deice;, J.
The defendant, appellant here, was charged with murder in the first degree, and upon a trial was convicted of murder in the second degree. While appellant was informed against [488]*488alone, tbe state nevertheless tried the case upon the theory that his wife was a co-conspirator or accomplice of bis, or acted in concert with him in the perpetration of the murder.
The salient facts relating to the homicide, briefly stated, are in substance as follows:
One Thomas E. White, called “Eddie White” in the evidence, a chauffeur by occupation and about twenty-three years of age, was found dead in his automobile, a taxicab, so called, at about six or six fifteen o’clock on the morning of October 5, 1912, on Third East Street and a little below Ninth South Street in Salt Lake City. Death was apparently caused by bullet wounds. One bullet entered the back of the head or neck, passing through the spinal column, severing the spinal cord, and ranging upward somewhat it passed through the brain and out at about the center of the forehead. The other bullet entered the head just back of and a little below the left ear, passed through the brain, and passed out just back of and a little below the right ear. Either bullet inflicted a mortal wound. There were also other bruises on the head of the deceased made by what the doctors denominated a blunt instrument, but those were not fatal. There were powder bums showing that the shots were fired at close range. There was evidence that robbery was not the motive for the murder from the following facts and circumstances: The deceased, when found, had evidently been dead for some hours. He had on his person, when found, twenty-five dollars in cash, a diamond ring, a signet ring, a gold watch, and other trinkets of less value, all of which, the testimony showed, belonged to him. The taxicab in which he was found was lighted on the night of the murder by electricity, but the wires connecting the lamps had been severed from them, and thus the front or headlights were extinguished. The rear or “tail” light was an oil lamp, which, according to the evidence, was still burning when the taxicab was discovered on the morning of October 5th, as aforesaid.
The appellant was a resident of Bingham Canyon, a mining town about twenty miles distant from Salt Lake City. He and his wife came to Salt Lake City on the 4th day of [489]*489October, tbe day preceding the death of White, to make preparation for the preliminary hearing of appellant upon a charge of burglary in the second degree which had been preferred against him. Just what time the appellant, his wife, and a little girl related to them or one of them arrived at Salt Lake City on the 4th is not made to appear. Appellant, at about eight thirty on that evening, engaged a room for himself and wife in a rooming house located at No. 78 East Second South Street, nearly a block distant from where the deceased usually kept his taxicab on the public street in front of wha,t is known as the Kenyon Hotel. When appellant engaged the room, he registered as “Henry Stone and wife.” Some time after engaging the room, he went away, and some time thereafter he, his wife, and the little girl referred to came back, bringing with them a suit case. They left the suit case in the room, and appellant’s wife and the little girl went to the home of friends, a Mr. and Mrs. Schneider, in the city, about a half mile or so distant from the rooming house, where they arrived a, little after nine o’clock. Where appellant went after leaving the robming house is not shown. ' A little before ten o’clock, as testified to by Mrs. Schneider on cross-examination by appellant’s counsel, appellant’s wife left the Schneider home, saying she was going up town to meet the appellant, leaving the little girl in bed at the Schneiders. Before leaving the Schneiders, she borrowed a long, dark coat and a veil or scarf from Mrs. Schneider. She left her hat at Schneider’s, and tied the veil or scarf over her head, and also put on the coat. She was next seen at about eleven-thirty p. m. standing in front of the National Bank of the Bepublic, which is immediately opposite the Kenyon Hotel in front of which the taxicab of the deceased was usually standing when not in actual service. Just before twelve o’clock midnight, a woman wearing a long dark coat and a veil or scarf tied over her head, and 'without a hat, appeared where the taxicab of the deceased usually stood and inquired from another chauffeur, who was in attendance at his automobile, about Mr. White’s car, and asked the chauffeur in question about [490]*490Mr. White, the deceased. The chauffeur offered her the use of his automobile, but she said she wanted a taxicab. The deceased was away from his car at the time, and the chauffeur so informed Mrs. Inlow, and she waited, apparently for the deceased to return, which he did in a few minutes, and when he did so he was pointed out to her by the chauffeur. She then spoke to the deceased, but what was said between her and the deceased was not heard by the other chauffeur. The deceased immediately opened the side door of his taxicab, and she entered the car. After she had entered the car, the deceased again opened the side door and apparently, received an order ox* direction from hei*, after which he got on the diuver’s seat and drove south on Main Street. He drove away either a minute or two before or the same length of time after twelve o’clock midnight. That was the last time deecased was seen alive. He was found the next morning about a mile and three-quarters from where he started, and in a southeasterly direction from the hotel he stalled from with Mrs. Inlow. Mrs. Inlow was next seen at about twelve twenty-seven or twelve twenty-eight a. m. in company with a man, who was not recognized by any one, to enter a street car at the intersection of State and Ninth South Streets, a little over two blocks distant from where the deceased was found dead in the taxicab on the morning of October 5th, as aforesaid. She rode in the car noi’th on State Street, and was next seen at the rooming house with her husband, the accused, a little after twelve thirty; that is, between twelve thirty and twelve forty-live a. m. Where she alighted from the caí’, and who the man was that was with her when she entered the car, no one seemed to know. She and her husband, the appellant, immediately left the rooming hoxxse, taking the suit case they had left there earlier in the evening with them. Before going the appellant attempted to erase the name of Henry Stone and wife from the register. They were next seen at the Schneider home, where they arrived about one o’clock, and they slept there iix a room together that night. The next day they were both arrested, and the long dark coat worn by Mrs. Inlow [491]*491and the suit case and another long coat which it was claimed belonged to the appellant, and which he was seen wearing the night of the murder, were all found in the room in which the Inlows slept after one o’clock on the night aforesaid. There were some blood stains found on the coat which was alleged to have been worn by appellant, and the coat also contained indications of having been sponged or washed along the upper front part.
.On the night of the murder appellant appeared at the place where the deceased usually kept his taxicab' for hire and inquired from the chauffeur there in attendance where the deceased lived, whether he was married or unmarried, where his telephone was, etc. Upon • receiving the information and being told where the telephone was which was used by the deceased, and which was immediately across the street from where the taxicab was kept, the appellant went across the street to the telephone and was there seen and spoken to by the proprietor of the saloon where he went in search of the telephone. This was about ten thirty p. m., or a little thereafter. The appellant was not seen by any one so as to identify him thereafter until he and Mrs. Inlow arrived at the rooming house, as stated above. . About twelve fifteen or twelve twenty a. m. on the morning of October 5th, two shots were heard in the vicinity of where the taxicab with the dead body of the deceased were found by at least two persons. A witness also testified that at about that time of night he was walking near where the deceased was killed, and he saw the lights of an automobile approaching towards him from the south; that he saw the automobile stop, and soon thereafter heard two shots, and saw the lights go out, or that they went out, and then saw two persons, one tall and one shorter, apparently dressed in long coats, leave the automobile, and he immediately afterwards passed to the west of the automobile and saw a person in it on the driver’s seat, but the witness supposed that -the person he saw there was intoxicated and paid no further attention to the automobile. The taxicab was found in a somewhat lonely and unfrequented part of the city. The night of October 4th [492]*492was dark, and the sky was overcast with clouds, but, according to the witness just referred to, there were occasional intervals of starlight. Considerable rain fell between the hours of one and three thirty o’clock on the morning of the 5th of October. The chauffeur to whom Mr. and Mrs. Inlow spoke on the night of the murder, and who described their appearance, thereafter also identified them as the persons who made the inquiries about the deceased, as before stated. The state also proved that the deceased was the principal witness against the appellant on the burglary charge to which reference has been made, and that Inlow was by the police officers of Salt Lake City apprised of that fact.
- The blood stains on the coat which the witnesses said was worn by appellant on the night of the murder were tested by the state chemist, and he stated that the blood obtained from the stains was that of a mammal, but he was unable to state that it was human blood. The usual microscopic test was made as indicated in Stewart’s Legal Medicine, p. 319 et seq.
There were many other facts and circumstances which, at least to some extent, were either corroborative of those detailed or which in some degree tended to establish the theory of the State.
The appellant produced evidence which tended to controvert some of the evidence of the state, but, in order to bring this opinion within reasonable bounds, we cannot go into detail respecting those matters.
The appellant has assigned no fewer than 124 separate errors, fifty-four of which counsel have argued in their brief. They insist, however, in advance, that they do not waive any of the assignments.
1 While we have carefully examined and considered all of the assignments in the consultation room, we, in this opinion, shall discuss only such as are deemed meritorious. The first contention is that the information filed against appellant is insufficient. The shooting charged to have taken place on the 5th day of October is pleaded in the usual manner, and that charge is followed by the charge [493]*493that there was inflicted “upon and in the body of him (the said Thomas E. White) one mortal wound, from which mortal wound the said Thomas E. White languished at short time, and then on the 5th day of October, 1912, at the County of Salt Lake, State of Utah,-died.” (Italics ours.) It is contended that it is not charged that death resulted from the mortal wound described in the information. In our opinion this contention is not tenable. Even if it be conceded that the words set out in italics are essential and should be considered, yet it is quite clear that the information charges that death resulted from the wound inflicted, and from nothing else. If it were not for the italicized words, no one, we think, would seriously contend that the charge is not entirely specific and certain. A charge in the same language was held sufficient by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in Lutz v. Commonwealth, 29 Pa. 441. Upon the other hand, a charge like the one here in question was held uncertain by the Supreme Court of Montana in State v. Keerl, 29 Mont. 508, 15 Pac. 362, 101 Am. St. Rep. 579. We do not consider the last case well decided. It certainly is clear that the information charges that the deceased “languished” from the mortal wound inflicted. Is it not just as clear that it is charged that he died therefrom ? We can see no escape from the conclusion.
2 It is next contended that a substantial right of the appellant as found in article 1, section.12, of our Constitution, namely, the right “to be confronted by the witnesses against him,” was disregarded by the trial court in permitting the testimony of certain witnesses taken a,t the preliminary hearing, and who were shown to be absent from the State of Utah at the time of the trial to bé read in evidence by the state against the appellant. This precise question has been passed upon by this court in the following cases: State v. King, 24 Utah, 482, 68 Pac. 418, 91 Am. St. Rep. 808; State v. Vance, 38 Utah, 1, 110 Pac. 434; and in State v. Greene, 38 Utah, 389, 115 Pac. 181. Counsel for appellant, however, insist that the later decisions referred to above are all based on the case of State v. Kmg, [494]*494supra, and that that case was not well decided. In deference to counsel’s earnest argument, we have again examined tbe question, and, after doing so, we are firmly convinced that the decision in State v. King is entirely sound. Under constitutional provisions precisely like ours, it has frequently been held that the testimony of a witness taken at the preliminary hearing or former trial, in case such witness has since died, become insane, or departed from the state, where the accused was afforded an opportunity of cross-examination, such testimony taken as aforesaid may be read in evidence against the accused. We refer to the following cases as directly in point: Lowe v. State, 86 Ala. 47, 5 South. 435; Jacobi v. State, 133 Ala. 1, 32 South. 158; State v. Nelson, 68 Kan. 566, 75 Pac. 505, 1 Ann. Cas. 468; Wilkins v. State, 68 Ark. 441, 60 S. W. 30; Hair v. State, 16 Neb. 605, 21 N. W. 464. In a much later case than the one referred to in State v. King, supra, the Supreme Court of California has held that the testimony of witnesses, when taken as above indicated, may be read in evidence in a homicide ease. See People v. Chin Hane, 108 Cal. 597, 41 Pac. 697. This assignment-, must therefore fail.
3, 4 We shall next take up the assignment relating to the alleged conspiracy. It is vigorously contended by counsel for appellant that all of the acts and declarations of Mrs. Inlow were improperly admitted in evidence against appellant for the reason that no legal evidence of a conspiracy, agency, or of a common purpose was produced by the state. The assignments in that regard are very numerous and are not limited to the acts and declarations of Mrs. Inlow alone, but relate to other acts and declarations which we need not enumerate. If we shall conclude, therefore, that there was sufficient evidence upon the question of conspiracy or concert of action between appellant and his wife to commit the charged offense or some unlawful act connected therewith, to take that question to the jury, we shall have disposed of a large number of separate assignments. It is quite true, as counsel for appellant contend, that a conspiracy may not be established from the acts [495]*495and declarations of only one of the alleged conspirators. It, however, is also true that a conspiracy or common purpose may be shown by circumstantial evidence and by inferences deduced from other proved facts. In the recent case of State v. Fields, 234 Mo. 615, 138 S. W. 518, the objections to ■ evidence seem to have been about as numerous and of practically the same character as are those in this case. The Supreme Court of Missouri, in that case, speaking through Mr. Justice Kennish, in passing upon the question of when acts and declarations of third persons are admissible against one charged with an offense, states the rule thus:
“To entitle the state to introduce in evidence against the person on trial the acts and declarations of another relative to the offense charged, it is essential that the existence of a conspiracy or common purpose between the defendant and the alleged co-conspirator to commit the crime charged he shown, hut the law does not require direct and positive evidence of such conspiracy. It is sufficient if it may be inferred from the facts and circumstances in evidence.”
A mere cursory reading of the facts in that case will disclose that there were fewer and weaker facts from which a conspiracy or common purpose could be inferred than in the case at bar, but, notwithstanding that fact, the Supreme Court held the facts there shown were sufficient to authorize a submission of that question to the jury.
' In Kelley v. People, 55 N. Y. 565, at page 575 (14 Am. Rep. 342), the facts, in our judgment, from which a conspiracy or common purpose could have been inferred were far more meager than they are in this case. The court, however, in referring to the question of conspiracy, says:
“There was abundant evidence to justify the conclusion that the parties were all acting with a common purpose and a common design, and, although there may have been no previous combination or confederacy to commit this particular offense, the conduct and actions of the several parties, and the parts they severally performed in the actual perpetration of the crime, were sufficient to make the acts and declarations of each, from the commencement to the consummation of the offense, evidence against the others. A conspiracy may be proved, as other facts are proved, by circumstantial evidence, and parties performing disconnected overt acts, [496]*496all contributing to the same result and the consummation of the same offense, may, by the circumstances and their general connection or otherwise, be satisfactorily shown to be conspirators and confederates in the commission of the offense. One party may allure the victim into the den, leaving it to others to effect the robbery, and all will be held equally guilty as confederates."
To the same effect are the following well-considered cases: Ferguson v. State, 134 Ala. 63, 32 South. 760, 92 Am. St. Rep. 17; Davis v. State, 114 Ga. 104, 39 S. E. 906; State v. Lewis, 51 Or. 467, 94 Pac. 831; State v. Dilley, 44 Wash. 207, 87 Pac. 133; Spies v. People, 122 Ill. 1, 12 N. E. 865, 17 N. E. 898, 3 Am. St. Rep. 320; People v. Rodley, 131 Cal. 240, 63 Pac. 351; People v. Daniels, 105 Cal. 262, 38 Pac. 720; State v. Adams, 20 Kan. 311, 321. In the last case cited Mr. Justice Brewer says:
“It is not essential that the state establish beyond peradventure that the acts or conduct were based upon the conspiracy, or in reference to the crime; it is enough that they harmonize with and tend to confirm the charge of the conspiracy, and are reasonably indicative of the preparation for the crime.”
The rule respecting the admissibility and relevancy of evidence under circumstances like those in the case at bar is very clearly stated by Mr. Justice Straup in a case decided at this term and not yet published, namely, State v. Tidwell, 44 Utah, 248, 139 Pac. 863, in the following words:
“To be relevant and admissible, it is not essential that proffered evidence be by itself sufficient to establish a disputed point or fact in issue, nor is it required to be addressed with positive directness to such point or fact. It is receivable if it by itself, or in connection with other evidence, renders probable or improbable, or logically tends to prove or disprove, a disputed point or fact in issue.”
Applying the foregoing rule to all acts and conduct of both the appellant and his wife, and considering them together, as they must be, then the acts of each were clearly admissible in evidence and were ample to justify a finding by the jury that appellant and his wife were actuated by a common purpose or were endeavoring to accomplish the same end.
[497]*497In some of the cases cited, if not in all, the contention that the court erred in admitting in evidence the acts and conduct of Mrs. Inlow in taking the street car on the night in question after the murder in all probability had been committed is also answered. Her acts and conduct in that respect were admissible for the same reason that her other previous acts were admissible; something still done by her in. the furtherance of the conspiracy.
In Ferguson v. State, supra, the Supreme Court of Alabama, in referring to this question, held that acts and conduct after the direct object of the conspiracy is accomplished, but still so closely connected therewith as to be a part of it, are nevertheless admissible in evidence and may be considered if “they are such as under all the circumstances may afford ground for inference that such conspiracy existed.”
5 ■ What we have here said also sufficiently answers the contention that the coats, one of which it was contended by the state was worn by appellant and the other by his wife, were improperly admitted in evidence. Nor is the contention tenable that those and other articles introduced in evidence were not sufficiently identified to authorize them to be introduced in evidence before the jury.
6 It is next contended the court erred in permitting the state chemist to testify that, after making tests of blood stains found on the coat shown to have been worn by appellant on the night of the murder, he made a test of blood taken from his own finger and compared it with the test made from the blood stain on the coat. The chemist testified that he had scientifically demonstrated by the test he made that the blood obtained from the stain found on the coat was the blood of a mammal, and that, after he had compared it with his own blood, no other result was either obtained or expected by him. But the chemist, as an expert, also testified that, in making a test for mammalian blood, the expert making the test usually, if not always, also compared it witíi a test of human blood, if obtainable, or of the blood of some other known mammal, and that in that [498]*498way more certainty is attained that the blood actually tested and found in a stain is or is not mammalian b-Iood. The chemist also said that in making the test, as made by him, all that could be demonstrated with certainty was that the blood found on the coat aforesaid was that of a mammal, and thus might be the blood of a human being or of some other mammal. But the chemist refused to give an opinion that the blood in question was human blood. We are of the opinion that the court committed no error in permitting the chemist to testify, as he did, as to the manner he made the test and the method employed by him in making it.
7 It is further contended that the court erred in permitting the police officers to testify to a conversation they had with the appellant at or about the time of his arrest on the burglary charge. This conversation was offered by the state and admitted by the court to show that the appellant had knowledge that the deceased knew the facts, or at least some of them, concerning the burglary with which the appellant was charged, and in all probability would be a witness for the state against appellant on that charge. Appellant’s counsel concede that, for the purpose of showing motive on the part of appellant, the state had the right to show that he was charged with a certain offense, and that the deceased would be a witness against him; but they contend that the state was in this case permitted to gO' into the particulars of that offense, which it had no right to do. The law, no doubt, is as contended for by appellant’s counsel in the foregoing statement, except that the state had the right to show what knowledge the appellant had of what facts concerning that offense the deceased knew and might testify against him. We remark that while it may be true that, in the statements made by the policemen, more may have been said than was actually necessary to apprise appellant of the fact that the deceased knew about appellant’s connection with the burglary charge, and that the former would probably be called by the state as a witness against the latter, yet the state disclaimed any purpose of attempting to go into any of the particulars of the burglary charge, [499]*499and, as we read the record, such was really not done. In onr opinion the state did not exceed its right with respect to presenting the facts from which a motive could be inferred, nor in showing that the appellant was apprised of what the •deceased knew with regard to the burglary charge.
8, 9 The state called a witness, a young girl, to show that the appellant was in the street car boarded by his wife on State Street. She testified, in response to questions asked her by the prosecuting attorney, that she thought the person was a man by the name of Pinlough, residing at Bingham, and not the appellant. -Then she was asked by the prosecutor if she had not testified at the preliminary hearing that it was the appellant. Over*,the defendant’s objection she answered that she had, but that since that hearing she had become convinced that she was mistaken as to that, and that it was not the appellant, but Pinlough. It is urged the State was permitted to impeach its own witness and improperly get before the jury what the witness had testified to at the preliminary examination. Counsel for the State did not in words state nor make the claim that he was surprised by the testimony of the witness. It may be presumed in support of the ruling, however, that it sufficiently was made to appear to the court that the prosecuting attorney was taken by surprise, and hence had the right, within the sound discretion of the court, to refresh the recollection of the witness by calling her attention to her former testimony. Where a party is taken by surprise by the testimony of a witness called by him, the prevailing rule is that he, within the sound discretion of the court, may interrogate the witness respecting his previous statements or testimony inconsistent with his present testimony. The rule is stated in 3 Jones on Evidence, section 858, in the following words:
“Although the weight of authority sustains the view that a party cannot prove the contradictory statements of his own witness to discredit him, yet the “party is not wholly without remedy, if surprised or deceived, by the testimony. In such a case, he may interrogate the witness in respect to previous statements inconsistent with the present testimony, for the purpose of probing his recol[500]*500lection. He may, in this way, show the witness that he is mistaken, and give him an opportunity to explain the apparent inconsistency. ... If the recollection of the witness is not refreshed after such questions, the party cannot prove his contradictory statements by other witnesses."
Upon tbe record, we do not think it is made to appear that the court abused its discretion in what was done.
10 Appellant’s counsel aske$ the court to instruct the jury so as to limit the effect, as they call it, of the witness’ statements. The court said that it would do so, and in that connection said:
“I think the court is bound to instruct the jury that there is no evidence that any statement that she (the witness in question) may have made in the court below (on the preliminary hearing) cannot be considered as evidence here, and that there is no evidence before this court here that the defendant was on the street car on State Street.”
The State consented to this limitation. Counsel for appellant, however, did not seem satisfied, and offered their own instruction in which they requested the court to charge as follows:
“The evidence of the witness Ethel Pace, given by her, to the effect that she testified on the preliminary hearing, as to the identity of the defendant C. A. Inlow, that the person said to have been seen by her on the Sandy car on the night of October 4-5, 1912, is not in any sense evidence of said identity, but, on the contrary, is only to be considered by you for the purpose of determining the credit to be given to the witness and her truthfulness or untruthfulness.”
This request the court gave in substance, and in view of that counsel cannot now complain that their client has been prejudiced because the effect of the evidence was not wholly withdrawn from the jury for every purpose.
The court, on its own motion, also charged the jury that the testimony of the witness, given on the preliminary hearing, in no event could be considered by them “more favorable to the state than if such statement or admission had not been made.” In other words, the court told the jury that the [501]*501state was without evidence whatever upon the question that appellant had entered the street car in question, and, if it had not been for counsel’s request, it seems all of the witness’ former statements would have been entirely eliminated from the record for every purpose.
We remark that the case of State v. Callahan, 18 S. D. 145, 99 N. W. 1099, relied on by counsel for appellant, is clearly distinguishable from the case at bar. The attempt there made to get the testimony of a witness known to be adverse to the state before the jury, was clearly improper. No such attempt was made here. All that counsel for the state did was to call the witness’ attention to her former testimony, which was directly contrary to what she testified to at the trial. This, as we have seen, they had a right to do. Nor the reasons stated, therefore, this assignment cannot prevail.
11 It is also insisted that the trial court erred in permitting the state to show that appellant had made a threat to the effect that the burglary charge would never come to trial. This threat, it was alleged- by the state, was made in a conversation between appellant and a newspaper editor, in which conversation appellant requested .the editor not to publish the story concerning the burglary charge. The court permitted the editor to detail the whole conversation had between him and appellant, and, when such had been done the court, on motion of appellant’s counsel, struck all that was said from the record and admonished the. jury to disregard all that was said by appellant to the newspaper editor, and all that the editor had said to him with regard to the matter. The court, after hearing all that was said, held that, as a matter of law, what was made to appear did not amount to a threat, and at once eliminated all that was said from the record. We cannot see how any prejudice could have resulted to appellant in what occurred in that regard.
It is next urged that the court erred in its definition of malice. The court, however, substantially followed the definition of malice, as given in Comp. Laws 1907, section [502]*5024053, subd. 4. Appellant, therefore, has no cause for complaint.
12, 13 It is also contended that appellant was prejudiced by the misconduct of the district attorney in bis argument to the jury. Four separate instances of misconduct are assigned as error. The first to be noticed arises as follows: In the conversation had between appellant and the police officers, to which reference has been made and in which the officers informed appellant that the deceased knew, or claimed to know, of the facts concerning the burglary charge by which appellant was charged with taking certain valuable specimens of ore from a certain home in Salt Lake City, and from which conversation it was also made to appear that appellant said that he had obtained the ■specimens which it ws charged he had taken from the house aforesaid from one Nobinson in exchange for other specimens belonging to appellant, the district attorney, in his argument to the jury, propounded the question: “Where is Nobin-son?” In the portion of the argument wherein the expression occurred, the district attorney was arguing the question of motive on the part of appellant. The burglary charge, and that the appellant was apprised of the fact that the ■deceased claimed to know that appellant was connected with that offense, and that the deceased might be a witness for the state, were admitted for the sole purpose of showing motive. It was therefore proper to argue to the jury that appellant had a motive to silence the deceased as a witness, but it was not proper for the district attorney to propound the question he did in that connection. Assuming Nobinson existed, he ■ could not have testified in the murder case that he had ex- ■ changed the ore specimens with appellant. That fact was wholly irrelevant. While it was proper for the district attorney to call attention to any material and relevant evidence that was not produced, which was shown could better have been produced by the defense than the state, yet it was improper to argue to the jury that certain evidence was not produced which was immaterial or irrelevant. See 12 Cyc. 578. We cannot yield assent to the contention, however, [503]*503that the district attorney’s statement referred to, when considered in connection with all that he said on the subject, in any way was sufficiently prejudicial to require a reversal. The matter was wholly collateral to any issue directly involved in the charge for which appellant was on trial. The jury could not have been misled by the statement made by the district attorney. They could not have assumed from what he said that, if Robinson had been called as a witness, he could have in any way aided appellant by shedding light on the charge for which he was being tried. Had the district attorney intimated that Robinson could have done that, and any statement that Robinson could have made in that regard would have been incompetent and irrelevant as evidence, then the statement made by the district attorney, which is excepted to, would have been within the rule above referred to. It was quite as evident to the jury as it was to any one else, however, that any statement that Robinson might have made respecting the exchange of ore samples could in no way have thrown any light whatever on the charge for which appellant was on trial. Courts are not authorized to reverse judgments and set aside verdicts for every breach of this character. If 'jurors possess sufficient-intelligence to sit in a case at all, they possess sufficient not to be influenced by every misstatement that may be made in their presence by the attorneys. Besides, the trial court, over and over again, admonished the jury that they must not be influenced by any statement of counsel but must be guided by and base their verdict solely upon the evidence produced in the case. All this was again repeated in the general charge. While, therefore, the district attorney may technically have transgressed in making the. statement, yet we are clearly of the opinion that the transgression in no way was prejudicial to appellant’s rights.
The other three instances of misconduct require no separate discussion. The one discussed was the most serious one, and all have been sufficiently answered by what has been said.
[504]*504It is next contended that the court erred in its charge to the jury. Ciomplaint is made that the court did not sufficiently define and explain what is meant and understood by conspiracy. We have carefully read the whole charge, and while that particular part relating to what is understood and meant by conspiracy is not happily worded, nor as specific as it might well have been made, and thus should not be taken as a model, yet, when considered as a whole, it does not misstate the law against the appellant, nor could it have misled the jury. Indeed, the charge, in some respects, is more favorable to appellant than the law warranted.
14 It is also urged that the court erred in charging the jury that, in determining the question of agency or common purpose, the mere fact that the appellant and Mrs. Inlow sustained the relation of husband and wife could not authorize the jury to infer such agency or common purpose, but that the fact of such relationship may be considered, in connection with other facts and circumstances in evidence, to determine whether the defendant knowingly utilized her acts to accomplish a design of his own.” This, it is contended, is meaningless; and further that the relationship may not be considered for such a purpose. While the charge may not be as clear as it could be made, yet it does not, as counsel contend, misstate the law. What is said is a simple recognition of the principle that friendship and relationship may be considered in determining whether parties who are friends or related probably had a common interest or a common purpose, and that they connived and confederated together to accomplish such a purpose. As is said by Mr. Justice Brewer in a similar case already referred to, namely, State v. Adams, supra, strangers do not usually conspire, but it is more probable that friends or relatives, or even acquaintances, will do so.
While we have carefully gone over all of the other numerous assignments, yet we have found none which, in our judgment, merits further consideration. Notwithstanding counsel’s most vigorous contention that the record teems with errors and that the “evidence is wholly insufficient to [505]*505warrant a conviction/’ we, after a careful perusal of tbe whole record, have become thoroughly convinced that those-statements must be attributed to counsel’s zeal for their client. The record shows that every legal right of appellant was carefully guarded, and that he suffered no prejudice. Indeed, the evidence is such that the jury might have found him guilty of murder in the first degree.
The judgment of conviction therefore should be, and it accordingly is, affirmed.
McOARTY, C. J., and STRAUP, J., concur.