Hoke, J.,
after stating the case: The silence of a party, in the presence and bearing of statements relevant to a matter 'undergoing investigation, may, under given circumstances, be received in evidence against him byway of admission or acquiescence. Although the statements, under the circumstances indicated, are necessarily to be beard, it is the silence of the party and the inferences fairly deducible from tbat fact which constitutes the evidence; and while tbis silence may at times have strong probative force, it is a-fact so liable to misinterpretation and abuse tbat the authorities uniformly consider it as evidence to be received with great caution and, except under well-recognized conditions, bold it to be altogether inadmissible. the very terms of the maxim to which the admission of such evidence is referred give clear indication tbat tbis is a proper estimate
and a correct position concerning it.
“Qui tacet consentiré vicletur.”
the general principle, and the conditions required for its admissibility, will be found very well stated in Taylor on Evidence, witb American notes by Cbamberlayne, Yol. 2, pp. 523, 525, 555 (5), 588 (5). Tbns ,(pa8'e 523) : “Admissions may also be implied from the acquiescence of the party. Acquiescence, to bave the effect of an admission, must exhibit some act of the mind and amount to voluntary demeanor or conduct of the party; and, whether it be acquiescence in the conduct or in the language of others, it must plainly appear that such conduct was fully known or such language fully understood by the party before any inference can be drawn from bis passiveness or silence. the circumstances, too, must be not only such as afforded him an -opportunity to act or to speak, but such also as would properly and naturally call for some action or reply from men similarly situated.”
And on page 527: “Admissions' are, too, sometimes inferred from
acqiciescence in the oral statements of others.
At tbe same time tbe maxim,
‘Qui tacet consentiré
vicletur/ must be applied by the lawyer witb careful discrimination. Nothing,’ it has been observed, ‘can be more dangerous than this kind of evidence. It should always be received witb caution, and never ought to be received at all unless tbe evidence is of direct declarations of that kind which naturally calls for contradiction — • some assertions made to tbe party witb respect to bis right, which by bis silence be acquiesces in.’ Moreover, to affect one person witb tbe statements of others, on tbe ground of' bis implied admission of their truth by silent acquiescence, it is not enough that they were made in bis presence, or even to himself, by p'arties interested, but they must also bave been made on an
occasion when a refly from him'might he froferly expected.”
Arid on page 554 (5) : “To render an unchallenged declaration, made in a person’s presence, evidence against him, it is essential that be be in a position to reply, if so minded. ‘If a party is so situated that be is not called upon to say anything, and does not say anything, bis silence-under such circumstances is not to be taken as furnishing any ground for an inference that
be thereby made any admission?’ Citing
Proctor v. Railroad,
154 Mass., 251 (1891) ;
Corser v. Paul,
41 N. H., 24 (1860);
Gibney v. Marchay,
34 N. Y., 301, 305 (1866) ;
Loggins v. State,
8 Tex. App., 434, 444 (1880) ;
Kaelin v. Com.,
84 Ky., 354, 367 (1886);
Peck v. Ryan
(Ala.), 17 So. Rep., 733 (1895).”
And again, on page 588 (5) : “Tbe inference tbat silence is tantamount to an admission of guilt must rest upon tbe idea of acquiescence, and it is not consistent witb sound reason to imply an acquiescence from silence, unless tbe circumstances are sucb as to afford tbe party an opportunity to act or speak, but sucb, also, .as would naturally call for some action or reply from prudent men similarly situated. Tbe rule is well and tersely settled in
Commissioners v. Brown,
121 Mass., 69, as follows:
‘A
statement, made in tbe presence of a defendant, to wbicb no reply is made, is not admissible against bim unless it appears tbat be was at liberty to make a reply and tbat tbe statement was made by sucb person and under sucb circumstances as naturally to call for a reply, unless be intends to admit it; but if he makes a reply, wholly or partially admitting the truth of tbe facts stated, both tbe statement and tbe reply are competent evidence.
Commissioners v. Kennedy,
12 Metc. (Mass.), 235.’ ”
Tbe doctrine so stated is fully supported by tbe decisions of our own Court on tbe subject, and others of recognized authority.
Tobacco Co. v. McElwee,
96 N. C., 71;
Guy v. Manuel,
89 N. C., 83;
Francis v. Edwards,
77 N. C., 271;
Pede v. Ryan,
110 Ala., 336-341;
State v. Mullins,
101 Mo., 514.
A perusal of these authorities and a proper consideration of the subject will establish tbat, when admissible, it is always open to the party affected to impair or destroy the force of the testimony by showing tbat be did not or could not bear the statements, or tbat be was ignorant of the facts and not in a condition to make intelligent reply, or other circumstances of like tendency; and unless the party at the time was afforded fair opportunity to speak, or the statements were made under circumstances and by sucb persons as naturally called for a reply, the evidence in question is not admissible at all. the first of the'se conditions, suggested as positive limitations on the reception of the evidence in question, more usually arises where the
statements are made in the course of some judicial or
quasi
judicial investigation, and of these an instance is afforded in the case of
Tobacco Co. v. McElwee, supra,
where the statements were made by a witness when a deposition was being taken, and the party affected was present and did not make reply.
Chief Justice Smith,
for the Court, said: “In our opinion, it would have been rude and indecorous in him to do so orally; nor was it to be expected that he should interfere with the course of his examination as a witness, conducted by counsel, for the mere purpose of contradiction. The testimony was taken for use. in-a case then depending, and its pertinency and materiality were under the control of counsel. It wás not required that the witness should use the occasion to correct every erroneous statement' made in the deposition of another witness,- even to his own prejudice, under the penalty of having the omission construed into an admission of the truth of what was said, and more especially when he is a mere hearer and no party to the conversation, so to denominate what was then going on.”
Another appears in
State v. Mullins, supra,
where it was held that “Statements of a witness made at a coroner’s inquest, in the presence of the defendant, are not subsequently admissible against, him on the trial of the charge.” In this case
Black, J.,
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Hoke, J.,
after stating the case: The silence of a party, in the presence and bearing of statements relevant to a matter 'undergoing investigation, may, under given circumstances, be received in evidence against him byway of admission or acquiescence. Although the statements, under the circumstances indicated, are necessarily to be beard, it is the silence of the party and the inferences fairly deducible from tbat fact which constitutes the evidence; and while tbis silence may at times have strong probative force, it is a-fact so liable to misinterpretation and abuse tbat the authorities uniformly consider it as evidence to be received with great caution and, except under well-recognized conditions, bold it to be altogether inadmissible. the very terms of the maxim to which the admission of such evidence is referred give clear indication tbat tbis is a proper estimate
and a correct position concerning it.
“Qui tacet consentiré vicletur.”
the general principle, and the conditions required for its admissibility, will be found very well stated in Taylor on Evidence, witb American notes by Cbamberlayne, Yol. 2, pp. 523, 525, 555 (5), 588 (5). Tbns ,(pa8'e 523) : “Admissions may also be implied from the acquiescence of the party. Acquiescence, to bave the effect of an admission, must exhibit some act of the mind and amount to voluntary demeanor or conduct of the party; and, whether it be acquiescence in the conduct or in the language of others, it must plainly appear that such conduct was fully known or such language fully understood by the party before any inference can be drawn from bis passiveness or silence. the circumstances, too, must be not only such as afforded him an -opportunity to act or to speak, but such also as would properly and naturally call for some action or reply from men similarly situated.”
And on page 527: “Admissions' are, too, sometimes inferred from
acqiciescence in the oral statements of others.
At tbe same time tbe maxim,
‘Qui tacet consentiré
vicletur/ must be applied by the lawyer witb careful discrimination. Nothing,’ it has been observed, ‘can be more dangerous than this kind of evidence. It should always be received witb caution, and never ought to be received at all unless tbe evidence is of direct declarations of that kind which naturally calls for contradiction — • some assertions made to tbe party witb respect to bis right, which by bis silence be acquiesces in.’ Moreover, to affect one person witb tbe statements of others, on tbe ground of' bis implied admission of their truth by silent acquiescence, it is not enough that they were made in bis presence, or even to himself, by p'arties interested, but they must also bave been made on an
occasion when a refly from him'might he froferly expected.”
Arid on page 554 (5) : “To render an unchallenged declaration, made in a person’s presence, evidence against him, it is essential that be be in a position to reply, if so minded. ‘If a party is so situated that be is not called upon to say anything, and does not say anything, bis silence-under such circumstances is not to be taken as furnishing any ground for an inference that
be thereby made any admission?’ Citing
Proctor v. Railroad,
154 Mass., 251 (1891) ;
Corser v. Paul,
41 N. H., 24 (1860);
Gibney v. Marchay,
34 N. Y., 301, 305 (1866) ;
Loggins v. State,
8 Tex. App., 434, 444 (1880) ;
Kaelin v. Com.,
84 Ky., 354, 367 (1886);
Peck v. Ryan
(Ala.), 17 So. Rep., 733 (1895).”
And again, on page 588 (5) : “Tbe inference tbat silence is tantamount to an admission of guilt must rest upon tbe idea of acquiescence, and it is not consistent witb sound reason to imply an acquiescence from silence, unless tbe circumstances are sucb as to afford tbe party an opportunity to act or speak, but sucb, also, .as would naturally call for some action or reply from prudent men similarly situated. Tbe rule is well and tersely settled in
Commissioners v. Brown,
121 Mass., 69, as follows:
‘A
statement, made in tbe presence of a defendant, to wbicb no reply is made, is not admissible against bim unless it appears tbat be was at liberty to make a reply and tbat tbe statement was made by sucb person and under sucb circumstances as naturally to call for a reply, unless be intends to admit it; but if he makes a reply, wholly or partially admitting the truth of tbe facts stated, both tbe statement and tbe reply are competent evidence.
Commissioners v. Kennedy,
12 Metc. (Mass.), 235.’ ”
Tbe doctrine so stated is fully supported by tbe decisions of our own Court on tbe subject, and others of recognized authority.
Tobacco Co. v. McElwee,
96 N. C., 71;
Guy v. Manuel,
89 N. C., 83;
Francis v. Edwards,
77 N. C., 271;
Pede v. Ryan,
110 Ala., 336-341;
State v. Mullins,
101 Mo., 514.
A perusal of these authorities and a proper consideration of the subject will establish tbat, when admissible, it is always open to the party affected to impair or destroy the force of the testimony by showing tbat be did not or could not bear the statements, or tbat be was ignorant of the facts and not in a condition to make intelligent reply, or other circumstances of like tendency; and unless the party at the time was afforded fair opportunity to speak, or the statements were made under circumstances and by sucb persons as naturally called for a reply, the evidence in question is not admissible at all. the first of the'se conditions, suggested as positive limitations on the reception of the evidence in question, more usually arises where the
statements are made in the course of some judicial or
quasi
judicial investigation, and of these an instance is afforded in the case of
Tobacco Co. v. McElwee, supra,
where the statements were made by a witness when a deposition was being taken, and the party affected was present and did not make reply.
Chief Justice Smith,
for the Court, said: “In our opinion, it would have been rude and indecorous in him to do so orally; nor was it to be expected that he should interfere with the course of his examination as a witness, conducted by counsel, for the mere purpose of contradiction. The testimony was taken for use. in-a case then depending, and its pertinency and materiality were under the control of counsel. It wás not required that the witness should use the occasion to correct every erroneous statement' made in the deposition of another witness,- even to his own prejudice, under the penalty of having the omission construed into an admission of the truth of what was said, and more especially when he is a mere hearer and no party to the conversation, so to denominate what was then going on.”
Another appears in
State v. Mullins, supra,
where it was held that “Statements of a witness made at a coroner’s inquest, in the presence of the defendant, are not subsequently admissible against, him on the trial of the charge.” In this case
Black, J.,
for the Court, said: “The rule of evidence which allows the silence of a person to be taken as an admission or confession of the truth of the matters stated in his presence should be applied with caution, for it is often much abused. The rule is based on the assumption that the party is at liberty to speak and proceed upon the ground that the circumstances are such as call on him for a reply. The rule has no application whatever 'to statements given in evidence in a judicial proceeding, for in such case he is not at liberty to interfere or contradict the evidence whenever he pleases.”
And the second limitation suggested, that the declarations should be made under such circumstances and by such persons as naturally call for a reply, can rarely if ever arise when the party had no present right or interest involved or to be affected. This is illustrated in
Guy v. Manuel, supra,
where it was sought to use the silence of the party in the hearing of declarations of
a person deceased as to boundary, and it appeared that at the time the declarations were made the party to be affected had then no interest in the property, but acquired it later.
Ashe, J.,
for the Court, said: “The plaintiff, at the time of the survey, had no interest in the land, nor does it appear that he then had its purchase in contemplation. He was then a stranger to the controversy about the location of the land, which was being surveyed. If he had at the time any interest in the question sought to be settled by the survey, .his failure to object to the oral statements of the persons present, we are ready to admit, would have been some evidence of his acquiescence in what was said in regard to the corner in his presence and hearing. To make the statements of others evidence against one, on the ground of his implied admission of their truth by silent acquiescence, they must be made on an occasion when a reply from him might be
properly expected.
Taylor on Ev., 738;
State v. Sugg,
89 N. C., 527. But where the occasion is such that a person is not called upon or expected to speak, no statements made in his presence can be used against him on the ground of his presumed assent from his silence.”
An application of these authorities leads to the conclusion that the court below made an erroneous ruling in the reception of the evidence objected to. On-the first exception noted, the investigation as to the election before the board of commissioners, it does not clearly appear from the record what was the nature or purpose of the investigation, nor does it appear that the defendant was especially interested or, if he was, that he was given opportunity or called on to speak in any way concerning it; and in the second, the statements testified to by the witness Hall, they appear to have been made by one Henry Batly to some third person, at a time when this defendant had no present interest specially involved, and when there was no call or occasion for him to reply.
We are of opinion that the admission of the evidence constitutes reversible error, and the defendant is entitled to have his cause tried before another jury, and it is so ordered.
New Trial.