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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO 2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 3 Plaintiff-Appellee, 4 v. NO. 32,651 5 DOUGLAS HODGMAN, 6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 8 Brett R. Loveless, District Judge
9 Gary K. King, Attorney General 10 Pranava Upadrashta, Assistant Attorney General 11 Santa Fe, NM
12 for Appellee
13 The Law Offices of the Public Defender 14 Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender 15 Will O’Connell, Assistant Appellate Defender 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellant
18 MEMORANDUM OPINION 19 BUSTAMANTE, Judge.
1 {1} Douglas Hodgman (Defendant) appeals his conviction for battery against a 2 household member, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-3-15 (2008). On appeal, 3 Defendant contends that the district court erred in denying his request for a self- 4 defense jury instruction. Defendant asks this Court to reverse his conviction and 5 remand the case for a new trial. We hold that there was sufficient evidence to support 6 a self-defense instruction. Accordingly, we reverse. 7 BACKGROUND 8 {2} In addition to the battery against a household member charge, Defendant was 9 facing charges for aggravated assault against a household member (deadly weapon) 10 (firearm enhancement), tampering with evidence, and conspiracy to commit tampering 11 with evidence—all of which he was acquitted. Additionally, there were other 12 defendants facing various charges for which they were acquitted. Because there were 13 multiple defendants facing multiple charges, there were multiple witnesses who 14 offered conflicting testimony during the jury trial in this case. However, because the 15 issue on appeal is whether the district court erred in denying Defendant’s self-defense 16 instruction with respect to the charge of battery against a household member, we 17 review the evidence from Defendant’s point-of-view. See State v. Cooper, 18 1999-NMCA-159, ¶ 2, 128 N.M. 428, 993 P.2d 745 (“[B]ecause the only issue on
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1 appeal is whether the trial court erred in denying [the d]efendant’s self-defense 2 instruction, we examine the evidence from [the d]efendant’s point-of-view.”). 3 {3} Defendant and Jolena Hodgman (Victim) had been married for approximately 4 nine and one-half years. Their marriage had deteriorated, and was effectively over in 5 November 2009, when Defendant moved out of their house and into their jointly 6 owned motorcycle shop. Occasionally, Defendant returned to the family home for a 7 few days at a time until March 2010, when he started living at the motorcycle shop 8 full-time. 9 {4} In March 2010, Victim sent Defendant two emails indicating that she was 10 considering purchasing a gun and asking Defendant—who was familiar with 11 guns—his opinion on what type of gun she should buy. Defendant had a concealed 12 handgun carry permit, routinely wore a handgun on his hip, had taught Victim how 13 to use a gun in the past, and had additional guns at the motorcycle shop. 14 {5} On June 7, 2010, Victim withdrew money out of their business account without 15 informing Defendant that she was doing so. The following day, Defendant checked 16 the account balance, noticed that $1,500 was missing, and froze the account. About 17 an hour after Defendant froze the account, Victim went into the shop, walked past the 18 receptionist at the front desk and into Defendant’s office, and confronted Defendant 19 about freezing the business’s account. Less than a minute later, Defendant pushed
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1 Victim out of his office, past the receptionist at the front desk, out the front door, and 2 locked the door. As of that date, Defendant had been romantically involved with the 3 receptionist for approximately one month. 4 {6} Defendant does not dispute that there was sufficient evidence to support his 5 conviction for battery against a household member. Instead, he asserts that his 6 conduct was legally justified because he believed Victim had a gun and might “shoot 7 him.” Defendant claims that the district court erred in denying his request for a self- 8 defense jury instruction, which deprived him of his only defense at trial. He asserts 9 that the evidence supported a finding of self-defense. 10 {7} During the trial, Defendant testified about the confrontation at the motorcycle 11 shop. According to Defendant, he was sitting in the back office with his back to the 12 door, working on his computer, when he heard Victim say: “You’re in big trouble 13 now.” He testified that he felt “[k]ind of panicked . . . for a minute” because of “all 14 that ha[d] been going on, and now she’s coming through the door” and because Victim 15 was not “the type of person to yell.” He said that Victim’s entry “scared the heck out 16 of [him].” 17 {8} Defendant testified: “I was quite afraid at that point. I knew she had been 18 talking about a gun and it had now been three months. It was possible to complete a 19 conceal carry course and pass an FBI test and now be coming through the door with
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1 a gun.” Defendant continued to testify that he wanted Victim out of the shop because 2 “[t]hings looked like they were about to escalate out of control, and I felt, let’s just 3 end this now, right now and let’s deal with this off business hours, when I’m not 4 trying to earn an income.” When asked why he was afraid, Defendant responded:
5 We all live on this earth, and if I wasn’t happy, it’s possible that she was 6 equally not happy. And if she had been talking about buying a gun, I 7 thought it was possible she was just coming to shoot me that day. You 8 see it in the news. It’s not so unusual.
9 Defendant testified that, based on this fear, he “escorted” Victim out the door. He said 10 that Victim “had never charged through the door like that, yelling at me, before.” 11 According to Defendant and video footage from the shop’s surveillance cameras, 12 Victim was in Defendant’s office for approximately thirty to thirty-five seconds on the 13 day of the incident. 14 {9} In response to Victim’s allegation that Defendant had pulled a gun on her, 15 Defendant admitted that he had a gun on his right hip; however, he testified that he 16 never pulled a gun on Victim because “[t]here was no reason to” because “I wasn’t 17 looking at a gun.” Defendant admitted that he did not see Victim with a gun, but as 18 he was standing there, he looked at Victim and “had to make some decisions.” At that 19 moment, he thought “she might have a gun. She isn’t pointing one at me now. I want 20 to end this situation. We will deal with it at a later date.” One of the videos showed, 21 and Defendant acknowledged, that after Victim went into his office, she put her hands
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1 on her hips, pointed at him, and then put her hands on her hips again. Then she 2 walked toward the office door and Defendant walked toward her and pushed her out 3 the office door. 4 {10} Defendant also testified about the emails that Victim sent him in March 2010. 5 On direct examination, Defendant testified: “I felt threatened just by their own nature, 6 and then knowing the relationship, the resentment and anger growing over time, I felt 7 threatened by them.” On cross-examination, Defendant admitted that Victim did not 8 threaten him in “[t]he email in and of itself.” 9 {11} After the confrontation in the shop, the receptionist called 911. Defendant 10 spoke to the 911 operator and said Victim had “raided [his] accounts” the night before 11 and that she was “disrupting [his] business.” He also stated that Victim went in the 12 shop, “caused a big fight[,]” and he “lost customers.” When asked if Victim yelled 13 at or threatened Defendant, he responded: “Yes. . . . [S]he came in and said, ‘You’re 14 in big trouble now.’ . . . I told her to leave. She would not leave. . . . I physically 15 threw her out[.]” When asked if he saw Victim with any weapons, Defendant told the 16 911 operator, “[n]o, I did not” and “[n]ot that I’m aware of.” ] When asked if Victim 17 had liquor or drugs, Defendant responded: “[n]ot that I’m aware of. She’s just 18 crazy[.]”
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1 {12} In light of his asserted fears stemming from the angry shop confrontation and 2 from Victim’s previous emails about purchasing a weapon, Defendant requested the 3 following self-defense jury instruction with respect to the charge of battery against a 4 household member:
5 Evidence has been presented that [D]efendant acted in self[-] 6 defense. [D]efendant acted in self[-]defense if:
7 1. There was an appearance of immediate danger of 8 bodily harm to [D]efendant as a result of [Victim] 9 barging into the shop area after previously sending 10 emails indicating she was going to obtain firearms 11 and a concealed permit to carry them 12 which . . . Defendant interpreted as threatening in 13 nature; and
14 2. [D]efendant was in fact put in fear of immediate 15 bodily harm and placed his hands on [Victim] in 16 order to remove her from the shop as a result of that 17 fear; and
18 3. [D]efendant used an amount of force that 19 [D]efendant believed was reasonable and necessary 20 to prevent the bodily harm; and
21 4. The force used by [D]efendant ordinarily would not 22 create a substantial risk of death or great bodily 23 harm; and
24 5. The apparent danger would have caused a reasonable 25 person in the same circumstances to act as 26 [D]efendant did.
27 The burden is on the state to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that 28 [D]efendant did not act in self[-]defense. If you have a reasonable doubt
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1 as to whether [D]efendant acted in self[-]defense, you must find 2 [D]efendant not guilty.
3 See also UJI 14-5181 NMRA. The district court denied the requested jury instruction.
4 DISCUSSION 5 A. Preservation 6 {13} The State concedes that Defendant adequately preserved the self-defense issue 7 because Defendant’s proffered instruction included the provision that “[t]he force used 8 by [D]efendant ordinarily would not create a substantial risk of death or great bodily 9 harm.” The committee commentary to UJI 14-5181, however, states that this 10 provision is to be used only if there is evidence that the defendant used force that 11 ordinarily would not cause death or great bodily harm, but that nevertheless resulted 12 in death or great bodily harm. Here, there was no evidence that Victim suffered great 13 bodily harm; therefore, inclusion of the referenced provision was inappropriate. 14 Defendant tendered a written instruction, orally requested a self-defense instruction, 15 and argued that “[h]e was afraid for his personal safety.” In refusing to give the self- 16 defense instruction, the district court articulated the applicable legal standard, 17 considered Defendant’s testimony, and reviewed the relevant case law. Therefore, the 18 district court understood that Defendant was requesting a self-defense instruction and
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1 this issue was preserved for appellate review. See State v. Jernigan, 2 2006-NMSC-003, ¶ 10, 139 N.M. 1, 127 P.3d 537. 3 B. The Evidence Presented at Trial Supported a Self-Defense Instruction 4 {14} “The propriety of denying a jury instruction is a mixed question of law and fact 5 that we review de novo.” Cooper, 1999-NMCA-159, ¶ 7. “When considering a 6 defendant’s requested instructions, we view the evidence in the light most favorable 7 to the giving of the requested instruction[s].” State v. Boyett, 2008-NMSC-030, ¶ 12, 8 144 N.M. 184, 185 P.3d 355 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and 9 citation omitted). A defendant is entitled to a jury instruction on his theory of the case 10 if there is evidence to support the instruction. State v. Emmons, 2007-NMCA-082, ¶ 11 7, 141 N.M. 875, 161 P.3d 920. Failure to give such an instruction is reversible error. 12 Jernigan, 2006-NMSC-003, ¶ 3. 13 {15} “[S]elf-defense is justified when force is directed toward a person posing a 14 threat of imminent bodily harm.” Cooper, 1999-NMCA-159, ¶ 8. In this case, 15 Defendant would have been entitled to a self-defense instruction if there was evidence 16 that (1) “[D]efendant was put in fear by an apparent danger of immediate bodily 17 harm,” (2) “his [actions] resulted from that fear,” and (3) “[D]efendant acted as a 18 reasonable person would act under those circumstances.” State v. Lara, 19 1989-NMCA-098, ¶ 7, 109 N.M. 294, 784 P.2d 1037, overruled on other grounds by
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1 State v. Tollardo, 2012-NMSC-008, ¶ 37 n.6, 275 P.3d 110. This hybrid test 2 combines both subjective and objective standards.
3 The first two requirements, the appearance of immediate danger and 4 actual fear, are subjective in that they focus on the perception of the 5 defendant at the time of the incident. By contrast, the third requirement 6 is objective in that it focuses on the hypothetical behavior of a reasonable 7 person acting under the same circumstances as the defendant.
8 State v. Coffin, 1999-NMSC-038, ¶ 15, 128 N.M. 192, 991 P.2d 477. 9 {16} While the evidence must support “every element of that defense,” Emmons, 10 2007-NMCA-082, ¶ 7, “there need be only enough evidence to raise a reasonable 11 doubt in the mind of a juror about whether the defendant lawfully acted in 12 self-defense.” State v. Rudolfo, 2008-NMSC-036, ¶ 27, 144 N.M. 305, 187 P.3d 170; 13 see also State v. Gaines, 2001-NMSC-036, ¶ 4, 131 N.M. 347, 36 P.3d 438 (stating 14 that the appellate courts “do not weigh the evidence but rather determine whether 15 there is sufficient evidence to raise a reasonable doubt about self-defense”). “If any 16 reasonable minds could differ, the instruction should be given.” Rudolfo, 17 2008-NMSC-036, ¶ 27. 18 {17} Defendant argues that the district court should have instructed the jury on the 19 issue of self-defense because he “took the stand and testified directly about his 20 subjective fear that his estranged wife presented a threat of immediate bodily harm.” 21 Additionally, he claims that his actions were “reasonable under the circumstance.”
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1 {18} We acknowledge that Defendant testified that he acted out of fear when he 2 pushed Victim out of his office, past the front desk, and out the front door. According 3 to Defendant:
4 [H]e was surprised by his wife’s sudden appearance in his office and was 5 frightened by her anger because she had recently sent him e-mail[s] 6 indicating that she was considering buying herself a handgun, which 7 [Defendant] interpreted as a veiled threat. . . . [H]e was frightened by his 8 wife’s anger, the e-mail[s], and her sudden appearance, and . . . he feared 9 that she might shoot him.
10 {19} While the district court expressed doubt regarding whether Defendant acted out 11 of fear, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to submission of the jury 12 instruction and thus assume Defendant subjectively feared Victim. See Coffin, 13 1999-NMSC-038, ¶ 15 (stating that the first two self-defense 14 requirements—immediate danger and actual fear—are based on the defendant’s 15 perception at the time of the incident). Accepting that Defendant had a subjective fear 16 of immediate bodily harm, we conclude that whether Defendant’s actions were 17 reasonable or not under an objective standard should have been decided by the jury. 18 Id. (stating that the third self-defense requirement is objective and “focuses on the 19 hypothetical behavior of a reasonable person acting under the same circumstances as 20 the defendant”). 21 {20} Whether a reasonable person would have pushed his estranged wife out of his 22 office, past the front desk, and out of the front door of their jointly owned business
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1 within thirty to thirty-five seconds of her confronting him about freezing their 2 business account, based on a fear that “she might be armed with a gun, and that she 3 might resort to using it if he allowed the situation to escalate” is a classic jury 4 question. Some of the evidence runs counter to Defendant’s position. For example, 5 Defendant admitted that he did not see Victim with a gun, he did not know if she had 6 a gun, and he did not know if she was under the influence of liquor or drugs. There 7 was no evidence that Victim made any gesture or immediate threat during the 8 confrontation that would suggest she had a weapon or was reaching for a weapon that 9 was concealed. The evidence showed that Victim walked into Defendant’s office, put 10 her hands on her hips, pointed at Defendant, put her hands on her hips again, and 11 walked toward the office door before Defendant walked toward Victim and pushed 12 her out. We have already recounted the evidence favoring Defendant’s position. 13 Viewing Defendant’s testimony in the light most favorable to giving the instruction, 14 we hold that the jury should have been allowed to decide whether his response was 15 reasonable. 16 CONCLUSION 17 {21} For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the evidence supported a finding 18 of self-defense, and the district court should have given a correct jury instruction.
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1 Therefore, we reverse Defendant’s conviction for battery against a household member 2 and remand for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion. 3 {22} IT IS SO ORDERED.
4 5 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
6 WE CONCUR:
7 8 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
9 10 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge