State v. Hood

2015 Ohio 102

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: January 15, 2015
• Docket: 101200
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as State v. Hood, 2015-Ohio-102.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION No. 101200

STATE OF OHIO

PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT

vs.

JEFFREY A. HOOD, JR.

DEFENDANT-APPELLEE

JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED

Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case No. CR-13-575603-A

BEFORE: Stewart, J., Jones, P.J., and Keough, J.

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: January 15, 2015 ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Timothy J. McGinty Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

By: Adam Chaloupka Stephanie Hall Assistant County Prosecutors Justice Center, 9th Floor 1200 Ontario Street Cleveland, OH 44113

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Robert L. Tobik Chief Public Defender

By: Erika B. Cunliffe Assistant Public Defender Joseph V. Libretti Legal Intern/Law Clerk Cuyahoga County Public Defender 310 West Lakeside, Suite 200 Cleveland, OH 44113 MELODY J. STEWART, J.:

{¶1} The state of Ohio appeals the order of the Cuyahoga County Court of Common

Pleas granting defendant-appellee Jeffery A. Hood, Jr.’s motion to suppress. We affirm the trial

court’s decision.

{¶2} On July 22, 2013, the Cuyahoga County Grand Jury indicted Hood on charges of

carrying a concealed weapon in violation of R.C. 2923.12(A)(2) and having a weapon while

under disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2). The charges stemmed from a pat-down

search of Hood during a police encounter with Hood and a group of others on a street in the city

of Cleveland. The search resulted in the police recovering from Hood a firearm and a single

round of ammunition. Hood filed a motion to suppress the weapon and the ammunition, arguing

that the evidence was discovered and seized as a result of an illegal Fourth Amendment search.

The trial court agreed and granted the motion. The state appeals, arguing that the court erred in

granting the motion because the evidence was discovered as a result of a consensual police

encounter.

{¶3} According to testimony presented at the suppression hearing, on the evening of

June 19, 2013, nine Cleveland police detectives in the gang impact unit’s Violent Gun Reduction

Initiative Program 7 (“VGRIP7") 1 were patrolling the area of East 102nd Street and Dove

Avenue in the city of Cleveland. Sergeant Ali Pillow was the supervisor in charge of the

VGRIP7. On this night, Pillow and his other detectives were patrolling the area in unmarked

1 The Violent Gun Reduction Initiative Program (“VGRIP”) is a program designed to investigate and analyze the source of violent gun crimes in areas and neighborhoods in the city of Cleveland that have high reports of gun violence, violent crime, and gang activity. The area surrounding East 102nd Street and Dove Avenue had, at the time of the encounter, been targeted as an area that experiences a high volume of violent crime, including gun crime related to gang activity. The detectives of VGRIP7 were assigned to patrol this area. police cars in a convoy-like procession. All of the detectives were wearing civilian clothes with

outer clothing indicating that they were police. The detectives also wore visible police badges,

and all of the officers were visibly carrying firearms, Tasers, pepper spray, and handcuffs.

{¶4} At around 8:30 p.m., while patrolling westbound on Dove Avenue near the corner

of East 102nd Street, Pillow observed a male wearing what he recalled to be a T-shirt with a

design on it that said D-Block and Dove Love. Pillow was aware of neighborhood gangs

associated with the names D-Block and Dove Boyz. The man wearing the T-shirt would later be

identified as Randolph Byarse.

{¶5} Pillow believed that Byarse’s T-shirt may have been a “rest in peace” shirt

indicating that someone in the neighborhood had been killed. This shirt was of particular

significance to Pillow because he was also aware of a recent, potentially gang-related murder that

had occurred in the neighborhood. Based on this knowledge, Pillow ordered the officer driving

to stop so that Pillow could get out and talk to Byarse. Pillow testified that it was routine for

VGRIP7 detectives to investigate gangs by interacting with members of the community who

might have information about gang-related activity.

{¶6} When Pillow first saw Byarse, Byarse was standing a couple feet away from a

group of five or six people, some of whom were sitting inside, or standing outside and leaning

against, a Chevy Malibu. The Malibu was parked on East 102nd Street. Hood was one of the

individuals standing outside of the Malibu.

{¶7} When Pillow’s car stopped, the other three patrol cars followed suit. Pillow

testified that one of the police cars parked immediately in front of the Malibu, one car parked

next to and toward the left rear of the vehicle, the third car parked behind it, and his car, being

the last in the procession, parked behind the police car that was immediately behind the Malibu. Directly to the right of the vehicle was a grassy area and a guardrail. Pillow testified that he did

not believe that the Malibu was blocked in at any time but did admit that the entire scene may

have seemed dramatic to those individuals in the group. Pillow testified that as the four police

vehicles pulled up to the Malibu and stopped, neither he, nor any of the other officers, had any

reason to suspect that Hood, Byarse, or any of the other individuals in the group were engaged in

criminal activity.

{¶8} Pillow testified that he exited his vehicle and began walking toward Byarse. At

the same time, the other eight officers also exited their vehicles and began approaching the

individuals, surrounding the Malibu. At this point, according to Pillow, Byarse immediately put

his hands up and said that he had a “CCW.” Pillow explained that his understanding of the

acronym is that it stands for “carrying a concealed weapon.” Both Hood and the state agree that

Byarse did not explicitly say that he had a permit to carry a concealed weapon, but it became

evident during the stop that Byarse was attempting to inform the police, in compliance with R.C.

2923.12(B)(1) and (2) — the conceal carry statute — that he was lawfully carrying a concealed

weapon. Due to the confusion, however, and Pillow’s concern for officer safety, Pillow drew

his weapon and ordered Byarse and the other individuals in the group, including Hood, to put

their hands up.

{¶9} During the detention, Pillow focused on Byarse while the detectives interacted

with the other members of the group. Pillow proceeded to pat-down Byarse and found a weapon

in his waistband. After further investigation, the detectives were able to confirm that Byarse did

have a permit to carry a concealed weapon.

{¶10} At the same time that Pillow was patting down Byarse and running a permit check,

Detective Wilfredo Diaz started to approach Hood. Diaz testified that it is routine in detention situations involving multiple subjects for each officer to take a different individual and interact

with him or her. According to Diaz, Hood acted nervous and was continually looking back at

him as he approached Hood. Diaz also testified that Hood’s hands were initially raised above

his head, but kept lowering as Diaz approached. According to Diaz, Hood lowered his hands

toward his waistband in a motion that appeared as though Hood was trying to conceal or get rid

of an object. Because of these movements and his concern for officer safety, Diaz frisked Hood

for weapons. Diaz testified that he never drew his gun; however, another detective did draw his

gun on Hood. Diaz recovered a .45 caliber firearm from a holster under Hood’s shirt as well as

a round of ammunition from Hood’s pocket. The detectives arrested Hood once they discovered

he did not have a permit to carry a concealed weapon and that he was under a weapons disability.

{¶11} The court also heard from the state’s witness, Brittany Cooper. Cooper was the

driver of the Malibu. She testified that she was seated in the driver’s seat when the police

surrounded the car. She also testified that while she was not sure at what point the officers drew

their guns, all of the officers exited their cars at the same time and it was apparent to her that they

were police officers.

{¶12} Byarse and Denise Hill testified for the defense. Hill had also been standing

around the Malibu. Both Byarse and Hill testified that the police vehicles surrounded the

Malibu, blocking it in, and that all of the officers exited their vehicles at the same time. Byarse

testified that as Pillow approached him, Pillow had his gun drawn and pointed towards him.

Byarse also testified that Pillow was shouting at him to put his hands up prior to Byarse stating

that he had a CCW. Hill also testified that as the police exited their vehicles, and before Byarse

attempted to inform the police that he had a CCW permit, the officers already had their guns

drawn. {¶13} At the close of the hearing, the court acknowledged that there were inconsistencies

between the defense’s version of the events that evening and the state’s version; however, the

court found that the police intended to keep the encounter with the group consensual and not

coercive. The court believed the police’s intention that evening was to gather intelligence

related to gang activity. The court found that the officers initiated the interaction with the group

by surrounding the Malibu with their vehicles. The court further found that at the time the

police initiated the interaction, they had no reasonable suspicion that any of the individuals were

committing a crime or about to commit a crime.

{¶14} The court found that based on these facts, a reasonable person in Hood’s position

would not have felt free to leave once the police arrived. The court stated that surrounding a

group of individuals with four police cars, while nine officers exited the vehicles and approached

the group, amounted to a show of force. The court stated, “I would be hard-pressed to accept the

view that under those circumstances anyone felt that they could just walk away.”

{¶15} While both defense witnesses testified that as the police approached them the

officers already had their guns drawn, the court resolved this question of fact in favor of the state.

The court went on to say that, “[n]evertheless, * * * whether or not [the detectives] all jumped

out with their guns drawn, the coercive effect of surrounding these young people under the

circumstances did, in my view amount to a seizure.” For these reasons, the court suppressed the

evidence.

{¶16} Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law and

fact. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8. The trial

court assumes the role of the trier of fact when presented with a motion to suppress. Id.

Therefore, the trial court is in the best position to analyze the evidence and evaluate the credibility of the witnesses. Id. Accordingly, an appellate court must defer to the trial court’s

findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. Id. However, an

appellate court must independently determine as a matter of law, without deference to the trial

court’s conclusion, whether the facts meet the applicable legal standard. State v. Hill, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga Nos. 83762 and 83775, 2005-Ohio-3155, ¶ 12.

{¶17} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 14

of the Ohio State Constitution protect against unreasonable governmental searches and seizures.

State v. Callan, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95310, 2011-Ohio-2279, ¶ 15. Warrantless searches

and seizures are considered per se unreasonable, unless an exception to the warrant requirement

applies. Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357, 88 S.Ct. 507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967). One

exception to the warrant requirement is the consensual encounter. See State v. Boswell, 5th Dist.

Ashland No. 13-COA-018, 2014-Ohio-886, ¶ 14. This is a manner of contact initiated by a

police officer for purposes of inquiry only. “[M]erely approaching an individual on the street or

in another public place[,]” for the purpose of asking questions that elicit voluntary, uncoerced

responses, does not violate the Fourth Amendment. Id., citing United States v. Flowers, 909

F.2d 145, 147 (6th Cir.1990). A person approached in this way is not required to answer any

questions, and may choose to end the interaction at any point or decline to engage in the

interaction altogether. See Boswell at ¶ 11.

{¶18} Another exception to the warrant requirement is the brief investigatory stop,

commonly referred to as a Terry stop. Boswell at ¶ 12. A Terry stop is a temporary detention of

person for the limited purpose of either conducting a pat-down of the outer clothing of a person

suspected of being armed and dangerous, or investigating suspected criminal behavior. See

Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 24, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). While a Terry stop constitutes a seizure, it does not violate the Fourth Amendment as long as the officer has

reasonable suspicion based on articulable facts that a person has committed or is about to commit

a crime. State v. Aufrance, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21870, 2007-Ohio-2415, ¶ 14, citing

Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 498, 103 S.Ct. 1319, 75 L.Ed.2d 229 (1983). If the officer

temporarily detains a person without reasonable suspicion, then a Fourth Amendment violation

has occurred. See Aufrance at ¶ 14. If evidence is obtained as a result of an illegal Fourth

Amendment search or seizure, the exclusionary rule bars that evidence from being used against a

defendant at trial. Murray v. United States, 487 U.S. 533, 536, 108 S.Ct. 2529, 101 L.Ed.2d 472

(1988).

{¶19} The trial court was called upon to decide whether the initial police action — that

included four police vehicles and nine police officers encircling the group of individuals — was a

consensual encounter for which no reasonable suspicion was necessary, or a Terry stop for which

reasonable suspicion was needed.

{¶20} Under the Fourth Amendment, a person is considered seized when police use

physical force or a show of authority sufficient enough to restrain a person’s liberty. United

States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 553, 100 S.Ct. 1870, 64 L.Ed.2d 497 (1980). Whether a

person’s liberty has been restrained is viewed objectively. See id. at 554. The relevant inquiry

is whether, when looking at the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable person under the same

circumstances would feel free to leave and end the encounter with the police. Id. A person is

not seized within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment if the police merely engage a person in

a consensual encounter. See id. Therefore, the court ultimately had to decide whether a

reasonable person, when faced with the same police interaction as Hood, would have felt free to

leave and end the interaction. {¶21} The court found that under the circumstances, a reasonable person would not have

felt free to leave. We defer to the trial court’s findings.

{¶22} Testimony presented at the suppression hearing showed that nine police detectives

surrounded the group of individuals with their vehicles, exited the vehicles, then proceeded to

walk toward the group. The trial court concluded that this amounted to a coercive show of

force, removing the entire interaction from the realm of a consensual encounter and thus

becoming a Terry stop for which reasonable suspicion of criminal activity was necessary. We

find nothing in the record to rebut this conclusion.

{¶23} At the suppression hearing, Sergeant Pillow testified about the location of his unit’s

vehicles in relation to the Malibu. He stated that one police vehicle was parked in front of the

Malibu, two were behind it, and one vehicle was stopped to the side rear of the Malibu. These

statements were confirmed by the state and defense witnesses who testified at the suppression

hearing. Further, Pillow and Diaz testified that most, if not all, of the other police detectives in

the unit exited their vehicles and began walking toward the group of individuals with Pillow.

Pillow testified that his unit’s officers were all clad in bullet-proof vests that conspicuously said

“police” on them, and that the officers had visible weapons, handcuffs, and other police tools.

Furthermore, Pillow testified that the entire approach may have seemed “dramatic,” and that the

individuals seemed startled by the whole encounter. Most importantly, Pillow testified that at

the time the unit pulled up to the Malibu, the officers had no reasonable suspicion that any

member of the group was committing, or about to commit, a crime.

{¶24} The state attempts to argue that because the trial court found that the detectives did

not have any intent to search or arrest the individuals, and because the trial court found that the

police did not exit their unmarked vehicles with their guns drawn on Byarse, Hood, or the others at the scene, that there was no coercive show of force by the police. This argument is not well

taken.

{¶25} In making this argument, the state inherently supposes two incorrect propositions

of law. The first is that the officers’ intent is relevant to Fourth Amendment analysis, and the

second is that an officers’ show of force is solely dependent on the drawing of weapons.

{¶26} As to the first proposition, the officers’ intent did not matter in this case, rather the

proper inquiry, as the trial court found, is whether a reasonable person in Hood’s position would

have felt free to leave. Further, an officer does not have to draw his weapon for there to be a

show of force sufficient to restrain a person’s liberty. The United States Supreme Court in

Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 554, 100 S.Ct. 1870, 64 L.Ed.2d 497, listed several examples of

circumstances that tend to indicate when a police encounter is not consensual and a reasonable

person would not feel free to leave, thus implicating the Fourth Amendment. In addition to

displaying a weapon, examples include, among others, the threatening presence of several

officers and the officer’s wearing of a uniform. Id.

{¶27} Here, the circumstances meet all three of the above examples. Testimony revealed

that nine officers simultaneously exited four police vehicles that surrounded a group of

individuals, that those nine police officers began walking towards the group of individuals, and

that all of those police officers were obviously carrying weapons and Tasers.

{¶28} This was not a consensual police encounter. Therefore, the police needed to show

that they had a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity to justify the initial stop. Because the

testimony at the suppression hearing revealed that the officers did not have reasonable suspicion

for the stop, the evidence must have been excluded. The assignment of error is overruled.

{¶29} Judgment affirmed. It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common pleas

court to carry this judgment into execution.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the

Rules of Appellate Procedure.

______________________________________________ MELODY J. STEWART, JUDGE

LARRY A. JONES, SR., P.J., and KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J., CONCUR