for the OVI conviction in Count One are mandatory.
{¶ 52} Kennedy’s First Assignment of Error is sustained.
III
{¶ 53} Kennedy’s Second Assignment of Error is as follows:
{¶ 54} “BECAUSE THE PRESIDING JUDGE, PROSECUTION, AND DEFENSE
COUNSEL MISINTERPRETED THE SENTENCING GUIDELINES, BECAUSE THE
JUDGE NEVER IDENTIFIED WHICH REVISED CODE SECTION KENNEDY
VIOLATED, AND BECAUSE KENNEDY NEVER STATED ‘GUILTY,’ THE COURT’S
ACCEPTANCE OF KENNEDY’S PLEA IS INVALID.”
{¶ 55} Under this assignment of error, Kennedy contends that the court’s acceptance of
his plea was invalid due to several deficiencies: (1) all parties and the court misinterpreted
the sentencing guidelines; (2) the trial judge never identified the Ohio Revised Code section
that Kennedy violated; and (3) Kennedy never stated that he was “guilty.” Kennedy
concedes that these are non-constitutional requirements, which require only a showing of
“substantial compliance” with Crim. R. 11(C)(2).
{¶ 56} Crim. R. 11(C)(2) provides, in pertinent part, that:
{¶ 57} “In felony cases the court may refuse to accept a plea of guilty or a plea of no
contest, and shall not accept a plea of guilty or no contest without first addressing the 15
defendant personally and doing all of the following:
{¶ 58} “(a) Determining that the defendant is making the plea voluntarily, with
understanding of the nature of the charges and of the maximum penalty involved, and if
applicable, that the defendant is not eligible for probation or for the imposition of community
control sanctions at the sentencing hearing.”
{¶ 59} “Substantial compliance means that under the totality of the circumstances the
defendant subjectively understands the implications of his plea and the rights he is waiving. *
* * Furthermore, a defendant who challenges his guilty plea on the basis that it was not
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made must show a prejudicial effect. * * * The test is
whether the plea would have otherwise been made.” State v. Nero (1990), 56 Ohio St.3d 106,
108. (Citations omitted).
{¶ 60} We have reviewed the transcripts of all hearings in this case, and conclude that
under the totality of circumstances, Kennedy did not misunderstand the consequences of his
plea, nor were there any prejudicial effects.
{¶ 61} As an initial matter, regardless of any error regarding whether a 60-day
mandatory term could be imposed as part of the sentence on the underlying crime, Kennedy
was not prejudiced. The error actually benefits Kennedy, because he will not be subject to a
mandatory 60-day period of imprisonment on the OVI sentence. Thus, Kennedy’s sentence
will actually be less severe than what the trial court outlined, and Kennedy cannot have
detrimentally relied upon the trial court’s misstatement in deciding to plead guilty.
{¶ 62} The trial court correctly told Kennedy that he was subject to a maximum
penalty on the underlying charge and specification of seven and a half years (one to five years 16
on the specification and six to 30 months on the OVI). Transcript of March 22, 2010 Plea
Hearing, pp. 7-9. Initially, the trial court did incorrectly tell Kennedy that he was not eligible
for community control. Id. at p. 18. The court subsequently corrected this statement by
noting that state law offered the possibility of community control after Kennedy’s prison
sentence was completed. The trial court noted, however, that it would not grant community
control even though the law permitted it in this case. Id. at pp. 19-20. Kennedy, therefore,
was properly informed about his eligibility for community control, and this is not a basis for
concluding that the plea was invalid.
{¶ 63} As an additional matter, Kennedy contends that the trial court failed to mention
the applicable code sections to which Kennedy was pleading. Kennedy also insists that he
never said he was guilty. Kennedy’s position is that he only admitted that he had driven a
vehicle while intoxicated.
{¶ 64} We note that Kennedy admitted at the plea hearing, after receiving all
appropriate warnings, that he had operated a motor vehicle while under the influence of drugs,
and that he had five prior convictions within the past twenty years for equivalent offenses.
Transcript of March 22, 2010 Plea Hearing, pp. 22-23. After hearing these admissions, the
trial court required Kennedy to read a written plea agreement which listed the offenses to
which Kennedy was pleading guilty. The agreement also listed all possible penalties for the
crimes. In addition, the plea form specifically says:
{¶ 65} “I withdraw my former not guilty plea and enter a plea of guilty to the following
offenses:
{¶ 66} “Count 1 – OVI – Ohio Revised Code §4511.19(A)(1)(a)(G)(1)(d)(i), fourth 17
degree felony
{¶ 67} “Count 1 - Specification Ohio Revised Code § 2941.1413.”
{¶ 68} After reading the form and reviewing it with counsel, Kennedy signed the plea
form. Transcript of March 22, 2010 Plea Hearing, pp. 23-24. Kennedy’s arguments,
therefore, are without merit.
{¶ 69} Finally, Kennedy argues that he was not adequately informed regarding the
forfeiture of his automobile. We disagree. The record indicates that the forfeiture issue was
discussed at length during the plea hearing, and, in fact, had been the subject of an agreement
between the State and defense prior to the plea hearing. Transcript of March 22, 2010 Plea
Hearing, pp. 11-12.
{¶ 70} Kennedy’s Second Assignment of Error is overruled.
IV
{¶ 71} Kennedy’s Third Assignment of Error is as follows:
{¶ 72} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY NOT IMPOSING THE MINIMUM
SENTENCE OR CONSIDERING THE POSSIBILITIES OF COMMUNITY CONTROL.”
{¶ 73} Under this assignment of error, Kennedy contends that the trial court erred by
failing to consider a minimum sentence or the possibilities of community control. Kennedy
argues that the trial court had already concluded at the plea hearing that it was not even going
to consider community control. Kennedy also maintains that the trial court failed to consider
the record and imposed an unduly harsh sentence.
{¶ 74} In State v. Bowshier, Clark App. No. 08-CA-58, 2009 -Ohio-3429, we observed 18
that:
{¶ 75} “The trial court has full discretion to impose any sentence within the authorized
statutory range, and the court is not required to make any findings or give its reasons for
imposing maximum, consecutive, or more than minimum sentences. State v. Foster, 109
Ohio St.3d 1, 845 N.E.2d 470, 2006-Ohio-856, at paragraph 7 of the syllabus. Nevertheless, in
exercising its discretion the trial court must consider the statutory policies that apply to every
felony offense, including those set out in R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12. State v. Mathis, 109 Ohio
St.3d 54, 846 N.E.2d 1, 2006-Ohio-855, at ¶37.
{¶ 76} “ When reviewing felony sentences, an appellate court must first determine
whether the sentencing court complied with all applicable rules and statutes in imposing the
sentence, including R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12, in order to find whether the sentence is
contrary to law. State v. Kalish, 120 Ohio St.3d 23, 896 N.E.2d 124, 2008-Ohio-4912. If
the sentence is not clearly and convincingly contrary to law, the trial court's decision in
imposing the term of imprisonment must be reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard.
Id. ‘The term “abuse of discretion” connotes more than an error of law or judgment; it implies
that the trial court's attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.’ State v. Adams
(1980), 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157, 404 N.E.2d 144.” Bowshier, 2009-Ohio-3429, at ¶6. But,
see State v. Boles, 187 Ohio App.3d 345, 2010-Ohio-278, ¶16-26, taking issue with the
more-than-an-error-of-law formulation for abuse of discretion.
{¶ 77} In the case before us, the State recommended a fourteen-month prison term as
part of the plea agreement. Thus, the trial court’s comment that it would not consider
community control would have come as no surprise to Kennedy. In addition, the trial court 19
was required to impose at least a one-year prison sentence, pursuant to R.C. 4511.19(G)(2)
and the R.C. 2941.1413 specification. The trial court, therefore, did not act contrary to law in
imposing sentence.
{¶ 78} We also find no abuse of discretion in the sentence. At the plea hearing, the
State indicated that it would not be bound by the sentencing recommendation if Kennedy
violated the conditions of bond while awaiting sentencing, or incurred additional charges
while on bond. The sentencing hearing was subsequently delayed several months because of
an injury Kennedy had sustained. By the time the sentencing hearing took place, Kennedy
was the subject of a motion for bond revocation, and also had charges of criminal trespass,
telephone harassment, and criminal mischief pending in municipal court. Kennedy denied
culpability for those charges, and the State did not withdraw its sentencing recommendation.
Nonetheless, the trial court was entitled to consider this information. The record also
indicates that Kennedy had been previously imprisoned for a year in 1999, due to a burglary
conviction, and that Kennedy had six prior alcohol-related offenses.
{¶ 79} In light of the information in the record, we do not find that the trial court acted
unreasonably or arbitrarily in sentencing Kennedy to one year on the underlying charge and to
three years on the specification. A trial court does not have to follow the prosecutor's
recommendation. State v. Darmour (1987), 38 Ohio App.3d 160, 161.
{¶ 80} Nevertheless, because the State appears to have advocated for a fourteen-month
sentence at both the plea hearing and the sentencing hearing, the following comments of Judge
Wolff of this court, concurring in State v. Lewis, No. 2004-CA-101, 2005-Ohio-3736, are
worth noting: 20
{¶ 81} “I write separately only to point out that prosecutors – in order to dispose of
cases without trial – should not make sentencing recommendations that they know have no
reasonable likelihood of being followed.
{¶ 82} “A sentencing recommendation is an inducement to forego the right to trial and
is only a proper inducement if it is a realistic recommendation.
{¶ 83} “This is not to say that an unrealistic sentencing recommendation is necessarily
a basis for reversal. Assuming arguendo that the recommendation here was unrealistic, the
trial court made it abundantly clear to Lewis that the court was not bound by the State's
recommendation.
{¶ 84} “That having been said, the integrity of the practice of plea negotiation – which
is essential to the efficient administration of the criminal justice system – is better served by
realistic sentencing recommendations.
{¶ 85} “Despite the pronouncements of trial judges that they are not bound by
sentencing recommendations and despite defendants' acknowledgments of same, it cannot be
denied that the prosecutor's sentencing recommendation is a factor to be considered by
defendants and their counsel in determining whether to plead guilty or no contest or to go to
trial.
{¶ 86} “Realistic sentencing recommendations can only serve the objective of well
considered, well counseled pleas of guilty and no contest.” Id. at ¶23-28 (Wolff, J.,
concurring).
{¶ 87} As in Lewis, the trial court clearly indicated to Kennedy that it did not have to
follow the prosecutor’s recommendations. Transcript of March 22, 2010 Plea Hearing, p. 6. 21
The State appears to have been motivated by Kennedy’s cooperation with law enforcement,
and by the fact that no one was injured as a result of Kennedy’s intoxication. Transcript of
October 27, 2010 Sentencing Hearing, pp. 2-3. Nonetheless, the fact that the trial court
decided to impose a sentence harsher than the sentence recommended by the State, without
more, is not a sufficient basis for reversal of the sentence.
{¶ 88} Kennedy’s Third Assignment of Error is overruled.
V
{¶ 89} Kennedy’s Fourth Assignment of Error is as follows:
{¶ 90} “KENNEDY’S SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO THE EFFECTIVE
ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL WAS DENIED WHERE HIS COURT APPOINTED
COUNSEL FAILED TO RESEARCH STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS OF THE CRIME
KENNEDY ALLEGEDLY VIOLATED, WHERE HIS COUNSEL FAILED TO FILE
EVIDENTIARY MOTIONS, AND WHERE HIS COUNSEL CONSENTED TO THE
FORFEITURE OF KENNEDY’S VEHICLE PRIOR TO CONSULTING WITH
KENNEDY.”
{¶ 91} Under this assignment of error, Kennedy contends that his trial counsel failed to
provide effective representation in two ways: (1) by failing to research the sentence
enhancement statute; and (2) by consenting to the forfeiture of Kennedy’s vehicle.
{¶ 92} “In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the
defendant must show both deficient performance and resulting prejudice. Strickland v.
Washington (1984), 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674. Trial counsel is entitled 22
to a strong presumption that his conduct falls within the wide range of effective assistance,
and to show deficiency, the defendant must demonstrate that counsel's representation fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness.” State v. Matthews, 189 Ohio App.3d 446,
457, 2010 -Ohio- 4153, at ¶39.
{¶ 93} “Even assuming that counsel's performance was ineffective, the defendant must
still show that the error had an effect on the judgment. * * * Reversal is warranted only
where the defendant demonstrates that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” State v. Jackson, Champaign
App. No. 2004-CA-24, 2005-Ohio-6143, at ¶30 (citation omitted).
{¶ 94} The record in the case before us indicates that all parties, including the trial
court, incorrectly assumed that the one-year prison sentence imposed on the OVI was subject
to 60 days of mandatory time. Although a mistake occurred, Kennedy was not prejudiced.
As we noted, Kennedy benefits by the correctly applied law. Accordingly, even if trial
counsel should have known of the proper penalty, no prejudice occurred, because Kennedy did
not prejudicially rely upon the mistake in deciding to plead guilty.
{¶ 95} With regard to the forfeiture of Kennedy’s automobile, the trial court took the
position at the plea hearing that if an indictment does not specify forfeiture, it cannot be
enforced unless the defendant agrees. Transcript of March 22, 2010 Plea Hearing, pp. 9-10.
The State responded that forfeiture had been raised since the beginning of the case with
defense counsel, and that the parties had agreed that Kennedy’s vehicle would be forfeited.
Defense counsel agreed with the State.
{¶ 96} The trial court continued to reiterate its position that forfeiture is not mandatory 23
unless specified in the indictment. The court explained to Kennedy that even though the
lawyers were not certain the court was correct, the court took the position that the State would
have to seek additional language in the indictment to require forfeiture, unless Kennedy
agreed. Id. at 10-14. After conversing with his counsel, Kennedy indicated that he wished to
forfeit his vehicle. Id. at 14-15.
{¶ 97} As an initial matter, we note that the trial court’s position was incorrect. R.C.
4511.19(G)(1)(d) requires trial courts to sentence offenders like Kennedy to all of several
listed sanctions. One of these sanctions is outlined in R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(d)(v), which states
{¶ 98} “In all cases, if the vehicle is registered in the offender's name, criminal
forfeiture of the vehicle involved in the offense in accordance with section 4503.234 of the
Revised Code. * * * ”
{¶ 99} R.C. 4503.234(A) provides that:
{¶ 100} “If a court orders the criminal forfeiture of a vehicle pursuant to section * * *
4511.19 * * * of the Revised Code, the order shall be issued and enforced in accordance with
this division, subject to division (B) of this section. An order of criminal forfeiture issued
under this division shall authorize an appropriate law enforcement agency to seize the vehicle
ordered criminally forfeited upon the terms and conditions that the court determines proper. *
* * A forfeiture order may be issued only after the offender has been provided with an
opportunity to be heard. The prosecuting attorney shall give the offender written notice of the
possibility of forfeiture by sending a copy of the relevant uniform traffic ticket or other written
notice to the offender not less than seven days prior to the date of issuance of the forfeiture 24
order. A vehicle is subject to an order of criminal forfeiture pursuant to this division upon the
conviction of the offender of or plea of guilty by the offender to a violation of * * * division
(A) of section 4511.19 of the Revised Code, or a municipal ordinance that is substantially
equivalent to any of those sections or divisions.”
{¶ 101} Division (B) of R.C. 4503.234 simply requires the police to investigate for
possible lienholders or other persons with an interest in the vehicle. Those individuals are
then permitted to file motions with the court and assert their interest in the vehicle. This
division does not afford criminal defendants additional rights.
{¶ 102} Thus, the State does not have to add a specification to the indictment, but must
only give the defendant written notice of the possibility of forfeiture by one of the two
methods stated in R.C. 4503.234. Although the record does not indicate whether this was
done in the case before us, there is nothing in this record to support a conclusion that
Kennedy’s counsel acted ineffectively regarding the forfeiture. As noted, the State and
defense had discussed forfeiture since the beginning of the case, and had agreed to it.
{¶ 103} We also find no evidence of prejudice. The trial court told Kennedy that he
did not have to proceed on the forfeiture issue, but Kennedy agreed to the forfeiture, after
being given an opportunity to speak with his attorney.
{¶ 104} Kennedy’s Fourth Assignment of Error is overruled.
VI
{¶ 105} Kennedy’s First Assignment of Error having been sustained, and his other
assignments of error having been overruled, that part of the judgment of the trial court making
60 days of Kennedy’s one-year sentence for OMVI mandatory is Reversed; the judgment of 25
the trial court is Affirmed in all other respects; and this cause is Remanded for the purpose of
carrying the sentence, as modified, into execution, including notification of the proper
authorities.
DONOVAN and VUKOVICH, JJ., concur
(Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich, Seventh District Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio).
Copies mailed to:
Nick A. Selvaggio Joshua S. Carter Hon. Roger B. Wilson