1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. NO. 27,472
5 KEVIN AKERS,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF OTERO COUNTY 8 James Waylon Counts, District Judge
9 Gary K. King, Attorney General 10 Ann M. Harvey, Assistant Attorney General 11 Santa Fe, NM
12 for Appellee
13 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender 14 Vicki W. Zelle, Assistant Appellate Defender 15 Santa Fe, NM
16 for Appellant
17 MEMORANDUM OPINION
18 FRY, Chief Judge.
19 Defendant Kevin Akers pleaded no contest to possession of a controlled
20 substance and possession of drug paraphernalia, reserving the right to appeal the
21 district court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence. On appeal, Defendant
22 argues that the police officer improperly expanded the scope of the traffic stop to 1 include an unjustified pat down for weapons and an investigation into other illegal
2 activity. We hold that while the initial traffic stop was valid, the officer’s additional
3 questions were not within the scope of reasonable suspicion, and Defendant’s consent
4 to search his vehicle did not purge the taint of the officer’s illegal questions. We
5 reverse Defendant’s convictions and remand to the district court to vacate the
6 judgment and deferred sentence.
7 BACKGROUND
8 Officer Mark Esquero was patrolling the streets of Alamogordo on September
9 21, 2005, when he observed a four-door Mercury Sable traveling around a residential
10 area. Officer Esquero did not make contact at that moment because he had to respond
11 to another call. About twenty minutes later he observed what he thought was the same
12 vehicle in another area of town. He did not identify the license plate number but
13 noticed that the license plate light was not illuminated. He could not make contact
14 concerning the traffic violation because he again had to respond to another call. At
15 approximately 11:55 pm, Officer Esquero observed the same vehicle about three
16 blocks ahead of him in another area of town and accelerated to catch up with it.
17 Officer Esquero turned on his emergency lights to stop the vehicle to inquire about the
18 license plate light violation and what the vehicle was doing driving around town. The
2 1 vehicle traveled about two blocks before coming to a complete stop. The delay in
2 stopping raised red flags because in Officer Esquero’s experience drivers usually pull
3 over immediately at that time of night in a residential neighborhood with no traffic.
4 Upon approaching the driver’s side door and making contact, Officer Esquero
5 learned that the driver was Defendant. Officer Esquero explained that he stopped the
6 vehicle because the license plate light was out and also explained that he had observed
7 the same vehicle traveling in different areas of town. The officer asked Defendant for
8 his driver’s license, registration, and insurance. Defendant provided his driver’s
9 license but had a difficult time finding his registration and insurance. The officer
10 asked if the vehicle belonged to Defendant. Defendant initially said it did not but
11 several seconds later provided proof that the vehicle was registered in his name.
12 Defendant did not have proof of insurance. Officer Esquero did not smell marijuana
13 or any other illegal substance and did not see any identifiable stolen property or
14 narcotics in the vehicle.
15 Officer Esquero asked Defendant if he was going anywhere specific. Defendant
16 stated he was going to a friend’s house, but did not say who the friend was. When
17 Officer Esquero asked Defendant where his friend lived, Defendant said somewhere
18 in the area and that he was trying to find the house. Defendant appeared extremely
3 1 nervous to Officer Esquero because he was sweating profusely, fumbling around for
2 paperwork, making incomplete statements, and trying to avoid the officer’s questions.
3 However, Defendant was reasonably courteous and cooperative and did not threaten
4 the officer. The officer testified that it was not unusual for people to fumble around
5 for paperwork and that there was nothing threatening about making incomplete
6 statements.
7 Officer Esquero testified, however, that because Defendant had not pulled over
8 quickly, he was concerned for his safety at that point and asked Defendant to exit the
9 vehicle. Defendant complied. Officer Esquero conducted a pat down search for
10 weapons and found a buck knife, which the officer acknowledged is not an illegal
11 weapon.
12 After the pat down, Officer Esquero told Defendant that he was going to issue
13 citations for the inoperable license plate light and no proof of insurance. Defendant
14 appeared nervous. Officer Esquero explained that residential and auto burglaries had
15 been occurring. He then asked Defendant if he was or had been participating in those
16 type of activities. Defendant said no, that he was just going to a friend’s house. At
17 that point, the officer asked Defendant if there were any illegal items in the vehicle
4 1 and asked for consent to search the vehicle for any illegal items such as stolen
2 property, weapons, or narcotics. Defendant granted consent.
3 Officer Esquero testified that when he told Defendant he was writing the traffic
4 citations, he had completed the investigation of the light violation but did not tell
5 Defendant that he was free to leave. The officer acknowledged that he had no
6 indiction of any specific illegal activity, but testified that he had reasonable suspicion
7 to continue the investigation based on Defendant’s driving around in residential areas
8 and his delay in pulling over for the traffic stop.
9 Before searching the vehicle, Officer Esquero waited for another officer to
10 arrive at the scene while Defendant stood behind his vehicle. During the search,
11 Officer Esquero looked in an open bag of candy on the passenger seat and found a
12 small glass pipe and a vial of a substance that field-tested positive for
13 methamphetamine.
14 At the suppression hearing, the State argued that Officer Esquero had probable
15 cause to stop Defendant’s vehicle for the light violation and then developed
16 reasonable suspicion to expand the scope of the stop based on Officer Esquero’s
17 knowledge of past burglaries in the area, Defendant’s aimless driving in residential
18 neighborhoods, Defendant’s delay in stopping his vehicle, and Defendant’s behavior
5 1 on contact. The State argued that the stop progressed incrementally from a valid
2 traffic stop into asking for consent to search.
3 Defendant argued that Officer Esquero acted on an inarticulate hunch, not
4 reasonable suspicion, and used the traffic stop as a fishing expedition. Defendant
5 argued that Officer Esquero found nothing in the course of the investigation to give
6 rise to reasonable suspicion that Defendant was involved in burglary or any other
7 illegal activity. Defendant argued that Officer Esquero impermissibly expanded the
8 scope of the stop by asking questions about other illegal activity and asking for
9 consent to search the vehicle and that all evidence and statements seized as a result of
10 the unreasonable expansion of the scope of the stop should be suppressed.
11 In denying the motion to suppress, the district court concluded that Officer
12 Esquero was within the permissible scope of the stop when he sought consent to
13 search. The court ruled that Officer Esquero could expand the scope of the stop
14 beyond the traffic violations based on Defendant’s apparently aimless driving, his
15 failure to stop immediately, his inordinate degree of nervousness, and his temporary
16 denial of ownership of the vehicle. Defendant appeals from that ruling.
6 1 STANDARD OF REVIEW
2 In reviewing the district court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we determine
3 “whether the law was correctly applied to the facts, viewing them in a manner most
4 favorable to the prevailing party.” State v. Jason L., 2000-NMSC-018, ¶ 10, 129 N.M.
5 119, 2 P.3d 856 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). We defer to the
6 district court’s findings of fact to the extent that they are supported by substantial
7 evidence. Id. However, we “review the application of the law to these facts,
8 including determinations of reasonable suspicion, under a de novo standard of
9 review.” State v. Patterson, 2006-NMCA-037, ¶ 13, 139 N.M. 322, 131 P.3d 1286.
10 DISCUSSION
11 Defendant contends that Officer Esquero was not justified in expanding the
12 scope of the traffic stop for a license plate light violation into conducting a pat-down
13 for weapons, inquiring about Defendant’s possible involvement in burglaries, or
14 requesting permission to search his vehicle for any illegal items. The State contends
15 that the officer had an objectively reasonable suspicion that justified expanding the
16 scope of the stop and requesting consent to search.
17 The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution prohibits
18 unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV. “Under Fourth
7 1 Amendment standards, when a law enforcement officer makes a lawful stop, the
2 officer may conduct an investigation reasonably related to the circumstances that gave
3 rise to the officer’s reasons for the stop.” State v. Williamson, 2000-NMCA-068, ¶ 8,
4 129 N.M. 387, 9 P.3d 70. “Contemporaneous or continued investigation beyond the
5 scope of the initial traffic stop is justified only if the officer can articulate specific and
6 particularized factors that give rise to an objectively reasonable suspicion that other
7 criminal activity has been or may be afoot.” State v. Prince, 2004-NMCA-127, ¶ 9,
8 136 N.M. 521, 101 P.3d 332.
9 “Reasonable suspicion is measured by the totality of the circumstances.” Id. ¶
10 10. We first determine what facts were available to the officer and what inferences
11 logically flowed from those facts. Id. Next, we objectively determine whether these
12 facts would prompt a reasonable person to conclude that criminal activity was afoot.
13 Id. In determining whether an officer had reasonable suspicion of other criminal
14 activity, we must necessarily take into account the evolving circumstances with which
15 the officer was faced. State v. Funderburg, 2008-NMSC-026, ¶ 16, 144 N.M. 37, 183
16 P.3d 922. “An officer’s continued detention of a suspect may be reasonable if the
17 detention represents a graduated response to the evolving circumstances of the
18 situation.” Id. However, “[u]nsupported intuition and inarticulate hunches are not
8 1 sufficient.” State v. Vandenberg, 2003-NMSC-030, ¶ 21, 134 N.M. 566, 81 P.3d 19
2 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
3 The Initial Traffic Stop Was Valid Based on the License Plate Violation But 4 Officer Esquero Needed Reasonable Suspicion to Conduct an Independent 5 Investigation into Other Criminal Activity
6 The parties do not dispute that Officer Esquero’s observation of the inoperable
7 license plate light provided a sufficient basis for stopping the vehicle and requesting
8 license, registration, and proof of insurance. See State v. Reynolds, 119 N.M. 383,
9 388, 890 P.2d 1315, 1320 (1995) (holding that after a valid investigatory stop, an
10 officer is entitled to verify that the driver is licensed and driving a car that is registered
11 and insured). The difficulty arises in this case as to whether Officer Esquero had a
12 reasonable and articulable suspicion that other criminal activity was afoot and thus a
13 valid basis for expanding the scope of inquiry or continuing the detention beyond the
14 issuance of the traffic violations.
15 Defendant argues that from the moment Officer Esquero pulled his vehicle
16 over, the officer engaged in a fishing expedition, expanding the scope of the traffic
17 stop by inquiring about Defendant’s travel plans, ordering Defendant out of the
18 vehicle for a protective search, asking Defendant if he was involved in any burglaries,
19 and then asking for consent to search for narcotics, weapons, or stolen goods. The
9 1 State contends that during the course of the traffic stop Officer Esquero developed
2 reasonable suspicion that Defendant was involved in illegal activity which justified
3 expanding the scope of the stop to ask what Defendant was doing driving around
4 town, to conduct the frisk for reasons of officer safety, and finally to inquire about
5 burglary and whether Defendant had any illegal items in his vehicle.
6 As this Court has recognized, “[o]fficers may not use a lawful stop to fish for
7 evidence of other crimes where there is insufficient reason to detain a defendant
8 beyond the purpose of the initial detention.” Prince, 2004-NMCA-127, ¶ 19. Officer
9 Esquero testified that he stopped Defendant’s vehicle for two reasons: to investigate
10 the inoperable license plate light and to inquire about Defendant’s apparently aimless
11 driving. Only one of those reasons sufficed as a valid reason for a traffic stop. See
12 id. (noting that even though a defendant was lawfully detained for a speeding
13 violation, an independent investigation into drugs required additional reasonable
14 suspicion to be lawful). Officer Esquero testified that he thought Defendant’s aimless
15 driving around residential neighborhoods was suspicious and that he knew that there
16 had been residential and auto burglaries in Alamogordo, but offered no additional,
17 particularized information that would link Defendant to those crimes. At best, Officer
10 1 Esquero had only an inchoate suspicion or general hunch at the outset that other
2 criminal activity may have been afoot.
3 During the course of the traffic stop, Officer Esquero’s suspicions were aroused
4 by Defendant’s delay in stopping the vehicle, his extreme nervousness, and his
5 temporary denial of ownership of the vehicle. Accordingly, we are inclined to think
6 that Officer Esquero could inquire about where Defendant was going as long as the
7 questions were limited and not intrusive. See State v. Duran, 2005-NMSC-034, ¶¶ 36-
8 37, 138 N.M. 414, 120 P.3d 836 (stating that an officer may lawfully ask “minimally
9 intrusive questions to confirm or dispel his initial suspicion” arising from the traffic
10 stop as long as the questions are reasonable and “intrude on a person’s liberty as little
11 as possible under the circumstances”).
12 Officer Esquero Exceeded the Scope of a Routine Traffic Stop By Conducting a 13 Weapons Frisk
14 While asking the questions, however, Officer Esquero testified that he became
15 concerned about his safety and asked Defendant to step out of the vehicle for a
16 weapons pat-down. Defendant contends that Officer Esquero was not justified in
17 conducting a frisk in the interest of officer safety.
18 The State asserts that this issue was not preserved. We disagree. Although
19 Defendant argued below that the officer impermissibly expanded the scope of the
11 1 investigation regardless of the frisk, Defendant also argued that the pat down did not
2 meet the requirements of Vandenberg and State v. Chapman, 1999-NMCA-106, 127
3 N.M. 721, 986 P.2d 1122. Defendant also objected to the frisk in his written
4 suppression motion. The State in turn argued that the frisk was justified because a
5 weapon was found. Although the district court did not expressly address the frisk in
6 its oral ruling, the court implicitly found the frisk was proper by ruling that the officer
7 did not exceed the scope of the stop. We therefore address the legality of the frisk.
8 Ordinarily, “an officer may not constitutionally perform a protective frisk for
9 weapons during a traffic stop.” Vandenberg, 2003-NMSC-030, ¶ 32. “To justify a
10 frisk for weapons, an officer must have a sufficient degree of articulable suspicion that
11 the person being frisked is both armed and presently dangerous.” Id. ¶ 22. When an
12 officer is investigating an inherently dangerous crime such as burglary, the nature of
13 the crime may be a sufficient predicate under the totality of the circumstances to
14 consider a suspect armed and dangerous and subject to a protective frisk for weapons.
15 Id.
16 Here, Officer Esquero did not have reasonable suspicion at the time of the
17 traffic stop that Defendant was committing or was about to commit burglary. Thus,
18 Officer Esquero did not have a sufficient predicate based on a burglary investigation
12 1 to consider Defendant armed and dangerous. Therefore, the relevant inquiry is
2 whether the officer developed a reasonable belief during the course of the stop that
3 Defendant might be armed and dangerous. See id. ¶ 24.
4 The State acknowledges that nervousness alone is not enough to justify a search
5 for weapons, see id. ¶ 31, but argues that Defendant was extremely nervous such that
6 the traffic stop ceased to be routine. The State contends that Defendant was driving
7 without an apparent destination in residential neighborhoods at night when the officer
8 knew of residential burglaries taking place in town, did not stop immediately, did not
9 provide insurance, was perspiring profusely, and avoided questions. Under these
10 circumstances, the State argues, a reasonably prudent officer would be warranted in
11 believing that his safety was in danger.
12 While we agree with the State that the officer may have perceived Defendant’s
13 behavior as suspicious, we are not persuaded that the behavior justified a reasonable
14 belief that Defendant was armed and dangerous. See id. ¶ 19 (observing that deciding
15 whether an officer’s actions were objectively reasonable extends beyond fact-finding).
16 Officer Esquero testified that he became concerned for his safety because, after
17 Defendant took two blocks to pull over, Defendant was sweating profusely, fumbling
18 around for paperwork, and making incomplete statements about his travel plans.
13 1 However, Officer Esquero also testified that Defendant was cooperative, courteous,
2 and did not threaten him. Although he testified that Defendant was more nervous than
3 most people who are pulled over during a traffic stop, Officer Esquero did not
4 articulate specific reasons why Defendant’s nervousness caused him to believe his
5 safety would be compromised. Cf. id. ¶ 25 (noting that a frisk was proper when
6 instead of just describing a defendant as nervous the officer identified specific
7 behaviors and changes in demeanor that caused the officer to become concerned for
8 his safety). In Vandenberg, for example, the Court noted that the defendant exhibited
9 increasing nervousness and potentially unpredictable and sometimes evasive and
10 hostile behavior. Id. ¶ 30.
11 Moreover, Officer Esquero did not proceed incrementally before frisking
12 Defendant as the officer did in Chapman. Id. ¶ 26. In Chapman, the officer stopped
13 a defendant for not wearing a seat belt. See 1999-NMCA-106, ¶¶ 17-18. When the
14 defendant did not make eye contact, had shaking hands, and was unusually nervous,
15 the officer first asked the defendant if he had any weapons. Id. When the defendant
16 responded with a high-pitched voice in an anxious, aggressive, and hostile manner,
17 the officer asked the defendant to exit the vehicle, upon which Defendant’s hands and
18 body began shaking uncontrollably. Id. Based on those concrete examples of
14 1 nervousness and hostility, this Court concluded that the officer reasonably believed
2 the defendant might be armed and dangerous. Id. In contrast, the facts of this case
3 lack the sort of incremental proceeding and escalating nervousness and hostility that
4 have led our courts to uphold a protective frisk in the course of a routine traffic stop.
5 On the facts before us, and in light of Officer Esquero’s failure to proceed
6 incrementally, we are not persuaded that the circumstances justified a search for
7 weapons in the interest of officer safety. However, even if we assume that the frisk
8 was justified by a concern for officer safety that arose during the circumstances of the
9 traffic stop, we would still find that the frisk informs our analysis of whether the
10 officer exceeded the scope of the traffic stop by his subsequent inquiries.
11 The Officer Exceeded the Scope of the Traffic Stop by Inquiring About Other 12 Criminal Activity That Was Not Supported by Reasonable Suspicion
13 The core issue at this point of the traffic stop is whether Officer Esquero had
14 specific and particularized information to constitute reasonable suspicion that
15 Defendant was involved in a burglary or that any illegal items would be found in his
16 vehicle that would justify prolonging the detention beyond the time necessary to issue
17 the traffic citations. Our inquiry is guided by the admonition that an officer’s
18 investigation of any reasonable suspicion must proceed diligently. See Williamson,
19 2000-NMCA-068, ¶ 8.
15 1 Regardless of its legality, the pat down only yielded a buck knife. Officer
2 Esquero did not testify that the discovery of the knife caused any additional suspicion
3 by linking Defendant to any particular crime or by creating a fear that additional
4 weapons would be found in Defendant’s vehicle. Officer Esquero testified that when
5 he told Defendant that he was going to issue the two traffic citations, the officer had
6 completed his investigation of the light violation but did not tell Defendant he was
7 free to leave. Officer Esquero testified that he had “reasonable suspicion to make sure
8 there was nothing else that was about to be committed or was committed.” At that
9 point, the officer asked Defendant if he was involved in residential or auto burglaries
10 that had been occurring. After Defendant said no, Officer Esquero expanded his
11 inquiry into whether Defendant had any illegal items such as stolen property,
12 weapons, or narcotics in the vehicle and asked for consent to search.
13 “An officer’s continued detention of an individual, while lawful at the outset,
14 may become unlawful if the officer unjustifiably expands the scope of the detention
15 or, without a valid factual basis, makes inquiries about other criminal activity
16 unrelated to the traffic violation.” Funderburg, 2008-NMSC-026, ¶ 14. While the
17 purpose of an investigative stop can be expanded by specific, articulable facts that
18 cause an officer to reasonably suspect criminal activity, see Prince, 2004-NMCA-127,
16 1 ¶ 11, specific, articulable facts do not exist here. Officer Esquero’s testimony
2 indicated that he became suspicious when he saw Defendant’s vehicle driving around
3 because there had been a series of burglaries in the area. However, Officer Esquero
4 did not turn up any specific, articulable facts during the course of the traffic stop that
5 would cause him to expand the scope of the investigation to burglary. Officer Esquero
6 testified that the vehicle took its time stopping and that Defendant was nervous and
7 perspiring, could not produce insurance, falsely claimed that the vehicle was not his,
8 and did not make complete statements. We fail to see how these factors would lead
9 a reasonable person to believe that Defendant was involved in burglary.
10 In addition, nothing in the investigation reasonably raised the officer’s
11 suspicion of any other criminal activity. See State v. Taylor, 1999-NMCA-022, ¶ 22,
12 126 N.M. 569, 973 P.2d 246 (observing that “the subjects of drugs and alcohol could
13 have come within the scope of the officers’ investigation if evidence of drugs and
14 alcohol had become apparent during their interactions with [the d]efendant”). Rather
15 than pointing to specific, articulable facts, Officer Esquero had no more than a
16 generalized hunch that Defendant was involved in other criminal activity. See Prince,
17 2004-NMCA-127, ¶ 17 (“[W]hat is missing from this mix are crucial details and
17 1 particularized information regarding the alleged criminal activity that was
2 occurring.”).
3 Viewed objectively, nothing in the investigation reasonably raised the officer’s
4 suspicion of any criminal activity other than the license plate light and insurance
5 violations, and the officer observed no conduct tending to indicate that Defendant was
6 in possession of stolen property, drugs, or weapons. Cf. Duran, 2005-NMSC-034, ¶
7 38 (concluding that an officer had reasonable suspicion to expand the scope of a
8 traffic stop to inquire about drugs when the defendant’s car was stopped on a known
9 drug route and the officer observed items usually found in the trunk on the backseat,
10 the vehicle smelled of gasoline, the vehicle’s paperwork was suspicious, and the
11 driver was extremely nervous and offered conflicting accounts of her travel plans).
12 We hold that Officer Esquero’s questions about additional criminal activity, which
13 amounted to a fishing expedition from which Defendant was not free to leave,
14 expanded the intrusiveness of the stop and consequently were not permissible.
15 Officer Esquero’s Impermissible Questions Were Not Sufficiently Attenuated 16 From Defendant’s Consent to Purge the Taint of Illegality
17 The State argues that the search was valid based on Defendant’s voluntary
18 consent. However, or evidence obtained in a consensual search to be admissible under
19 a Fourth Amendment challenge, the consent must not only be voluntary but purged
18 1 of all taint. State v. Bedolla, 111 N.M. 448, 455, 806 P.2d 588, 595 (Ct. App. 1991).
2 An illegal stop taints any subsequent consent to search unless the prosecution proves
3 that the consent was sufficiently attenuated from the illegal conduct that precedes it.
4 Id. at 456, 806 P.2d at 596. In deciding whether the consent is sufficiently attenuated
5 from the Fourth Amendment violation, we consider the temporal proximity of the
6 illegal act and the consent, the presence or absence of intervening circumstances, and
7 the purpose and flagrancy of the official misconduct. Id.
8 Here, we conclude that there was no attenuation. Officer Esquero did not have
9 reasonable suspicion to detain Defendant pursuant to a burglary investigation, and he
10 therefore asked improper questions while detaining Defendant for a traffic violation
11 and immediately before asking for consent to search. No other events occurred to
12 separate the questions and the consent. See Taylor, 1999-NMCA-022, ¶ 29.
13 Moreover, the purpose of requesting consent to search was not only to verify
14 Defendant’s answers to the improper questions but to further expand the scope of an
15 investigation into additional areas of criminal activity. See id. Thus, as in Taylor, the
16 very purpose of seeking consent was to continue an investigation that was beyond the
17 scope of the officer’s reasonable suspicion. Id. We therefore hold that the consent
18 was not sufficiently attenuated from the illegality to remove its taint.
19 1 CONCLUSION
2 For the foregoing reasons, we reverse Defendant’s convictions and remand to
3 the district court to vacate the judgment and sentence.
4 IT IS SO ORDERED.
5 6 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Chief Judge
7 WE CONCUR:
8 9 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
10 11 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge