[Cite as State v. Hsu, 2016-Ohio-4549.] IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-150635 TRIAL NO. 15CRB-12892 Plaintiff-Appellee, :
vs. : O P I N I O N.
GERRY VICTOR HSU, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Municipal Court
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: June 24, 2016
Natalia Harris, City Prosecutor, and Heidi Rosales, Assistant City Prosecutor, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Dennis C. Belli, for Defendant-Appellant. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
F ISCHER , Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Gerry Victor Hsu appeals his conviction,
following a bench trial, for public indecency, a fourth-degree misdemeanor, under
R.C. 2907.09(A)(1). He argues that (1) his conviction is not supported by the
sufficiency and the weight of the evidence, (2) the trial court’s failure to inform him of
his right to a jury trial requires reversal of his conviction, and (3) prosecutorial
misconduct during his cross-examination and closing argument denied him a fair trial.
Finding none of his assignments of error meritorious, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
Evidence Adduced at the Bench Trial
{¶2} At trial, the state presented testimony from Natalie Holthaus, a
Cincinnati Zoo employee. Holthaus testified that she was leaving work and walking to
her car in the employee parking lot, on April 10, 2015, when she heard footsteps and
keys jingling behind her. A man she later learned was Hsu said, “Excuse me, ma’am.”
Holthaus turned around to look at him. Hsu was wearing a white t-shirt and sweatpants
made of a “swishy” material. He was carrying a black messenger bag across his body
that was pulled level with the waistband of his pants. Hsu, who had walked around
toward the front of Holthaus, asked her if she worked at the zoo. She replied, “Yes.”
Hsu then asked, “What’s your job at the zoo?”
{¶3} At that time Holthaus noticed that Hsu started to look side to side and
his hand moved towards his bag. Holthaus testified that she became a little nervous,
wondering if Hsu was going to rob her. Holthaus started to explain that she worked in
the wildlife encounters. She was looking around to see if a security guard was nearby.
When she looked back at Hsu, he had his penis sticking out of the top of his waistband,
and was holding it and moving his hand. Holthaus demonstrated what she had seen to
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the trial court, explaining that Hsu’s hand was behind the bag, pushing the bag out from
his body. She testified that Hsu had pulled his penis up over the top of the bag, and she
saw maybe one-third of his penis, because part of it was under his waistband and his
hand was on the other part. Holthaus testified that when she saw this, she looked away
and said, “What are you doing?” She felt disgusted and wanted to get Hsu to leave, so
she started looking around and yelling for security. As she yelled for security, Hsu
turned his back towards her and began quickly walking away. The security guard, who
had been patrolling the parking lot in the area between Hsu and his parked car, came
towards them. She stopped Hsu and talked to him. When the security guard asked
Holthaus what had happened, she said Hsu had flashed himself to her. Holthaus gave
the security guard her name. At that point, another woman came up to her and asked
her what had happened. After briefly telling the woman, Holthaus left the parking lot.
The following day, Holthaus gave a statement to the zoo security, detailing the incident
with Hsu.
{¶4} The state then presented testimony from Katherine Butler, a
postdoctoral psychology fellow at the Cincinnati Veterans Affairs (“VA”), who stated that
the same day Holthaus had encountered Hsu, she had been walking with a group of VA
employees from the VA toward her car, which was parked in the Cincinnati Zoo
employee lot, when she was approached by a man she later learned was Hsu. Hsu was
wearing blue workout pants and white gym shoes, and he was carrying two bags. Hsu
had a blue nylon bag in his left hand over his shoulder and a black messenger bag over
the front of his body, hanging over to his left side. Hsu had initially been walking along
the same path in front of Butler, but he had left the path for a little bit. Butler testified
that he had then come back to the same path and slowed his pace to walk next to her.
Butler testified that Hsu was walking really close to her right side. His right elbow was
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crooked and it looked as if his right hand was in his pocket. Hsu kept on turning his
body toward her. Hsu asked her how she was doing, and Butler replied in a curt voice,
“Fine.” Butler testified that she felt very uncomfortable because Hsu was standing so
close to her. She kept walking. Butler testified that eventually Hsu walked more quickly
ahead of her and she felt relieved. But Hsu then slowed again and was walking with her
through the majority of the zoo parking lot. Hsu picked up his pace, and stopped to talk
to a woman, she later learned was Holthaus. Butler testified that she felt relieved again
when Hsu walked up to Holthaus. She saw Hsu, whose back was towards her, and
Holthaus talking for a bit, and then Holthaus called for security. At that point, Hsu
proceeded on his path. After she heard Holthaus yell for security, Butler testified that
she was very upset because Hsu had followed her from the VA. Butler could not recall if
she had stopped to talk Holthaus before continuing to her car. She had been very upset
and she had left the parking lot.
{¶5} On cross-examination, Butler testified that she had seen Holthaus call
for security and tell the security guard that Hsu had “pulled his dick out.” Her car had
been parked right behind where they had been standing. The security guard had then
turned and walked toward Hsu, who had starting walking to his car, which was parked
along the edge of the lot. Butler had no memory of the security guard speaking with
Hsu before speaking with Holthaus.
{¶6} Samantha Beltran, a security guard for the Cincinnati Zoo, had been
assigned to the employee parking lot. As she was walking through the parking lot, she
heard a female voice yell, “Security.” She turned around and saw Holthaus. Hsu was
walking quickly away from her and towards Beltran. As Beltran started walking
towards them, she put her hand up to stop Hsu from walking past her and she asked
him what was going on. Hsu told Beltran that he was just being friendly. When she
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asked Hsu what he was doing in the parking lot, Hsu said that he had parked there.
Beltran then asked Hsu if he was a VA employee. He responded affirmatively and
walked past Beltran. Beltran then walked up to Holthaus and asked her what had
happened. Holthaus replied, “He just pulled his dick out in front of me.” Beltran
testified that she was taken back for a moment by Holthaus’s statment. Beltran told
Holthaus that she was going to stop Hsu and talk to him to see what had happened. As
Beltran was walking toward Hsu’s car, she contacted her supervisor and told him what
had happened. She then walked up to Hsu, who was in his car, and asked him to wait
for her supervisor to arrive. Hsu stopped the car and turned off the engine. He rolled
down his window. She asked Hsu where he worked in the VA, and he replied, “Why
should I tell you.” Beltran then asked him for identification, but Hsu refused to provide
it. Beltran waited with Hsu until her supervisor, Joe Desjardins arrived. Beltran
testified that Hsu kept asking her if he could leave.
{¶7} At one point, Hsu asked her what was going on and she told him there
was a claim by a zoo employee and she was just trying to figure out what had happened.
She thought she had told Hsu the specific allegation, but she couldn’t recall. She
testified that Hsu denied anything had happened. He said several times that he was just
being friendly. He told Beltran he was just trying to talk to Holthaus and learn where
she worked and that kind of information. When Desjardins arrived, he asked Hsu for his
identification, which Hsu gave him. On cross-examination, Beltran admitted that in her
written statement about the incident, she had referred to Holthaus by the wrong first
name.
{¶8} Joe Desjardins, a security operations supervisor at the Cincinnati Zoo,
testified that he came into contact with Hsu on April 10, 2015, following a radio call from
Beltran about an incident in the zoo’s employee parking lot. When he arrived, he asked
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Hsu what had happened. Hsu said he was just being friendly with a zoo employee by
asking her where she worked. When he asked Hsu why the employee had called for
security, Hsu did not reply.
{¶9} Desjardins recalled that at some point during his questioning of Hsu,
Hsu had stated, “There was no funny business.” Desjardins asked Hsu for his
identification, and Hsu gave it to him. Desjardins then called his supervisor, who
contacted the VA police. Hsu seemed agitated. He wanted to go home, and asked a
couple times if he could leave, but Desjardins told him he needed to wait because a
police officer from the VA needed to speak with him.
{¶10} Desjardins testified that the incident with Holthaus had taken place on a
Friday. He then saw Hsu at the zoo the following Sunday. Desjardins told Hsu to leave
the zoo’s premises. Hsu said he would not leave without a refund. Desjardins waited
with Hsu for 25 minutes for the Cincinnati police to arrive. The Cincinnati police then
escorted Hsu from the zoo’s premises.
{¶11} Wayne Lohmoeller, a security manager at the Cincinnati Zoo, testified
that he monitors the security cameras at the Cincinnati Zoo. When he heard Beltran’s
radio call, he turned the security camera positioned near the employee parking lot to
follow Beltran as she walked to where Hsu had parked his car. He then positioned the
security camera to monitor that area. He identified a video of Beltran and other zoo
security personnel with Hsu on the day of the incident. On cross-examination,
Lohmoeller testified that the actual incident between Holthaus and Hsu had not been
captured on the security camera. He authenticated a series of photographs that had
been taken from the security camera.
{¶12} Officer Ken Wells testified that he is employed by the VA police
department. Prior to serving in that capacity, Wells had served as a Cincinnati police
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officer for 32 years, assigned to patrol and investigations and the personal-crimes unit.
Wells responded to the Cincinnati Zoo employee parking lot on April 10, 2015. When he
arrived, Hsu was standing outside his car with several zoo security officers. After Wells
spoke with the security officers and Hsu, Hsu agreed to accompany Wells to the VA’s
security office and make a statement about what had occurred.
{¶13} Officer Wells advised Hsu of his Miranda rights, and Hsu signed a form
indicating that his Miranda rights had been provided. Hsu then made a written
statement. Officer Wells testified that the part of Hsu’s statement that stood out to him
was when he wrote, “I asked her when a good day to go to the zoo was. She looked at
me and said, ‘What are you doing?’ ” Officer Wells testified that he thought that it was
odd that Hsu would put that sentence in his statement describing an incident where he
had just stated that nothing had been going on. So he asked Hsu to clarify why Holthaus
had randomly stated, “What are you doing?” Hsu, however, would not answer his
question. Officer Wells then asked Hsu why he thought Holthaus had called security,
but Hsu did not reply. Officer Wells asked Hsu a couple more questions directly related
to what had happened, but Hsu would not respond. Hsu signed the statement as
written. Wells told Hsu he could no longer park in the zoo employee parking lot. He
then released Hsu and told him that the investigation was ongoing. Hsu subsequently
contacted Officer Wells to let him know he had retained counsel and would not be
speaking to him anymore. Officer Wells testified that, a month before trial, an anxious
Hsu had approached him as he was leaving the VA and told him that he was going to be
subpoenaed for trial.
{¶14} On cross-examination, Officer Wells testified that Hsu had admitted to
walking and talking with Holthaus. Hsu told Wells he was trying to be friendly and
engage the victim in general conversation. Hsu admitted to asking her where she
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worked and what the best day to go to the zoo was, but he had stated several times
during the interview that he had not exposed his private parts to her.
{¶15} Hsu testified in his own defense. Hsu testified that he had graduated
from Princeton High School and had received a medical engineering degree from Johns
Hopkins University. He had been practicing for three years as a physician’s assistant at
the VA and had worked in the medical field for 12 years. On April 10, 2015, he had
planned to go running after work, so he changed into a t-shirt and running shorts. He
put on a jacket and running pants over them.
{¶16} Hsu identified himself in a series of photographs that had been taken
after the incident. The photographs showed Hsu in this clothing with two bags
positioned on his left shoulder. Hsu testified that the photos showed exactly how he had
been dressed on the date of the incident with Holthaus. Hsu testified that he had been
wearing briefs, running shorts, and running pants, and that his running shorts had been
tied.
{¶17} Hsu testified that it was a nice, beautiful day in April, and he wanted to
talk to people. So when he saw Holthaus walking through the parking lot, he decided to
strike up a conversation with her. He said, “Excuse me. Hello. Do you work at the
zoo?” Holthaus had replied, “Yes.” And then Hsu said, “Where do you work?” Holthaus
then replied, “Wildlife Encounters.” Hsu then asked her when would be a good time to
visit the zoo. Holthaus paused for a few seconds and then said, “What are you doing?
Security. Security.”
{¶18} Hsu testified that he had already purchased tickets to the zoo when he
had talked to Holthaus. He denied exposing himself to Holthaus. He testified that his
left hand had been encumbered by his bags, leaving only his right hand free so that he
could get his keys out of his pants. Hsu testified that his running shorts had ties, and
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that singlehandedly he would have been unable to untie or retie his shorts quickly.
Otherwise, the ties on his shorts would have been messy and they were not. Hsu
testified that when Holthaus had said, “What are you doing?” she had emphasized
“what,” like he did not know what she was talking about. She had sounded annoyed.
And then she had started to sound angry. At that point, he just froze. He did not know
what to think. He was shocked and sad, too, because he had just meant to have a
friendly conversation.
{¶19} Hsu testified that he did not say another word to Holthaus. As he
walked to his car, he saw a security guard walking toward him from the middle of the
parking lot. She intercepted him and asked what had happened. He told her that he was
just trying to be friendly. He then walked back to his car. He was sitting in his car when
the security guard snuck up on him, knocked on his window, and detained him.
{¶20} Hsu pointed out that in the photos taken by the zoo security camera, he
was wearing long blue pants and a jacket. He testified that his pants were tied and he
did not look disheveled. He testified that he was “clueless” as to what the allegations
against him were until he spoke with Officer Wells. He had made a written statement
and then had gone home. Hsu testified that before the criminal charges were filed
against him, he was served with a temporary restraining order. He retained counsel,
and it had been another month or two before he and counsel even knew that charges
were going to be pressed. Up to that point, he had been preparing to deal with a
protection order. He denied that he did anything inappropriate.
{¶21} On cross-examination, Hsu admitted that the photos that he testified
had depicted his clothing the day of the incident had not been taken that day, but had
been taken at a later date. He further agreed that the photos were merely demonstrative
of what he had said he had been wearing that day. He further admitted that no one had
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testified to him wearing all these layers of clothing, and that it was really just his word as
to how the drawstrings on his pants had been tied that day.
{¶22} Hsu maintained that Holthaus had been mistaken when she had
testified that he had carried the bag across the front of his body. He agreed that the
strap of the black bag was long enough to carry across his body, but he testified that he
never carried his bag this way. When the assistant prosecuting attorney pointed out
that the security video was too far away to discern how Hsu’s shorts and pants were tied
or how Hsu had been carrying his bags that day, Hsu disagreed, maintaining that one of
the still photos from the video showed he had been carrying both bags on his left side.
{¶23} Hsu denied that he had done anything inappropriate, and stated there
was nothing wrong with “flagging someone down” to make small talk. He denied
hearing Holthaus’s statements to Beltran and Butler that he had exposed himself. He
denied that Beltran had asked him for his identification or that she had informed him of
Holthaus’s allegations.
{¶24} Hsu further testified that he had not recalled Officer Wells asking him to
clarify his written statement. When asked if there was any disjuncture in his statement
to Officer Wells where he had written that Holthaus had said, “What are you doing?”
Hsu responded, “Yes, that statement can be interpreted two ways. The first, as I
explained is what are you doing, which means what are you doing physically. That’s not
what she said. She said, what are you doing in an annoying type of expression –
becoming angry as the conversation went on.” When asked in a series of differently
phrased questions if this disjucture in his statement could be interpreted to support
Holthaus’s version of the events, Hsu provided vague responses that never really
answered the questions, prompting the prosecuting attorney to keep asking Hsu
different questions in an effort to solicit a direct answer from him.
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{¶25} On redirect, Hsu testified that he didn’t understand the assistant
prosecuting attorney’s questions. He testified that he felt it was important for him to
write down exactly what Holthaus had said that day. He testified that Holthaus’s
statement, “What are you doing?” meant that she didn’t want to have a conversation
with him.
{¶26} Hsu also presented testimony from Dr. Houston L. Lumpkin, III, M.D.,
his clinical supervisor at the VA, and Quoc Tra, a friend. Dr. Lumpkin testified that he
had supervised Hsu for two to three years. Hsu was a hard worker, who was very honest
and likeable and got along well with others. He further testified that Hsu was law
abiding, and the indecent-exposure allegation did not seem to fit with Hsu’s character.
On cross-examination, Dr. Lumpkin admitted that his interaction with Hsu at the VA
was limited to five minutes to one-half hour each day, and that he had never socialized
with Hsu outside work. When asked what type of characteristics he would expect a
person committing the crime of public indecency to exhibit, Dr. Lumpkin testified that
he had “no idea.” He admitted that there was no set profile or characteristics that one
would look for, and that typically one is surprised to hear of such allegations unless the
person has a prior history of such behavior.
{¶27} Quoc Tra testified that he had known Hsu for a year. They had met
through a networking group, and he often socialized with Hsu. He testified that Hsu was
a very outgoing person, who often approached strangers to make small talk and to ask
them their names and phone numbers. He further testified that Hsu was law abiding
and that the allegations were not consistent with Hsu’s character. He additionally
testified that he had never known Hsu to be an antisocial person, and exposing himself
would be an antisocial act. On cross-examination, Tra admitted that he had had
extensive discussions with Hsu about the allegations against him. Tra further admitted
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that he did not know why people exposed themselves or what characteristics one would
look for to discern if someone was engaging in that behavior.
{¶28} At the conclusion of the testimony, the trial court heard closing
argument and took the matter under advisement. After reviewing the video from the
zoo’s security camera, the trial court stated that its decision came down to the credibility
of the witnesses, and the court found the state’s witnesses to be more credible. Thus,
the trial court found Hsu guilty of public indecency.
Weight and Sufficiency of the Evidence
{¶29} In his first assignment of error, Hsu argues his conviction was based on
insufficient evidence and against the manifest weight of the evidence.
{¶30} In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence this court
must determine whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380,
386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).
{¶31} When addressing a manifest-weight-of-the-evidence challenge, this
court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable
inferences, consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether, in
resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created
such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new
trial ordered. Id. at 387.
{¶32} R.C. 2907.09(A) provides that “No person shall recklessly do any of the
following under circumstances in which the person’s conduct is likely to be viewed by
and affront others who are in the person’s physical proximity and who are not members
of the person’s household: (1) expose the person’s private parts.”
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{¶33} At trial, Holthaus testified that she had been leaving work at the
Cincinnati Zoo when Hsu had walked up to her in the employee parking lot and had
engaged her in conversation. He then had moved aside his bags, which he was holding
in front of his middle, to expose his erect penis to her and masturbate. Holthaus turned
and yelled for security. Holthaus testified that she had never seen or met Hsu prior to
their encounter, and that she had been “grossed out” by his behavior. Holthaus
immediately had called for security, and had stated that Hsu had “flashed his dick” at
her. Holthaus’s testimony, if believed, was sufficient for the trial court to find that Hsu
had committed public indecency. See, e.g, State v. Johnson, 112 Ohio St.3d 210, 2006-
Ohio-6404, 858 N.E.2d 1144, ¶ 53; State v. Curry, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-15-05, 2016-
Ohio-861, ¶ 61.
{¶34} Hsu argues, nonetheless, that Holthaus’s testimony was insufficient to
support his conviction. He argues that he presented physical evidence to render
Holthaus’s testimony so inherently incredible that a reasonable trier of fact could not
have given it any probative value. He cites this court to civil case law concerning the
“physical facts” rule, which provides that “if one party presents enough physical
evidence to support his version of a controverted issue, then the other party’s testimony
regarding the issue might be rendered so inherently incredible that a court should not
give it any probative value.” See Maret v. CSX Transp., Inc., 130 Ohio App.3d 816, 823,
721 N.E.2d 452 (1st Dist.1998), citing McDonald v. Ford Motor Co., 42 Ohio St.2d 8,
12, 326 N.E.2d 252 (1975).
{¶35} While this court has never addressed a “physical facts” argument in a
criminal case, the Tenth and Twelfth Appellate Districts have considered and rejected
“physical facts” arguments similar to the ones that Hsu makes in this case. In State v.
Dye, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 13AP-420, 2014-Ohio-1067, ¶ 18-24, for example, the
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Tenth Appellate District rejected a “physical facts” argument by the defendant, who had
been convicted of rape. The defendant had argued that the victim’s testimony was so
unworthy of belief that it was legally insufficient to convince a rational trier of fact that
he had perpetrated the crimes against her. He maintained that the lack of male DNA at
the scene, including the lack of seminal fluid, contradicted the victim’s testimony that
the defendant had ejaculated during the commission of the rape. Thus, he asserted the
lack of DNA evidence proved that the victim had lied about the rape. Id. at ¶ 21. The
Tenth District disagreed, noting that DNA matching the defendant’s profile had been
recovered on a scarf that had been used to choke the victim, and while DNA testing of a
vaginal swab failed to implicate the defendant in the crime, it did not rule out the
presence of male DNA in fluid from the victim’s cervix. Id. at ¶ 22-24. Consequently,
the Tenth District concluded that the physical facts in Dye’s case did not render the
victim’s testimony insufficient to support his conviction. Id. at ¶ 24. See State v. Nick,
10th Dist. Franklin No. 12AP-845, 2013-Ohio-3453, ¶ 13-14 (also rejecting a physical
facts argument).
{¶36} Similarly, in State v. Coleman, 12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2011-09-020,
2012-Ohio-3630, ¶ 14, the Twelfth Appellate District rejected the defendant’s argument
that the police officer lacked probable cause to stop him for driving with an obstructed
license plate based on the “physical facts” rule. The defendant had argued that
photographs, which had been admitted at the suppression hearing, contradicted the
police officer’s testimony that the clear plastic cover on the license plate obstructed his
view of the defendant’s license plate. Id. The Twelfth District acknowledged that the
photographs “show[ed] the license plate was legible and that the plastic covering on it
could not be seen in the photographs,” but it nonetheless concluded that the “physical
facts rule” did not apply because the photographs, which had been taken under
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markedly different circumstances than those that existed on the night in question, were
not so conclusive as to rebut the officer’s testimony. Id. at ¶ 15.
{¶37} Likewise, in this case, we find Hsu’s “physical facts” argument to be
belied by the record. The security video from the zoo did not capture the encounter
between Hsu and Holthaus. The photographs Hsu claims depicted how his shorts had
been tied tight, making it physically impossible for him to have pulled out his penis
without making his clothing look messy, were taken on a different day, and Hsu
admitted they were merely illustrative of the clothing he had been wearing the day of
the incident. Moreover, our review of the security-camera photos shows that,
following his confrontation with Holthaus, Hsu was wearing a jacket that was zipped
up and that covered the waistband of his pants. No other witness besides Hsu
testified that he had been wearing running shorts underneath his pants on the day of
the incident. As a result, we reject Hsu’s argument that the physical facts in this case so
contradicted Holthaus’s testimony as to make it inherently incredible.
{¶38} Hsu next argues the trial court lost its way by giving more credibility to
the state’s witnesses than his own. Hsu admittedly presented a different version of
events at trial. According to Hsu, he was merely trying to engage Holthaus in
conversation when she became annoyed with him and called for security. Hsu denied
exposing himself to Holthaus, and asserted that it was physically impossible for him to
have done so, given all the clothing he had been wearing, without anyone noticing
anything unusual about his clothing. He presented several photos of himself in the
three layers of clothing he claimed he had been wearing on the day of his encounter
with Holthaus at the zoo and he asserted that nothing in the security video showed his
clothing was out of place.
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{¶39} While Holthaus was admittedly the only witness to testify that she
had seen Hsu expose his penis, testimony from the state’s other witnesses
corroborated other portions of Holthaus’s testimony while conflicting with portions
of Hsu’s testimony. For example, Butler testified that just prior to the incident with
Holthaus, Hsu had been following her very closely to the parking lot and engaging in
conduct that had made her feel very uncomfortable. Butler, likewise, testified that
Hsu had been carrying his black messenger bag across his body, and that he had
been turning his body toward her as walked closely beside her to the parking lot.
Holthaus’s actions immediately following the incident, moreover, were consistent
with someone who had just experienced being “flashed.” She immediately called for
security. Both Beltran and Butler testified that Holthaus made the same statement to
them regarding the manner in which Hsu had exposed himself to her.
{¶40} Moreover, Desjardins testified that when Hsu spoke of his exchange
with Holthaus he had unexpectedly said he had not engaged in any “funny business.”
Officer Wells, likewise, stated that he found Hsu’s statement that Holthaus had asked
him what he had been doing to be curious given that Hsu had denied any
wrongdoing, and that when he had asked Hsu to explain the disjuncture between his
question to Holthaus and Holthaus’s response to him, Hsu had refused to answer
him. While Hsu readily offered an explanation during his testimony at trial that
could have accounted for the disjuncture in his statement to Officer Wells, the trial
court could have concluded that Hsu’s explanation was self-serving and not a
truthful depiction of the events that had occurred with Holthaus given his vague
answers on cross-examination and his failure to provide this explanation
immediately after the incident.
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{¶41} The trial judge was in the best position to observe the demeanor,
gestures, voice inflection, and body language of the witnesses, and to perceive the
interplay between the witnesses and the examiner. See State v. Lesure, 6th Dist.
Lucas No. L-02-1157, 2004-Ohio-3454, ¶ 20. Based upon our review of the record,
we cannot conclude that Holthaus’s testimony was so unreliable or unworthy of
belief that the trier of fact lost its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice in
convicting Hsu of public indecency. See Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678
N.E.2d 541; State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 231, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967). We,
therefore, overrule his first assignment of error.
Failure to Inform of Jury Trial Right at the Initial Appearance
{¶42} In his second assignment of error, Hsu argues that the trial court erred
by failing to inform him at his initial appearance of his right to a trial by jury and the
need to file a written demand in order to exercise that right as set forth in Crim.R.
5(A)(5).
{¶43} Crim.R. 5(A)(5) requires the trial court to inform a defendant at the first
appearance before a judge or magistrate “[o]f the right, where appropriate, to jury trial
and the necessity to make a demand therefor in petty offense cases.”
{¶44} The record reflects that when Hsu was arraigned on May 27, 2015, he
was represented by counsel. At the arraignment, counsel entered a plea of not guilty on
Hsu’s behalf, and the matter was referred for a pretrial. The record admittedly contains
no recitation of Hsu’s right to a jury trial. Hsu argues that the trial court’s failure to
advise him of his constitutional right to a jury trial is per se prejudicial error that
requires this court to reverse his conviction and remand his case for a jury trial.
{¶45} The case law Hsu relies upon to support his position, however, is
factually distinguishable. See, e.g., City of Middletown v. McIntosh, 12th Dist. Butler
17 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
No. CA2006-07-174, 2007-Ohio-3348, ¶ 6-14, following State v. Boerst, 45 Ohio App.2d
240, 241, 343 N.E.2d 141 (9th Dist.1973) (where the court held the failure to inform an
unrepresented defendant of his Crim.R. 5 rights at his initial appearance results in
reversible error); State v. Hutson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18603, 2001 Ohio App.
LEXIS 5457 (Dec. 7, 2001) (holding the trial court’s failure to advise the defendant of the
need to demand a jury at his initial appearance, as required by Crim.R. 5, prejudiced the
defendant where he had twice demanded a jury trial, but the trial court had denied the
request as untimely).
{¶46} Here, as the state points out, Hsu was charged with public indecency, a
fourth-degree misdemeanor, which is a petty offense for which there is no automatic
right to a jury trial. Thus, Hsu would have had to file a written request. See Crim.R. 23.
Hsu was represented by counsel at the time he made his initial appearance and entered
his not-guilty plea. He continued to be represented by counsel during the remainder of
the trial court proceedings. Hsu’s counsel did not elect to file a written request for a
jury trial. Hsu has not challenged on appeal the effectiveness of his counsel for failing
to file such a request. Moreover, nothing in the record shows Hsu’s desire to be tried by
a jury.
{¶47} Furthermore, in Hamilton v. Brown, 1 Ohio App.3d 165, 167, 440
N.E.2d 554 (12th Dist.1981), the Twelfth Appellate District rejected a similar argument
to the one that Hsu makes in this case. The Hamilton court held that “the procedure
for arraignment set forth in Crim.R. 5(A) and 10(A) is for one purpose: to advise the
accused of his constitutional rights and to inform him of the nature of the charge
against him. However, when the accused is represented by counsel, pleads not guilty,
and proceeds to trial without objection, there is a waiver of the requirements of those
rules.” Other Ohio appellate courts have reached the same conclusion. See State v.
18 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Eschrich, 6th Dist. Ottawa No. OT-06-045, 2008-Ohio-2984, ¶ 21; State v. Nickerson,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 70910, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 2554 (June 12, 1997); City of
Portsmouth v. Ritch, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 97CA2491, 1998 Ohio App. LEXIS 2193 (May
11, 1998); State v. Smith, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 95CA006325, 1996 Ohio App. LEXIS
2652 (June 26, 1996). Hsu’s election to plead not guilty and to proceed to a trial, while
being represented by counsel, waived any potential constitutional violations related to
his arraignment. As a result, we overrule his second assignment of error.
Prosecutorial Misconduct
{¶48} In his third assignment of error, Hsu argues that the assistant
prosecuting attorney committed misconduct, which denied him due process and a fair
trial, by repeatedly questioning him during cross-examination about his statement to
Officer Wells and by stating during closing argument his personal belief that Holthaus
was a credible witness.
{¶49} When reviewing a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, we must first
determine whether the prosecutor’s conduct was improper, and if so, whether it
prejudicially affected the defendant’s substantial rights. State v. Cornwell, 86 Ohio
St.3d 560, 570, 715 N.E.2d 1144 (1999). The Ohio Supreme Court has held that the
conduct of a prosecuting attorney during trial cannot be grounds for error unless the
conduct deprives the defendant of a fair trial. State v. Apanovitch, 33 Ohio St.3d 19, 24,
514 N.E.2d 394 (1987).
{¶50} Hsu argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct by repeatedly
cross-examining him about his statement and the clarification of a sentence in his
statement to Officer Wells. “Prosecutors have wide latitude in cross-examining
witnesses subject to the court’s discretion.” State v. Brown, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.
24541, 2012-Ohio-1848, ¶ 22; State v. Ellington, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84014, 2004-
19 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Ohio-5036, ¶ 36. On cross-examination, the prosecution may properly test the
credibility of an accused regarding a matter which the accused testified to upon direct
examination. See State v. Gest, 108 Ohio App.3d 248, 257-258, 670 N.E.2d 536 (8th
Dist.1995).
{¶51} Here, the record reflects that Hsu was being evasive on cross-
examination in answering the prosecutor’s questions about his statement to Officer
Wells and his clarification of that statement on direct examination. Although his
attorney objected to parts of the questioning of which Hsu complains, the trial court
overruled the objections, stating that Hsu was being vague and not directly answering
the prosecutor’s questions. Contrary to Hsu’s assertions, the prosecuting attorney was
entitled to question Hsu regarding conflicts in his statement to Officer Wells and his
statement at trial. Based on our review of the record, we cannot conclude the
prosecutor’s conduct on cross-examination was unnecessarily harassing or
argumentative. See Brown at ¶ 23. Hsu’s case, moreover, was tried to the court, not a
jury, so his assertion that he was denied a fair trial because the trier of fact was
somehow misled by this questioning is not well taken. We find no error in the
prosecutor’s cross-examination of Hsu.
{¶52} Hsu also argues that the assistant prosecutor committed misconduct
when he stated he “believe[d] that Holthaus was a credible witness, who was polite and
truthful.” Because Hsu did not object to the prosecutor’s remark during closing
argument, we must review the alleged misconduct for plain error. State v. Shalash, 1st
Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-130748 and C-130749, 2014-Ohio-5006, ¶ 45-46. Thus, to
reverse his conviction, we must be convinced that Hsu would not have been convicted,
but for the prosecutor’s comment. See id.; State v. Braden, 98 Ohio St.3d 354, 2003-
Ohio-1325, 785 N.E.2d 439, ¶ 50.
20 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶53} We agree with Hsu that the prosecutor’s comment was improper.
Prosecutors must not express their personal beliefs or opinions regarding the credibility
of witnesses. See State v. Simmons, 2014-Ohio-3695, 19 N.E.3d 517, ¶ 77 (1st Dist.);
State v. Combs, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-120756, 2013-Ohio-3159, ¶ 14; State v.
Harriel, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-040771, 2006-Ohio-2616, ¶ 31. However, “ ‘[i]n a
bench trial, the trial court is presumed to rely only on relevant, material evidence in
arriving at its conclusion.’ ” State v. Ushry, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-050740, 2006-
Ohio-6287, ¶ 47, quoting State v. Lane, 108 Ohio App.3d 477, 484, 671 N.E.2d 272 (1st
Dist.1995); see State v. Fox, 69 Ohio St.3d 183, 189, 631 N.E.2d 124 (1994) (holding that
a trial judge is presumed to consider only materially admissible evidence). Here, there
is nothing in the record to indicate that the trial court relied on the prosecutor’s
statement during closing argument in finding Hsu guilty of the offense. We, therefore,
refuse to find plain error where there has been no demonstration that prosecutorial
misconduct affected the result of the trial. Consequently, we overrule Hsu’s third
assignment of error and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Judgment affirmed.
HENDON and STAUTBERG, JJ., concur.
Please note: The court has recorded its own entry this date.