IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 17-1171 Filed January 24, 2018
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
NICHOLAS DUSTIN HORST, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Cerro Gordo County, Gregg R.
Rosenbladt (guilty plea), Colleen D. Weiland (objections to PSI), and James M.
Drew (sentencing), Judges.
A defendant appeals the sentence imposed following his conviction for
serious injury by vehicle. AFFIRMED.
Christopher R. Kemp of Kemp & Sease, Des Moines, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Tyler J. Buller, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Potterfield and Mullins, JJ. 2
VOGEL, Presiding Judge.
Nicholas Horst pled guilty to serious injury by motor vehicle, in violation of
Iowa Code section 707.6A(4) (2016). Horst appeals the sentence the court
imposed, asserting the court considered unproven facts contained in the
presentence investigation report and improperly relied on just the community
deterrence factor in determining not to suspend his sentence. Finding no abuse
of discretion, we affirm Horst’s sentence.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
While texting and driving, Horst struck a bicyclist with his car, causing the
bicyclist to suffer a skull fracture. There were allegations in the police reports and
minutes that Horst was under the influence of methamphetamine at the time of the
incident, but at the time of the guilty plea, Horst denied those allegations, pleading
to the reckless-driving alternative to the crime of serious injury by motor vehicle.
See Iowa Code § 707.6A(1), (2), (4) (defining the class “D” felony as unintentionally
causing serious injury to another by operating a motor vehicle if the vehicle is
driven in a manner described in subsection (1)—driving while intoxicated—or
subsection (2)—driving “in a reckless manner with willful or wanton disregard for
the safety of persons or property” or eluding law enforcement).1
Judge Rosenbladt accepted the guilty plea and ordered a presentence
investigation (PSI) report. At the time set for sentencing, Horst, through counsel,
1 While both alternatives are class “D” felonies, the code provides that the judgment and sentence cannot be suspended or deferred for individuals who cause serious injury by operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated. See Iowa Code § 707.6A(7). Because Horst wanted to advocate for a suspended sentence, he was required to confine his guilty plea to the reckless-driving alternative alone. 3
objected to Judge Weiland’s consideration of the PSI because it contained large
portions of the minutes that included the unadmitted allegations of drug use. In
response to defense counsel’s objections, Judge Weiland continued the
sentencing hearing and ordered a revised PSI report prepared. At the second
sentencing hearing, defense counsel again objected to information contained in
the newly filed PSI addendum that included improper information. Judge Drew
agreed defense counsel’s objections were “well placed” and agreed it would “not
consider those matters.” After hearing the sentencing recommendations from the
State—a five-year prison term—and defense counsel—a suspended sentence
with probation—and affording Horst his right to allocution, Judge Drew imposed a
five-year term of imprisonment and suspended the fine.
Horst appeals.
II. Scope and Standard of Review.
Our review of a sentence imposed in a criminal case is for the correction of
errors at law. State v. Formaro, 638 N.W.2d 720, 724 (Iowa 2002). “[T]he decision
of the district court to impose a particular sentence within the statutory limits is
cloaked with a strong presumption in its favor, and will only be overturned for an
abuse of discretion or the consideration of inappropriate matters.” Id.
III. Sentencing.
Horst asserts his sentence should be vacated and this case remanded for
resentencing because the court abused its discretion by considering the parts of
the PSI that contained unadmitted allegations and by focusing solely on community
deterrence in imposing, rather than suspending, the prison term. 4
A. PSI. We agree with Horst that “[w]here portions of the minutes are not
necessary to establish a factual basis for a plea, they are deemed denied by the
defendant and are otherwise unproved and a sentencing court cannot consider or
rely on them.” State v. Gonzalez, 582 N.W.2d 515, 517 (Iowa 1998). The
unadmitted-to portions of the minutes that were included in the PSI should not be
considered when sentence is imposed.
The district court here specifically disavowed on multiple occasions the
consideration of the allegation of intoxication when it announced its sentencing
decision. See State v. Matheson, 684 N.W.2d 243, 245 (Iowa 2004) (advising
district courts to “make it clear the offending evidence was not a consideration”
when improper evidence is introduced at sentencing). Horst claims the disavowal
was not enough, citing the supreme court’s decision in State v. Lovell, 857 N.W.2d
241, 243 (Iowa 2014). However, unlike the district court in Lovell, the district court
here never mistakenly indicated it considered the intoxication evidence. See 857
N.W.2d at 243 (noting the district court “attempted to disclaim the reference to the
impermissible sentencing factor” after first referencing the improper factor and the
supreme court would not speculate about the weight the court gave, if any, to the
improper factor). Horst quotes from the sentencing transcript in an attempt to
prove the court considered the intoxication evidence, but the portion of the
transcript he cites is a statement from defense counsel, not the district court. We
conclude the district court properly and effectively disavowed its consideration of
the intoxication evidence in the PSI, and we reject Horst’s appellate challenge to
his sentence on this ground. 5
B. Deterrence. Horst also asserts the district court improperly placed too
much weight on one sentencing factor—community deterrence—over the other
factors the court is to consider when determining what sentence to impose. The
sentencing court is to “weigh and consider all pertinent matters” when crafting a
sentence, and “no single factor alone is determinative.” State v. Cooley, 587
N.W.2d 752, 755 (Iowa 1998) (citation omitted).
In pronouncing sentencing, the district court stated:
When the court sentences someone, by statute we are to consider three objectives. One is your rehabilitation obviously; the second is protection of the community; the third is deterrence, to keep other people from committing similar crimes.
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 17-1171 Filed January 24, 2018
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
NICHOLAS DUSTIN HORST, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Cerro Gordo County, Gregg R.
Rosenbladt (guilty plea), Colleen D. Weiland (objections to PSI), and James M.
Drew (sentencing), Judges.
A defendant appeals the sentence imposed following his conviction for
serious injury by vehicle. AFFIRMED.
Christopher R. Kemp of Kemp & Sease, Des Moines, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Tyler J. Buller, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Potterfield and Mullins, JJ. 2
VOGEL, Presiding Judge.
Nicholas Horst pled guilty to serious injury by motor vehicle, in violation of
Iowa Code section 707.6A(4) (2016). Horst appeals the sentence the court
imposed, asserting the court considered unproven facts contained in the
presentence investigation report and improperly relied on just the community
deterrence factor in determining not to suspend his sentence. Finding no abuse
of discretion, we affirm Horst’s sentence.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
While texting and driving, Horst struck a bicyclist with his car, causing the
bicyclist to suffer a skull fracture. There were allegations in the police reports and
minutes that Horst was under the influence of methamphetamine at the time of the
incident, but at the time of the guilty plea, Horst denied those allegations, pleading
to the reckless-driving alternative to the crime of serious injury by motor vehicle.
See Iowa Code § 707.6A(1), (2), (4) (defining the class “D” felony as unintentionally
causing serious injury to another by operating a motor vehicle if the vehicle is
driven in a manner described in subsection (1)—driving while intoxicated—or
subsection (2)—driving “in a reckless manner with willful or wanton disregard for
the safety of persons or property” or eluding law enforcement).1
Judge Rosenbladt accepted the guilty plea and ordered a presentence
investigation (PSI) report. At the time set for sentencing, Horst, through counsel,
1 While both alternatives are class “D” felonies, the code provides that the judgment and sentence cannot be suspended or deferred for individuals who cause serious injury by operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated. See Iowa Code § 707.6A(7). Because Horst wanted to advocate for a suspended sentence, he was required to confine his guilty plea to the reckless-driving alternative alone. 3
objected to Judge Weiland’s consideration of the PSI because it contained large
portions of the minutes that included the unadmitted allegations of drug use. In
response to defense counsel’s objections, Judge Weiland continued the
sentencing hearing and ordered a revised PSI report prepared. At the second
sentencing hearing, defense counsel again objected to information contained in
the newly filed PSI addendum that included improper information. Judge Drew
agreed defense counsel’s objections were “well placed” and agreed it would “not
consider those matters.” After hearing the sentencing recommendations from the
State—a five-year prison term—and defense counsel—a suspended sentence
with probation—and affording Horst his right to allocution, Judge Drew imposed a
five-year term of imprisonment and suspended the fine.
Horst appeals.
II. Scope and Standard of Review.
Our review of a sentence imposed in a criminal case is for the correction of
errors at law. State v. Formaro, 638 N.W.2d 720, 724 (Iowa 2002). “[T]he decision
of the district court to impose a particular sentence within the statutory limits is
cloaked with a strong presumption in its favor, and will only be overturned for an
abuse of discretion or the consideration of inappropriate matters.” Id.
III. Sentencing.
Horst asserts his sentence should be vacated and this case remanded for
resentencing because the court abused its discretion by considering the parts of
the PSI that contained unadmitted allegations and by focusing solely on community
deterrence in imposing, rather than suspending, the prison term. 4
A. PSI. We agree with Horst that “[w]here portions of the minutes are not
necessary to establish a factual basis for a plea, they are deemed denied by the
defendant and are otherwise unproved and a sentencing court cannot consider or
rely on them.” State v. Gonzalez, 582 N.W.2d 515, 517 (Iowa 1998). The
unadmitted-to portions of the minutes that were included in the PSI should not be
considered when sentence is imposed.
The district court here specifically disavowed on multiple occasions the
consideration of the allegation of intoxication when it announced its sentencing
decision. See State v. Matheson, 684 N.W.2d 243, 245 (Iowa 2004) (advising
district courts to “make it clear the offending evidence was not a consideration”
when improper evidence is introduced at sentencing). Horst claims the disavowal
was not enough, citing the supreme court’s decision in State v. Lovell, 857 N.W.2d
241, 243 (Iowa 2014). However, unlike the district court in Lovell, the district court
here never mistakenly indicated it considered the intoxication evidence. See 857
N.W.2d at 243 (noting the district court “attempted to disclaim the reference to the
impermissible sentencing factor” after first referencing the improper factor and the
supreme court would not speculate about the weight the court gave, if any, to the
improper factor). Horst quotes from the sentencing transcript in an attempt to
prove the court considered the intoxication evidence, but the portion of the
transcript he cites is a statement from defense counsel, not the district court. We
conclude the district court properly and effectively disavowed its consideration of
the intoxication evidence in the PSI, and we reject Horst’s appellate challenge to
his sentence on this ground. 5
B. Deterrence. Horst also asserts the district court improperly placed too
much weight on one sentencing factor—community deterrence—over the other
factors the court is to consider when determining what sentence to impose. The
sentencing court is to “weigh and consider all pertinent matters” when crafting a
sentence, and “no single factor alone is determinative.” State v. Cooley, 587
N.W.2d 752, 755 (Iowa 1998) (citation omitted).
In pronouncing sentencing, the district court stated:
When the court sentences someone, by statute we are to consider three objectives. One is your rehabilitation obviously; the second is protection of the community; the third is deterrence, to keep other people from committing similar crimes. The statutory factors that we are to consider, and I have considered, are things such as your age, your prior record, your employment circumstances, your family circumstances, the nature of the offense, your attitude, and the presentence investigation report; and I have considered those matters, with the exception of the—we’ll call them suggestions—that you were under the influence at the time the accident occurred. This is a really difficult case for the court because clearly you did not intend to hurt anybody, but that isn’t all there is to the story. We have a problem in this country and it’s no secret that texting while driving, whether that’s sending or receiving text messages, is causing a lot of accidents; and my concern is that a sentence of probation in this case really doesn’t measure up to the ultimate consequences of your wrongful behavior, which were very serious obviously, and in the arena of the criminal justice system consequences are a big part of how we have to look at a case, whether those consequences are intended or not, as in this case. And so from a deterren[ce] standpoint I’m not—I’m not very comfortable with the idea of probation because I think it sends the wrong message to the community about this type of crime. Secondly, I recognize your mental health and substance abuse issues and, again, not considering that they played a part in the accident. I’m looking at this from can you be successful on probation, from this standpoint. And I applaud you for going to treatment, but hopefully you can understand that the court’s a little bit skeptical when that happens shortly before sentencing. Prior to that you had been making attempts to deal with your substance abuse issues and bailed out on them, so to speak. You really hadn’t been very successful in that respect. So I have concerns about 6
whether at this point in your life whether street probation is something that—that will meet your needs and the needs of the community. To that end, Mr. Horst, I am going to impose a prison sentence not to exceed five years in the state prison system.
While the sentencing court did consider community deterrence, it did not
place too much weight on that factor alone and considered all pertinent matters in
determining Horst’s sentence. We find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s
consideration of the sentencing factors, and we affirm Horst’s sentence.
AFFIRMED.